專題12閱讀理解(一)(題型突破)目目錄學考要求速覽必備知識梳理高頻考點精講進階分級練考點一細節(jié)理解題文章主題和中心思想的闡述往往需要大量細節(jié)信息的支持，這些細節(jié)理解對于理解全文內(nèi)容至關(guān)重要，同時也是歸納和概括文章中心思想的基礎(chǔ)。細節(jié)題在高考閱讀理解中出現(xiàn)頻率很高。高考英語閱讀理解題的細節(jié)題考點可能源自于段內(nèi)的單句信息理解，也可以來自段落內(nèi)或段落間綜合信息理解?？疾閮?nèi)容主要涉及時間、地點、人物、事件、原因、結(jié)果、方式等，議論文中例證細節(jié)和定義類細節(jié)。細節(jié)理解題的共同特點是答案一般都能在文章中找到，當然，答案并不一定是文章中的原句，命題人往往需要根據(jù)文章提供的信息重新組織語句供考生做出選擇。如何解題？關(guān)于簡單細節(jié)判斷：首先，題干定位關(guān)鍵詞—掃描題干，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞明確答題方向，如數(shù)字、時間、原因、事件、目的、方式、現(xiàn)象、特征等；然后，查找原文找對應，用略讀與查讀技巧定位與關(guān)鍵詞相關(guān)的原文信息；最后，比較選項與原文的對應信息，直接鎖定正確答案。關(guān)于綜合細節(jié)判斷(需要對原文多處相關(guān)信息進行轉(zhuǎn)換或整合)：首先，讀題干，明確關(guān)鍵詞和答題方向；然后，定位與題干關(guān)鍵詞相關(guān)的近義詞、反義詞或解釋性信息；最后，利用正確選項特點(近義詞替換原文信息、變換原文語態(tài)、詞性或詞形、簡化或概括原文、正話反說等)，確定答案?？键c二詞義猜測題正確理解文中單詞或短語的含義是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基礎(chǔ)，不懂單詞含義根本就談不上理解文章。但英語單詞、短語的含義并非完全等同于詞典中所標注的漢語意思，其含義隨不同語境會有所不同。能根據(jù)上下文理解靈活變化的詞義，才算是真正初步具備了一定的閱讀理解能力。在高考閱讀理解中，詞義猜測題通常有以下三種情況：推測劃線單詞或短語的含義；推測劃線代詞指代含義；推測劃線句子的含義。對于推測劃線單詞或短語的含義，可以依據(jù)定義、同位語、文章中的例子、對比關(guān)系或比較關(guān)系、構(gòu)詞法、并列結(jié)構(gòu)、因果關(guān)系等來解題；對于推測代詞含義，可以從宏觀上充分把握代詞指代內(nèi)容涉及段落的整體含義，并從微觀入手抓住關(guān)鍵詞或關(guān)鍵句，弄清邏輯關(guān)系(因果關(guān)系，轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，補充說明，對比關(guān)系等)來解題；關(guān)于推測劃線句含義，采用三步法—一定位，返回原文，定位劃線句子，理清句子結(jié)構(gòu)；二分析，分析劃線句子前后語境，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息和邏輯關(guān)系(因果關(guān)系，轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，補充說明，對比關(guān)系等)合理推斷句意；三比較，比較選項，找出與推斷出的句義相似的選項?？键c三推理判斷題推理判斷屬于主觀性較強的高層次閱讀理解題，是指在理解原文字面意義的基礎(chǔ)上，通過對語篇邏輯關(guān)系的分析和細節(jié)的暗示，作出一定的判斷和推理，從而得出文章的深層含義及隱含意義。高考對于推理判斷的考查要求考生根據(jù)文章所提供的事實及自己的一些常識進行合理的推斷，判斷作者的意圖、人物的動機及性格特征和事件發(fā)生的前因后果等。解答該類型題目時要從整體上把握語篇內(nèi)容，在語篇的表面含義與隱含意義、已知信息與未知信息間架起橋梁，透過字里行間，去體會作者的“弦外音”。1.推斷隱含意義，題干中通常含有infer,suggest,imply,conclude等標志性詞語，根據(jù)題干內(nèi)容，在文中找到定位詞或句，理解信息句的字面意思，結(jié)合已有常識，進行符合情理的推斷。2.推斷作者的觀點和態(tài)度，要注意作者或文中人物的措辭及表達情感、態(tài)度或觀點的詞語、句子，明確是問誰對什么事的態(tài)度，明確是作者或文中人物的觀點而非主觀臆斷。3.推斷寫作意圖，要通過文中所列事物使讀者感受到其所傳遞的想法。4.推斷文章出處或讀者對象，需要根據(jù)文章體裁、題材、內(nèi)容、措辭判斷，這類問題應從文章的內(nèi)容或結(jié)構(gòu)來判斷其出處。考點四主旨大意題主旨大意題主要是測試考生對一篇文章或一段文字的深層理解程度以及在快速中準確把握主旨大意的能力。一般針對某一語段或某一語篇的主題標題或目的設(shè)題。這類題目考查的范圍是基本論點、文章標題、主題或段落大意等。要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，對文章進行高度概括或總結(jié)，語言一般簡潔、凝練，其干擾項的設(shè)置往往比較有迷惑性，屬于高層次的閱讀理解題。段落大意題標題是段落中心思想最精煉的表達形式。文章標題可以是單詞、短語，也可以是句子。它的特點是：短小精悍，多為一短語；涵蓋性強，一般要求能涵蓋全文，其確定的范圍要恰當，不能太大，也不能太??；精確性強，不能隨意改變語言表意的程度及色彩。主旨大意題要搞清楚是問某一段還是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息來把握文脈，進行綜合歸納。如有標題，標題中蘊含的信息往往是關(guān)鍵信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點之一是有一個反復出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。考點一：細節(jié)理解題例1Geology,thestudyofthestructureandformationoftheEarth,isthebabyofalltheothersciences.Untilcomparativelyrecently,scholarspaidlittleattentiontorocksandrockformations.Indeed,thewordgeologyonlyappearedintheEnglishlanguagein1735andtookanotherseventyorsoyearstoentergeneralusage.GeologymadeitsfirstappearanceintheEncyclopaediaBritannica(大英百科全書)inthe1810edition.Despitethisinclusion,thescienceofgeologyremainedlargelyignoreduntilmuchlaterinthecentury.Whendidtheword“geology”starttobecommonlyusedintheEnglishlanguage?A.In1735. B.In1810. C.Around1805. D.Around1895.【答案】C【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了地質(zhì)學作為一門年輕科學，早期在英語世界出現(xiàn)較晚且長期未受廣泛關(guān)注的情況。例2Thenewtoy,thesizeofasmallsuitcase,dominatedtherestoftheChristmasholidays.Oncewehadmasteredthecontrols,werecordedanythingandeverything:eachother,ourparents,themilkman,thedog...andweveryquicklylearnedhowmuchfunwecouldhavewithit.Forthefirsttime,inthesamewaythatasightedchildmightreacttoseeingthemselvesinamirrororaphotograph,Igotthesenseofmyselfasaseparatepersonwhoexistedoutsidemyheadandwasexperiencedbyotherpeople.Itwasbothexcitingandembarrassing.Whatdidtherecorderenabletheboystodowhentheystartedtouseit?A.Maketheirownradioprogrammes.B.Discovermoreaboutthemselves.C.Pursueacareerinbroadcasting.D.Heareachothermoreclearly.【答案】B【語篇解讀】本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了一款行李箱大小的新玩具主導了作者的圣誕假期，讓作者首次感受到自身作為獨立個體的存在，既興奮又尷尬?！驹斀狻考毠?jié)理解題。根據(jù)本段中“Forthefirsttime,inthesamewaythatasightedchildmightreacttoseeingthemselvesinamirrororaphotograph,Igotthesenseofmyselfasaseparatepersonwhoexistedoutsidemyheadandwasexperiencedbyotherpeople.(第一次，就像一個有視力的孩子看到自己在鏡子或照片中的反應一樣，我意識到自己是一個獨立的人，存在于我的頭腦之外，被其他人所體驗。)”可知，錄音機使作者更多地了解了自己。故選B項。例3AndJuneau’snaturalcharm,withitsvariousscenicspots,isJuneau’sbiggestdrawingforceinvisitors’eyes.TheremarkableMendenhallGlacier—rockyenoughtofascinatehikers—isjustoneofJuneau’smanynaturalattractions.DuringtheMendenhallGlacierhike,you’repersonallyexperiencingwildwatersandsharpforestedslopes.Forhardcorehikers,itspullishardtoresist.WhichofthefollowingitemsisJuneau’smajorsellingpointtovisitors?A.Culturalbackground. B.Developmenthistory.C.Naturalattraction. D.Climateadvantage.【答案】C【語篇解讀】本文是一篇應用文。主要介紹的是美國阿拉斯加州首府朱諾的自然美景、歷史文化及探險活動，為游客提供詳盡的旅行建議?！驹斀狻考毠?jié)理解題。根據(jù)文中的“AndJuneau’snaturalcharm,withitsvariousscenicspots,isJuneau’sbiggestdrawingforceinvisitors’eyes.(而朱諾的自然魅力，及其眾多風景名勝，是游客眼中朱諾最大的吸引力所在。)”可知，自然景觀是朱諾的主要賣點。故選C項。1.Agroupof41statesandtheDistrictofColumbiabeganalegalcaseagainstMeta,theparentcompanyofFacebook,Instagram,WhatsAppandMessenger,insistingthatthecompanyknowinglyusedfeaturesonitsplatformstocausechildrentooverusethem.Theaccusationsinthelawsuitraiseadeeperquestionaboutbehavior:Areyoungpeoplebecomingaddictedtosocialmediaandtheinternet?Here’swhattheresearchhasfound.WhatwasMetaaccusedof?A.Itaddedproblematicfeaturestoitsplatform.B.Itstartedadiscussiontomisleadyoungpeople.C.Ittemptedchildrentousesocialmediatoomuch.D.Itconductedillegalresearchonitsparentcompany.【答案】C【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文(節(jié)選)。主要圍繞41個州和哥倫比亞特區(qū)對Meta公司的訴訟展開，引出年輕人是否沉迷社交媒體和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的討論，并提及相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)?！拘☆}1】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Agroupof41statesandtheDistrictofColumbiabeganalegalcaseagainstMeta,theparentcompanyofFacebook,Instagram,WhatsAppandMessenger,insistingthatthecompanyknowinglyusedfeaturesonitsplatformstocausechildrentooverusethem.(41個州和哥倫比亞特區(qū)開始對Facebook、Instagram、WhatsApp和Messenger的母公司Meta提起訴訟，堅稱該公司故意使用其平臺上的功能，導致兒童過度使用這些平臺)”可知，Meta被指控故意利用平臺功能誘使兒童過度使用其社交媒體平臺。故選C項。2.Thehistoryofthebicycledatesbacktotheearly19thcentury.Thefirstbicycleswerecalled“velocipedes”andweremadeofwood.Theyhadnopedalsandwerepropelledbytheriderpushingtheirfeetagainsttheground.Inthe1860s,the“boneshaker”wasinvented.Ithadmetalframesandsolidrubbertires,anditwasthefirstbicycletohavepedals.Overtheyears,bicycleshavecontinuedtoevolve.Theinventionofthepneumatic(air-filled)tireinthe1880smadeforamuchmorecomfortableride.Today,bicyclescomeinawidevarietyofstylesandareusedformanydifferentpurposes,includingtransportation,exercise,andsport.Whatwasthefirstbicyclewithpedalscalled?A.Thevelocipede.B.Theboneshaker.C.Thepneumatictirebicycle.D.It’snotmentioned.【答案】B【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了自行車的發(fā)展歷史?！驹斀狻考毠?jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Inthe1860s,the“boneshaker”wasinvented.Ithadmetalframesandsolidrubbertires,anditwasthefirstbicycletohavepedals.(19世紀60年代，boneshaker問世。它有金屬車架和實心橡膠輪胎，是第一款帶有踏板的自行車)”可知，第一款帶踏板的自行車名為boneshaker。故選B項。3.Scientistshavelongbeeninterestedintheeffectsofmusiconthehumanbrain.Arecentstudyfoundthatlisteningtoclassicalmusiccanhaveapositiveimpactonmemoryandconcentration.Theresearchersconductedanexperimentwithtwogroupsofstudents.Onegrouplistenedtoclassicalmusicwhilestudying,andtheothergroupstudiedinsilence.Theresultsshowedthatthestudentswholistenedtoclassicalmusichadbetterrecallofinformationthanthosewhostudiedinsilence.Inadditiontoitseffectsonmemory,musichasalsobeenshowntohaveanimpactonmood.Up-tempomusiccanmakepeoplefeelmoreenergeticandpositive,whileslow,soothingmusiccanhelptoreducestressandanxiety.Manypeopleusemusicasaformofself-care,listeningtotheirfavoritesongstorelaxafteralongdayortoboosttheirmoodwhenthey’refeelingdown.Whatwasthedifferencebetweenthetwogroupsofstudentsintheexperiment?A.Onegroupwassmarterthantheother.B.Onegrouplistenedtomusicwhiletheotherdidn’t.C.Onegroupstudiedlongerthantheother.D.Onegroupwasmoreconcentratedthantheother.【答案】B【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了音樂對人類大腦的影響，包括古典音樂有助于記憶力和專注力，以及不同節(jié)奏音樂對情緒的不同作用?！驹斀狻考毠?jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Theresearchersconductedanexperimentwithtwogroupsofstudents.Onegrouplistenedtoclassicalmusicwhilestudying,andtheothergroupstudiedinsilence.(研究人員對兩組學生進行了實驗。一組學生在學習時聽古典音樂，另一組則在安靜的環(huán)境中學習)”可知，兩組學生的區(qū)別在于一組在學習時聽古典音樂，另一組在安靜的環(huán)境中學習、不聽音樂。故選B項。4.TheInternethasbecomepartofourdailylives.Weuseitforwork,forentertainment,andforkeepingintouchwithfriendsandfamily.OneofthemostpopularusesoftheInternetisonlineshopping.Accordingtoarecentsurvey,morethan60%ofconsumersintheUnitedStateshavemadeatleastoneonlinepurchaseinthepastyear.Theconvenienceofshoppingfromhome,thewidevarietyofproductsavailable,andtheabilitytocomparepriceseasilyaresomeofthereasonswhyonlineshoppinghasbecomesopopular.However,onlineshoppingalsohasitsdrawbacks.Oneconcernisthesecurityofpersonalinformation.Whenconsumersentertheircreditcardnumbersandotherpersonaldetailsonawebsite,thereisariskthatthisinformationcouldbestolenbyhackers.Anotherissueisthequalityofproducts.Sinceconsumerscan'tseeortouchtheproductsbeforebuyingthem,theysometimesreceiveitemsthatareoflowerqualitythanexpected.Whatisoneofthemainreasonsforthepopularityofonlineshoppingaccordingtothetext?A.Thespeedofdelivery.B.Theabilitytobargaininperson.C.Theconvenienceofshoppingfromhome.D.Theopportunitytomeetnewpeople.【答案】C【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)成為日常生活一部分，網(wǎng)購受青睞及其流行原因，同時指出網(wǎng)購在個人信息安全和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量方面的不足?！驹斀狻考毠?jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Theconvenienceofshoppingfromhome,thewidevarietyofproductsavailable,andtheabilitytocomparepriceseasilyaresomeofthereasonswhyonlineshoppinghasbecomesopopular.(在家購物的便利性、豐富的產(chǎn)品種類以及輕松比價的能力，是網(wǎng)購如此流行的部分原因)”可知，在家購物的便利性是網(wǎng)購流行的主要原因之一。故選C項。5.Mrs.Lilyorderedabeefsteakandacupofcoffee.Sheneededtopay________.A.$4.00 B.$12.00 C.$16.00【答案】C【語篇解讀】本文是一篇應用文。文章主要呈現(xiàn)了“美味”店的漢堡、肉類、飲品價格，用于解決消費金額計算問題?！驹斀狻考毠?jié)理解題。根據(jù)價目表中“Beefsteak$12.00(牛排12美元)”和“Coffee$4.00(咖啡4美元)”可知，莉莉夫人需支付$12+$4=$16。故選C?？键c二：詞義猜測題例1.Iargued,pointingoutthatschoolwasabouttostart,andIdidn’twanttowaitforthebus.Mydad,knownforhisstubbornness,wouldn’tgivein.Afterafewheatedwords,hesighedandhandedmethekeys.“Fine,butbecareful,”hesaid.Islidintothecar,abittriumphant.Theroadslookedfine,Ithought,barelyaninchofsnow,Istartedthecarandpulledoutofthedriveway,feelingasurgeofindependence.ButasImademywaythroughtheneighborhood,theslipperyroadstestedmyconfidence.Onesharpturnlater,andIwasintrouble—thecarstartedtoskid.Itriedtoslowdown,butitwastoolate.Thecarslidrightintoasnowbank.Whatdoestheword“triumphant”(paragraph5)mostlikelymean?A.Amused. B.Proud. C.Embarrassed. D.Regretful.【答案】B【語篇解讀】本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者因不想等公交車與固執(zhí)的父親爭執(zhí)后獲準開車，卻因路面濕滑車子滑進雪堆的經(jīng)歷。【詳解】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)本段第一段中“Afterafewheatedwords,hesighedandhandedmethekeys.“Fine,butbecareful,”hesaid.(激烈地說了幾句之后，他嘆了口氣，把鑰匙遞給了我?！昂芎茫⌒?，”他說。)”可知，激烈爭辯后父親讓步，故作者應是有些得意。故劃線詞triumphant意思是“得意的”，與proud意思相同。故選B。例2.Everyyear,millionsoftonsofclothingarethrownaside,withalmosthalfofitendingupinlandfills.Andhere’sthekicker:mostofitbarelygetswornbeforeit’sthrownaway,thankstotheendlesscycleoffastfashion.Parkthought,“Icandobetterthanthis.”So,shepicturedanewkindofstore—onethatwouldn’tjustreducewastebutwouldalsoinspirepeopletomakesmarter,greenerchoices.Thephrase“thekicker”mostlikelymeans________.A.thepersonkickingthefootballB.somethingunexpectedandsurprisingC.themostexcitingpartofthesituationD.thereasonwhyfastfashionissuccessful【答案】B【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要講述了快時尚浪費現(xiàn)象及應對新構(gòu)想?！驹斀狻吭~句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞語上文“Everyyear,millionsoftonsofclothingarethrownaside,withalmosthalfofitendingupinlandfills.(每年，數(shù)百萬噸的衣物被丟棄，其中近一半最終進入了垃圾填埋場。)”、和下文“mostofitbarelygetswornbeforeit’sthrownaway,thankstotheendlesscycleoffastfashion.(由于快時尚的無休止循環(huán)，大部分衣物在被扔掉之前幾乎都沒怎么穿過。)”可知，大多數(shù)衣服在幾乎沒怎么穿就被扔掉，這一情況在“每年大量衣服被丟棄”的基礎(chǔ)上，是更令人意想不到和驚訝的。thekicker意思是“意想不到且令人驚訝的事”，故選B。例3.JenniferBlackburnisa49-year-oldwhohasfolloweddecadesoftryingdifferentdietsandmedicationsandfindinglittlesuccess.Inlate2022shestartedtakingOzempic,thediabetes(糖尿病)drugthathasbecomesynonymouswithcelebrityweightloss.Theeffectislife-changing....Despiteallthese,sinceloadsofinfluencershavecheeredtheirslimmingsuccessesonthesedrugs,itseemseverybodywantstotrythem.Theheavydemandhasledtoshortages.Throughout2023,peoplewithtype2diabetesstruggledtoaccessOzempic.Periodicshortagesareexpectedtocontinuein2024,whilethosewhocanaccessthesedrugsfaceasignificantfinancialcost.ThecostismuchtoohightothevastmajorityofAmericans-amonthlysupplywillsetonebackmorethan$1000.JenniferBlackburnhaslost16kilograms(andkeptitoff).“Ifeelhappier,moreconfident,”saysBlackburn,“It’saboutmuchmorethansize—it’sliketheweightisliftedoffmyshoulders.”Withsuchsupportivevoices,thefutureofOzempicremainsunpredictablesofar.Whichofthefollowinghastheclosestmeaningtotheunderlinedphraseinparagraph1?A.bekeenon B.beequivalenttoC.besuitablefor D.befamiliarwith【答案】B【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了糖尿病藥物Ozempic受追捧用于減肥，引發(fā)供應短缺、費用高昂等問題，前景尚不明朗。【詳解】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞所在句“Inlate2022shestartedtakingOzempic,thediabetes(糖尿病)drugthathasbecomesynonymouswithcelebrityweightloss.Theeffectislife-changing.(2022年底，她開始服用治療糖尿病的奧茲匹克(Ozempic)，這種藥已becomesynonymouswith名人減肥。其效果能改變?nèi)松?”以及最后一段“JenniferBlackburnhaslost16kilograms(andkeptitoff).“Ifeelhappier,moreconfident.”saysBlackburn,“It’saboutmuchmorethansize—it’sliketheweightisliftedoffmyshoulders.”(JenniferBlackburn已經(jīng)減掉了16公斤(并一直保持著)?！拔腋械礁鞓罚孕??！盉lackburn說：“這不僅僅是體型的問題——它就像卸下了我肩上的重擔。”)”及倒數(shù)第二段“Despiteallthese,sinceloadsofinfluencershavecheeredtheirslimmingsuccessesonthesedrugs,itseemseverybodywantstotrythem.(盡管如此，由于許多網(wǎng)紅都為他們服用這些藥物減肥成功而歡呼，似乎每個人都想嘗試它們)”可知，JenniferBlackburn因為服用Ozempic減掉了16公斤，且許多網(wǎng)紅都服用藥物成功，這種藥物如今已經(jīng)成為名人減肥的代名詞。故劃線詞意思是“等同于，相當于”，與B選項beequivalentto意思相同。故選B。1.Urbanplannerssaythismovement,organizedbyresidentsinsteadofgovernmentagencies,couldmake“aginginplace”safeandaffordableforamajorityofelderlypeople.Althoughnotthecure-allforthosewithcomplicatedmedicalneeds,theapproachaddresseswhatexpertssaycanbeaprematuredecisionbyolderpeopletogiveuptheirhomesinresponsetorelativelysmallproblems.Asthesesmallproblemsmount,sometimesaccompaniedbypressurefromadultchildren,theelderlyhomeowneriscaughtoffguard.Remainingathomewithoutsufficienthelpisfrightening.“Ifpeopledon’tfeelsooverpowered,theydon’thavetojumpatprecipitousdecisions.Actuallypracticeslikemovingintonursinghomesarehardtobereversed,”saidanexpert.Theunderlinedwordprecipitousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto________.A.alternative B.fake C.rushed D.joint【答案】C【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了居民組織的相關(guān)行動有助于老年人居家養(yǎng)老，可避免其因小問題倉促放棄住房。【詳解】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線單詞上文“Althoughnotthecure—allforthosewithcomplicatedmedicalneeds,theapproachaddresseswhatexpertssaycanbeaprematuredecisionbyolderpeopletogiveuptheirhomesinresponsetorelativelysmallproblems.Asthesesmallproblemsmount,sometimesaccompaniedbypressurefromadultchildren,theelderlyhomeowneriscaughtoffguard.Remainingathomewithoutsufficienthelpisfrightening.(雖然這種方法并不能解決所有復雜醫(yī)療需求的問題，但它解決了專家所說的老年人因相對較小的問題而草率放棄家園的過早決定。隨著這些小問題的不斷累積，有時再加上成年子女的壓力，老年房主會感到措手不及。沒有足夠的幫助而留在家里是令人害怕的。)”可推測，如果遇到很多問題，老人會倉促作出決定。再根據(jù)所在句““Ifpeopledon’tfeelsooverpowered,theydon’thavetojumpatprecipitousdecisions.Actuallypracticeslikemovingintonursinghomesarehardtobereversed,”saidanexpert.(“如果人們不感到那么無助，他們就不必precipitous做出決定。實際上，像搬進養(yǎng)老院這樣的做法是很難逆轉(zhuǎn)的，”一位專家說。)”可推測，劃線單詞和“倉促”意思相符。選項C“rushed(匆忙)”與此意義相近。故選C。2.It’snotunheardofforoneeventtokickoffawholenewfieldofscientificinquiry.Stillit’srare.WhenLorimer’spapercameoutinthejournal,itwasnotsurprisingthatmanywereskeptical.“Sometimes,whatseemslikearemarkablescientificdiscoveryturnsouttobeanerrorinthedata,”somecommented.Whichofthefollowinghastheclosestmeaningtotheunderlinedwordinparagraph3?A.Optimistic. B.Curious. C.Supportive. D.Doubtful.【答案】D【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章講述了Lorimer發(fā)表研究論文后，科學界對其發(fā)現(xiàn)普遍持懷疑態(tài)度。許多人認為，看似突破性的科學發(fā)現(xiàn)可能只是數(shù)據(jù)錯誤，強調(diào)了科學驗證的嚴謹性?！驹斀狻吭~句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞后文“Sometimes,whatseemslikearemarkablescientificdiscoveryturnsouttobeanerrorinthedata(有時候，看似了不起的科學發(fā)現(xiàn)，其實是數(shù)據(jù)上的錯誤)”可知，許多人對Lorimer的論文持懷疑態(tài)度，認為是數(shù)據(jù)上的錯誤。故劃線詞意思是“懷疑的”。D選項“Doubtful(懷疑的)”與劃線詞意思相近。故選D。3.Thenewproductonthemarketisarealgame-changer.Ithasrevolutionizedthewaywecommunicate.Insteadofthetraditionalmethodsthatwereoftenslowandcumbersome,thisdeviceallowsforinstantaneousandseamlessconnection.It’ssocompactthatyoucancarryitwithyouwhereveryougo,anditsuser-friendlyinterfacemakesitaccessibletopeopleofallages.Whatdoestheword“cumbersome”inthetextprobablymean?A.Convenient.B.Complicated.C.Quick.D.Modern.【答案】B【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。本文介紹了一款市場上的新產(chǎn)品，它改變了溝通方式，小巧便攜且界面友好?！驹斀狻吭~句猜測題。根據(jù)“Insteadofthetraditionalmethodsthatwereoftenslowandcumbersome,thisdeviceallowsforinstantaneousandseamlessconnection.(與傳統(tǒng)的、往往緩慢而cumbersome的方法不同，這種設(shè)備可以實現(xiàn)即時無縫連接。)”可知，傳統(tǒng)方法慢且cumbersome，與新設(shè)備的“instantaneousandseamless(即時無縫)”形成對比，所以cumbersome意思是“笨拙繁瑣的，復雜的”，與Complicated意思相近。故選B。4....(Paragraph2)Theword“misophonia”literallymeans“ahatredofsound”andissometimescalledSelectiveSoundSensitivitySyndrome.Therearesomeexpertswhodoubttheexistenceofthecondition.However,forthosewhoclaimtosufferfromit,theexperiencecanbetraumatic.Certainsoundscauseintenseemotionalorpsychologicalresponsesthat...Whatdoestheunderlinedword“traumatic”inParagraph2mean?A.Physicallypainful B.MentallysatisfyingC.Spirituallycomforting D.Emotionallydisturbing【答案】D【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了“恐音癥”的字面含義、別稱、部分專家的質(zhì)疑及患者的痛苦感受?！驹斀狻吭~句猜測題。根據(jù)第二段中“Certainsoundscauseintenseemotionalorpsychologicalresponsesthat...(某些聲音會引發(fā)強烈的情緒或心理反應，這些反應……)”可知，恐音癥患者會受聲音影響產(chǎn)生負面的情緒或心理反應，“traumatic”應體現(xiàn)這種負面感受，指情感上令人痛苦或困擾的。A.Physicallypainful(身體上疼痛的)；B.Mentallysatisfying(心理上滿足的)；C.Spirituallycomforting(精神上安慰的)；D.Emotionallydisturbing(情緒上困擾的)。D選項符合“強烈負面情緒反應”的描述。故選D。5.Ifyouwanttofullyenjoyyourvacation,you’dbetterchecktheDurbanCityTours.ThisisactuallyoneofthebestchoicesinSouthAfricatoday.Thereisnothingmorerelaxingthantothinkaboutthatthereisaplacetogoandrelax,right?Citylifeisstrained,butyoucanescapethissituationandbeintheplacewherethereisnothingbutrelaxation.HereinDurbanyouwillgettoseealltheamazingtouristattractions.Ifyouloveanimalsandwanttoseesomeelephantswanderingaroundthestreets,thenDurbanistheplacetogo.Youcanevengettorideoneifyouwant!Whatdoestheunderlinedword“strained”inthisparagraphmean?A.Easy. B.Stressful. C.Steady. D.Casual.【答案】B【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。文章推薦南非德班城市游，稱其是當下好選擇，能讓人逃離緊張的城市生活，享受放松，還可參觀景點、看大象甚至騎大象。【詳解】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)文章劃線單詞上文“Thereisnothingmorerelaxingthantothinkaboutthatthereisaplacetogoandrelax,right?(沒有什么比想到有一個地方可以去放松更讓人放松的了，對吧？)”以及下文“butyoucanescapethissituationandbeintheplacewherethereisnothingbutrelaxation.(但你可以逃離這種情況，到一個只有放松的地方。)”可知，前文提到德班之旅能讓人放松，后文用“but”轉(zhuǎn)折，指出城市生活能讓人“逃離(escape)”這種狀態(tài)，說明“strained”與“relaxation”(放松)相反，即“充滿壓力的”，與B選項“Stressful(緊張的，壓力大的)”含義一致。故選B項。6.MyplanistogohikingintheGrandCanyon,asIwanttoseethebeautifulscenerythereandexperiencethewondersofoneofthelargestcanyonsonEarth.SincetheColoradoRiverflowsthroughthecanyon,findingwatertodrinkisnotanissue.However,manyofthepathsarequiterockyandnarrowwithahighcliffononeside,soitcanbeperiloustohikethere.Anotherproblemiswildanimalssuchasrattlesnakes,mountainlions,scorpions,andskunks.Ontheotherhand,thecoloursandnaturalwondersinsidethecanyonaresobeautifulthatitmakessuchatripworthwhile,andhikinginthecanyonwouldhelpmelearnmoreaboutitsuniquegeography,alongwithitsplantsandanimals.It’struethatitmightbealittledangeroushikinginsuchaplace,buttobealoneundertheopenskywillfillmewithgreatpeaceandallowmetoclearmymindandfocusonthepositivethingsinmylife.Andtochallengemyselfwiththedifficultyseemslikeawonderfulexperience.IthinkIcanlearnagreatdealfromtravelling.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“perilous”inparagraph2mean?A.Impossible. B.Dangerous. C.Easy. D.Interesting.【答案】B【語篇解讀】本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者計劃去大峽谷徒步旅行，提及了途中可能遇到的危險，但也表達了此次旅行能帶來的諸多益處與獨特體驗。【小題1】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)原文“However,manyofthepathsarequiterockyandnarrowwithahighcliffononeside,soitcanbeperiloustohikethere.(然而，許多小路相當崎嶇狹窄，一側(cè)有高高的懸崖，所以在那里徒步旅行可能是perilous的)”可知，因為小路崎嶇狹窄且一側(cè)有高崖，所以在那里徒步旅行是有危險的。故劃線詞“perilous”的意思是“危險的”，與B項“Dangerous”同義。故選B項。7.Thefindingsrevealadisconcertingdisparity:nationswithinthetropical(熱帶的)regions,whichhavecontributedleasttohistoricalcarbonemissions,arepredictedtosufferincomelosses60%greaterthanthoseinhigher-income,higher-emissioncountries.Thishighlightsasignificantclimatejusticeissue,astheseleast-developednationspossessfewerresourcestoadapttoincreasingclimateimpacts.By“adisconcertingdisparity”inparagraph4,theauthormeans_____.A.poorcountriesleastresponsibleforemissionwillsuffermostineconomyB.itisprojectedthatpeopleintropicalcountrieswillearn60%lessby2050C.higher-incomecountriesarereluctanttoinvestinslowingglobalwarmingD.higher-emissioncountriesaretryingtojustifytheirroleinclimateimpacts【答案】A【語篇解讀】這是一篇新聞報道。文章主要說明了波茨坦氣候影響研究所(PIK)最近的一項突破性研究預測，氣候變化會造成巨大的經(jīng)濟損失，預計到2050年，每年的損失約為38萬億美元。這一數(shù)字凸顯了全球范圍內(nèi)面臨的嚴峻經(jīng)濟挑戰(zhàn)，預計受到最大影響的是對溫室氣體排放負責最少的國家?！驹斀狻吭~句猜測題。根據(jù)第四段“Thefindingsrevealadisconcertingdisparity:nationswithinthetropicalregions,whichhavecontributedleasttohistoricalcarbonemissions,arepredictedtosufferincomelosses60%greaterthanthoseinhigher-income,higher-emissioncountries.Thishighlightsasignificantclimatejusticeissue,astheseleast-developednationspossessfewerresourcestoadapttoincreasingclimateimpacts.(研究結(jié)果揭示了一個令人不安的差異：熱帶地區(qū)國家對歷史碳排放的貢獻最小，但其預計遭受的收入損失，卻比高收入、高排放國家高出60%。這凸顯了一個重大的氣候正義問題——這些最不發(fā)達國家擁有的資源更少，難以適應日益加劇的氣候影響。)”可推知，作者在第四段中所說的“令人不安的差距”是指對碳排放責任最小的貧窮國家，將在經(jīng)濟上遭受最嚴重的打擊。故選A?？键c三：推理判斷題例1.Inasmalltown,therewasalocalbookstorethathadbeeninbusinessfordecades.Thestorewasknownforitswideselectionofbooks,fromclassicliteraturetothelatestbest-sellers.However,inrecentyears,alargeonlinebookstorestartedtogainpopularity.Thelocalbookstoresawasignificantdeclineinitscustomertraffic.Theownerofthelocalbookstoretriedvariousstrategiestoattractcustomers.Heorganizedbookclubs,hostedauthorsignings,andoffereddiscounts.Despitetheseefforts,thestorecontinuedtostruggle.Manyoftheyoungercustomersinthetownpreferredtheconvenienceofshoppingonlineandthewiderrangeofe-booksavailable.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthefutureofthelocalbookstore?A.Itwilldefinitelyclosedownsoon.B.Itmightsurviveifitcanadapttothechanges.C.Itwillbecomemorepopularthantheonlinebookstore.D.Itwillonlysellclassicliteratureinthefuture.【答案】B【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了經(jīng)營數(shù)十年的小鎮(zhèn)本地書店受熱門網(wǎng)上書店沖擊，客流量大減，店主雖嘗試多種策略吸引顧客仍處境艱難?！驹斀狻客评砼袛囝}。根據(jù)第二段“Theownerofthelocalbookstoretriedvariousstrategiestoattractcustomers.Heorganizedbookclubs,hostedauthorsignings,andoffereddiscounts.Despitetheseefforts,thestorecontinuedtostruggle.Manyoftheyoungercustomersinthetownpreferredtheconvenienceofshoppingonlineandthewiderrangeofe-booksavailable.(當?shù)貢甑睦习鍑L試了各種策略來吸引顧客。他組織了讀書俱樂部，舉辦了作家簽名會，并提供折扣。盡管做出了這些努力，但這家店仍在苦苦掙扎。鎮(zhèn)上的許多年輕顧客更喜歡網(wǎng)上購物的便利性和更廣泛的電子書)”可知，當?shù)貢昝媾R顧客流量下降的困境，嘗試了多種策略來吸引顧客。雖然目前仍在掙扎，但沒有明確表明一定會倒閉，所以可以推斷出如果它能適應變化(比如顧客偏好的變化等)，或許能夠生存下去。故選B項。例2.Moreover,figuressuchasRomanYampolskiypointoutthatpredictingtheexacttimelineisextremelydifficultduetotheexceptionalnatureofthesingularityitself.Thedevelopmentsleadingtoasingularityinvolvemanyvariables,includingbreakthroughsinAIalgorithms,hardwarecapabilitiesandsocictalfactorsthatarehardtoforecastwithaccuracy.WhatbestdescribesRomanYampolskiy’sattitudetowardpredictingthesingularity?A.Reserved. B.Optimistic.C.Indifferent. D.Neutral.【答案】A【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。主要介紹了羅曼?亞姆波爾斯基等人指出，因奇點本身的特殊性及相關(guān)發(fā)展涉及AI算法、硬件能力、社會因素等難預測變量，準確預測其發(fā)生時間極為困難?！驹斀狻客评砼袛囝}。根據(jù)該段的“Moreover,figuressuchasRomanYampolskiypointoutthatpredictingtheexacttimelineisextremelydifficultduetotheexceptionalnatureofthesingularityitself.(此外，羅曼?亞姆波爾斯基等人指出，由于技術(shù)奇點本身的特殊性，預測其確切的時間線極其困難)”可推知，羅曼?亞姆波爾斯基對預測技術(shù)奇點的態(tài)度是有所保留的。故選A。例3.Beyondpractice,creativitygrowsinenvironmentsthatencourageexplorationandproblem-solving.Manybreakthroughsinmusic,science,andartdonotemergefromsuddeninspirationbutratherfromsustainedeffortandexperimentation.Acomposermightspendweekstestingdifferentchord(和弦)progressionsbeforediscoveringauniquecombination.Similarly,ascientistmayconductnumerousfailedexperimentsbeforeuncoveringagroundbreakingsolution.ThomasEdison,forexample,famouslysaidthathissuccesswasbuilton“1,000waysthatwon’twork”beforeinventingthelightbulb(燈泡).TheroleoftheexampleofThomasEdisoninparagraph3is________.A.toillustratethatfailurecanleadtosuccessB.toshowthatperseveranceisessentialforcreativityC.toemphasizethatsuccessdependsontheinitialtalentD.toarguethatfailureisthemainsourceofcreativity【答案】B【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。主要介紹了創(chuàng)造力的培養(yǎng)除了練習，還需要鼓勵探索和解決問題的環(huán)境，音樂、科學、藝術(shù)等領(lǐng)域的諸多突破并非源于突發(fā)靈感，而是來自持續(xù)的努力與反復試驗，愛迪生發(fā)明燈泡的例子也印證了這一點?！驹斀狻客评砼袛囝}。根據(jù)第三段中“Similarly,ascientistmayconductnumerousfailedexperimentsbeforeuncoveringagroundbreakingsolution.ThomasEdison,forexample,famouslysaidthathissuccesswasbuilton“1,000waysthatwon’twork”beforeinventingthelightbulb(燈泡).(同樣，科學家在發(fā)現(xiàn)突破性的解決方案之前，可能會進行無數(shù)次失敗的實驗。例如，托馬斯·愛迪生在發(fā)明燈泡之前曾說過，他的成功建立在“1000種行不通的方法”之上)”可推知，托馬斯·愛迪生的例子是為了說明創(chuàng)造力需要堅持不懈的努力，即毅力對創(chuàng)造力至關(guān)重要。故選B。例4.ReadingArt:ArtforBookLoversisacelebrationofaneverydayobject—thebook,representedhereinalmostthreehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundtheworld.Theimageofthereaderappearsthroughouthistory,inartmadelongbeforebooksaswenowknowthemcameintobeing.Inartists’re