2025年CFA一級《財務》重點題庫考試時間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______第Ⅰ部分1.Acompanyrecordsitsrevenuewhencashisreceivedfromcustomers.Whichaccountingbasisisthecompanyusing?a)Accrualbasis.b)Cashbasis.c)Hybridbasis.d)Historicalcostbasis.2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthepreparationoffinancialstatementsunderIFRSismostaccurate?a)ManagementmustchoosebetweenIFRSandUSGAAPforeachreportingperiod.b)IFRSrequirestheuseofhistoricalcostforallassetsandliabilities.c)ConsistencyinaccountingpoliciesisrequiredunderIFRS.d)IFRSdoesnotrequirethepreparationofastatementofcashflows.3.Acompanypays$12,000inadvanceforaone-yearinsurancepolicy.Attheendofthefirstquarter,theamountofinsuranceexpenserecognizedontheincomestatementisclosestto:a)$0.b)$3,000.c)$12,000.d)$48,000.4.Whichofthefollowingeventswouldresultinanincreaseincurrentassetsandadecreaseincurrentliabilitiesforacompany?a)Declaringandpayingacashdividend.b)Borrowingmoneyfromabankonashort-termnote.c)Purchasinginventoryonaccount.d)Recordingdepreciationexpense.5.Thecurrentratioiscalculatedas:a)Totalassets/Totalliabilities.b)Currentassets/Currentliabilities.c)Netincome/Totalassets.d)Totalliabilities/Equity.6.Acompany'saccountsreceivableturnoverratiofortheyearwas8.0.Theaverageaccountsreceivableduringtheyearwas$500,000.Thecompany'screditsalesfortheyearwereclosestto:a)$62,500.b)$500,000.c)$1,000,000.d)$4,000,000.7.Whichofthefollowingfinancialstatementitemswouldtypicallybeclassifiedasanon-cashinvestingandfinancingactivityinthestatementofcashflows?a)Purchaseofequipmentforcash.b)Issuanceofcommonstockforcash.c)Conversionofconvertiblebondsintocommonstock.d)Paymentofaccountspayable.8.UnderIFRS,revenueshouldberecognizedwhen:a)Cashisreceivedfromcustomers.b)Goodsareshippedtocustomers,regardlessofwhenpaymentisreceived.c)Thecompanyearnstherevenueandhasahighdegreeofcertaintyofcollection.d)Thecompanyreceivestherevenueandhasahighdegreeofcertaintyofpayment.9.Acompanyhastotalassetsof$800,000andtotalliabilitiesof$500,000.Itsdebt-to-equityratioisclosestto:a)0.625.b)0.625times.c)1.6times.d)1.6times.10.Whichofthefollowingisgenerallyconsideredastrengthofhorizontalanalysis?a)Itallowsforeasycomparisonbetweencompaniesofdifferentsizes.b)Itidentifiestrendsinfinancialdataovertime.c)Itprovidesadetailedbreakdownofprofitabilitydrivers.d)Itmeasuresthecompany'sliquidityinrelationtoitscompetitors.11.Acompany'sinventoryturnoverratiois6.0,anditsdayssalesofinventory(DSI)is60days.Thecompany'scostofgoodssoldfortheyearwasclosestto:a)$60,000.b)$120,000.c)$240,000.d)$360,000.12.Whichofthefollowingstatementsregardingthestatementofchangesinequityismostaccurate?a)Itonlyincludeschangesincontributedcapital.b)Itshowstheflowofcashintoandoutofthecompany.c)Itreconcilesthebeginningandendingbalancesofequityaccounts.d)ItisnotrequiredunderIFRS.13.Whenpreparingfinancialstatements,acompanyadjustsitsaccountstoreflectthematchingprinciple.Whichofthefollowingadjustmentsbestillustratesthisprinciple?a)Recordingdepreciationexpense.b)Recordingprepaidinsuranceexpense.c)Recordingaccountspayable.d)Recordingcashreceivedfromcustomers.14.Acompanyhasnetincomeof$100,000andtotalequityof$500,000.Thecompany'sreturnonequity(ROE)isclosestto:a)0.2%.b)20%.c)50%.d)500%.15.Whichofthefollowingeventswouldlikelyresultinanincreaseinbothassetsandliabilities?a)Thecompanypaysoffalong-termloan.b)Thecompanyissuescommonstockforcash.c)Thecompanypurchasesequipmentonaccount.d)Thecompanydeclaresandpaysacashdividend.第Ⅱ部分16.Acompany'sbalancesheetshowsaccountsreceivableof$200,000andallowancefordoubtfulaccountsof$10,000.Thenetrealizablevalueofaccountsreceivableis:a)$10,000.b)$200,000.c)$210,000.d)$190,000.17.Whichofthefollowingisacomponentofthestatementofcashflows?a)Netincome.b)Dividendspaid.c)Changesinworkingcapital.d)Alloftheabove.18.Theacid-testratioisamorestringentmeasureofliquiditythanthecurrentratiobecauseit:a)Excludesinventoryfromcurrentassets.b)Includesonlythemostliquidassets.c)Excludesallliabilities.d)Usesmarketvaluesforassets.19.Acompany'sinventoryisvaluedusingtheLIFOmethod.Ifthecompany'sinventorycostsareincreasing,whichofthefollowingislikelytobetrue?a)Costofgoodssoldwillbehigher.b)Netincomewillbehigher.c)Currentassetswillbehigher.d)Theinventoryturnoverratiowillbehigher.20.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthestatementofcashflowsismostaccurate?a)Itreportsallcashinflowsandoutflowsduringtheperiod,regardlessoftheirsourceoruse.b)ItisoptionalunderIFRS.c)Itonlyincludescashtransactions.d)Itispreparedusingtheaccrualbasisofaccounting.21.Acompanyhastotalassetsof$1,000,000andtotalliabilitiesof$400,000.Thecompany'sequitymultiplierisclosestto:a)0.4.b)1.0.c)2.5.d)4.0.22.Whichofthefollowingisgenerallyconsideredaweaknessofverticalanalysis?a)Itmakesitdifficulttocomparecompaniesofdifferentsizes.b)Itshowstheproportionofeachfinancialstatementitemtoabaseamount.c)Itdoesnotprovideinformationaboutacompany'sliquidity.d)Itrequirestheuseofhistoricalcostforallassetsandliabilities.23.Whenacompanyrecordsdepreciationexpense,it:a)Increasesassetsanddecreasesequity.b)Decreasesassetsanddecreasesequity.c)Increasesassetsandincreasesequity.d)Decreasesassetsandincreasesequity.24.Whichofthefollowingfinancialstatementitemsistypicallyconsideredaspontaneousliability?a)Long-termdebt.b)Commonstock.c)Accountspayable.d)Accumulateddepreciation.25.Acompany'sreturnonassets(ROA)is10%.Thecompany'sprofitmarginis5%.Thecompany'stotalassetturnoverisclosestto:a)0.05.b)0.5.c)1.0.d)2.0.第Ⅲ部分26.Acompany'sfinancialstatementrevealsthataccountsreceivablehaveincreasedsignificantlywhilesaleshaveremainedstable.Whichofthefollowingcouldbeapotentialcauseforthisincrease?a)Thecompanyhasofferedlongerpaymenttermstocustomers.b)Thecompanyhasdecidedtopurchasemoreinventoryonaccount.c)Thecompanyhasinvestedheavilyinnewequipment.d)Thecompanyhasexperiencedasignificantdecreaseininventorylevels.27.Whichofthefollowingisalimitationoffinancialstatementanalysis?a)Financialstatementsdonotprovideenoughinformationtomakeinformeddecisions.b)Financialstatementsarepreparedusinghistoricalcostbasis,whichmaynotreflectcurrentmarketvalues.c)Differentcompaniesmayusedifferentaccountingpolicies,makingcomparisonsdifficult.d)Alloftheabove.28.Acompanyisconsideringwhethertopurchaseanewmachinefor$100,000.Themachineisexpectedtogenerateadditionalannualcashflowsof$30,000forthenextfiveyears.Thepaybackperiodfortheinvestmentisclosestto:a)3.3years.b)3.33years.c)5.0years.d)10.0years.29.Whichofthefollowingisacomponentofthecashflowsfromoperatingactivitiessectionofthestatementofcashflows?a)Paymentofdividends.b)Proceedsfromissuanceofcommonstock.c)Interestpaid.d)Purchaseofequipment.30.Whenanalyzingacompany'sfinancialstatements,aninvestorisconcernedaboutthecompany'sabilitytomeetitsshort-termobligations.Whichofthefollowingratioswouldbemosthelpfulinassessingthisability?a)Debt-to-equityratio.b)Timesinterestearnedratio.c)Currentratio.d)Returnonequityratio.31.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutleaseaccountingunderIFRS16ismostaccurate?a)Lesseesarerequiredtorecognizealiabilityforallleases.b)Lessorsarerequiredtorecognizearight-of-useassetforallleases.c)Short-termleases(lessthan12months)areexemptfromleaseaccounting.d)Leasesarenotconsideredassetsorliabilitiesonthebalancesheet.32.Acompany'snetincomefortheyearwas$150,000.Thecompanypaid$50,000individendsand$20,000ininterestexpense.Thecompany'scashflowfromoperatingactivitiesfortheyearwasclosestto:a)$80,000.b)$130,000.c)$180,000.d)$200,000.33.Whichofthefollowingisalimitationofusingfinancialratiosforanalysis?a)Ratiosdonotprovideacompletepictureofacompany'sfinancialperformance.b)Differentcompaniesmayusedifferentaccountingpolicies,makingcomparisonsdifficult.c)Ratiosarebasedonhistoricaldata,whichmaynotbeindicativeoffutureperformance.d)Alloftheabove.34.Acompanyhastotalassetsof$600,000andtotalliabilitiesof$300,000.Thecompany'sequitymultiplierisclosestto:a)0.5.b)1.0.c)2.0.d)3.0.35.Whichofthefollowingeventswouldlikelyresultinanincreaseinthecompany'sworkingcapital?a)Thecompanycollects$100,000fromaccountsreceivable.b)Thecompanypays$100,000ofaccountspayable.c)Thecompanyissues$100,000ofnewcommonstock.d)Thecompanysellsinventoryfor$100,000cash.第Ⅳ部分36.Acompany'sfinancialstatementsshowthatitsaccountspayablehavedecreasedsignificantlywhileitsinventoryhasincreased.Whichofthefollowingcouldbeapotentialcauseforthisscenario?a)Thecompanyhasdecidedtoofferearlypaymentdiscountstosuppliers.b)Thecompanyhasexperiencedasignificantincreaseinsales.c)Thecompanyhasdecidedtopayoffitssuppliersmorequickly.d)Thecompanyhasnegotiatedlongerpaymenttermswithitssuppliers.37.Whichofthefollowingisgenerallyconsideredastrengthofusingindustrybenchmarksforfinancialanalysis?a)Theyprovideabasisforcomparingacompany'sperformancetoitscompetitors.b)Theyeliminatetheneedtoperformtrendanalysis.c)Theyarealwaysaccurateandup-to-date.d)Theyonlyincludethemostimportantfinancialratios.38.Acompany'sfinancialstatementrevealsthatitsaccountsreceivableturnoverratiohasdecreasedsignificantlyoverthepastyear.Whichofthefollowingcouldbeapotentialcauseforthisdecrease?a)Thecompanyhasofferedlongerpaymenttermstocustomers.b)Thecompanyhasimproveditscollectionefforts.c)Thecompanyhasexperiencedasignificantdecreaseinsales.d)Thecompanyhasinvestedheavilyinnewmarketingcampaigns.39.Whichofthefollowingisalimitationofusinghistoricalcostforassetvaluation?a)Itmaynotreflectthecurrentmarketvalueoftheasset.b)Itcanmakeitdifficulttocomparecompaniesofdifferentages.c)Itrequirescompaniestoperformregularimpairmenttesting.d)Alloftheabove.40.Acompanyisconsideringwhethertopurchaseanewvehiclefor$50,000.Thevehicleisexpectedtogenerateannualcashflowsof$15,000forthenextfouryears.Thenetpresentvalue(NPV)oftheinvestmentisclosestto:a)$0.b)$10,000.c)$20,000.d)$30,000.41.Whichofthefollowingisacomponentofthecashflowsfrominvestingactivitiessectionofthestatementofcashflows?a)Paymentofinterestexpense.b)Proceedsfromissuanceofcommonstock.c)Purchaseofequipment.d)Paymentofdividends.42.Whenanalyzingacompany'sfinancialstatements,aninvestorisconcernedaboutthecompany'sabilitytogenerateprofitsfromitsassets.Whichofthefollowingratioswouldbemosthelpfulinassessingthisability?a)Currentratio.b)Debt-to-equityratio.c)Returnonassetsratio.d)Timesinterestearnedratio.43.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutfairvaluemeasurementunderIFRSismostaccurate?a)Fairvalueisalwaysequaltomarketvalue.b)Fairvalueisthepricethatwouldbereceivedtosellanassetinanorderlymarkettransaction.c)Fairvalueisonlyusedforfinancialassets.d)Fairvaluemeasurementsarealwaysbasedonhistoricalcost.44.Acompany'sfinancialstatementrevealsthatitsinventoryhasincreasedsignificantlywhileitscostofgoodssoldhasremainedstable.Whichofthefollowingcouldbeapotentialcauseforthisincrease?a)Thecompanyhasexperiencedasignificantdecreaseinsales.b)Thecompanyhasdecidedtopurchasemoreinventoryonaccount.c)Thecompanyhasinvestedheavilyinnewresearchanddevelopment.d)Thecompanyhasdecidedtoreduceitsinventorylevels.45.WhichofthefollowingisalimitationofusingtheDuPontanalysis?a)ItonlyconsiderstwocomponentsofROE.b)Itcanbedifficulttointerprettheresults.c)Itdoesnotprovideinformationaboutacompany'sliquidity.d)Itrequirestheuseofhistoricalcostforallassetsandliabilities.試卷答案1.b解析思路：公司當收到現(xiàn)金時才記錄收入，這符合現(xiàn)金基礎會計的定義。2.c解析思路：IFRS要求會計政策的一致性，即在一個報告期間內，公司應使用相同的會計政策。選項a錯誤，IFRS和USGAAP是不同的準則，公司通常選擇其中之一。選項b錯誤，IFRS允許使用公允價值等計量方式。選項d錯誤，IFRS要求編制現(xiàn)金流量表。3.b解析思路：保險費用是季度性的，一年保險費12,000美元，每個季度應確認保險費用12,000/4=3,000美元。4.c解析思路：購買存貨時，資產(chǎn)（存貨）增加，同時負債（應付賬款）增加。5.b解析思路：流動比率是衡量公司短期償債能力的關鍵指標，計算公式為流動資產(chǎn)除以流動負債。6.d解析思路：應收賬款周轉率=信用銷售/平均應收賬款。信用銷售=應收賬款周轉率*平均應收賬款=8.0*$500,000=$4,000,000。7.c解析思路：將可轉換債券轉換為普通股，屬于權益內部變動，不涉及現(xiàn)金，也不屬于經(jīng)營活動或投資活動，是典型的非現(xiàn)金投資和融資活動。8.c解析思路：根據(jù)IFRS15（對應CFA一級的內容），收入應在企業(yè)履行了履約義務時確認，且企業(yè)有權收取款項，即滿足“已賺取”和“很可能收回”兩個條件時確認。9.c解析思路：債務權益比=總負債/股東權益=$500,000/($800,000-$500,000)=$500,000/$300,000=1.666...，約等于1.6。10.b解析思路：水平分析的主要目的是通過比較不同時期財務數(shù)據(jù)的變化，識別財務趨勢。11.d解析思路：DSI=365/存貨周轉率。存貨周轉率=6.0。因此，DSI=365/6.0=60.83天。近似于60天。成本ofgoodssold=存貨周轉率*平均存貨。由于DSI接近60天，平均存貨接近年內存貨余額。假設年初存貨為X，年末存貨為Y，平均存貨約為(X+Y)/2。COGS≈6*(X+Y)/2=3(X+Y)。DSI≈365/3(X+Y)≈60。解得X+Y≈$120,000。因此，COGS≈3*$120,000=$360,000。12.c解析思路：股東權益變動表用于展示在一個會計期間內，股東權益各組成部分（股本、留存收益、其他綜合收益等）的增減變動情況，它將期初股東權益總額與期末股東權益總額進行reconciling（調節(jié)）。13.a解析思路：折舊費用是將一項長期資產(chǎn)的成本在其使用年限內系統(tǒng)地分攤到各期。它遵循了權責發(fā)生制原則，將資產(chǎn)的成本與它所幫助產(chǎn)生的收入相匹配。14.b解析思路：ROE=凈收入/股東權益=$100,000/$500,000=0.20，即20%。15.c解析思路：購買設備時，資產(chǎn)（設備）增加，同時負債（應付賬款）增加。16.d解析思路：應收賬款的凈實現(xiàn)價值是其賬面價值減去壞賬準備。$200,000-$10,000=$190,000。17.d解析思路：現(xiàn)金流量表包括經(jīng)營活動、投資活動和籌資活動產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)金流量。凈收入、現(xiàn)金流量凈增加額、支付給普通股股東的現(xiàn)金股利、購買或處置子公司及其他營業(yè)單位收到的現(xiàn)金凈額、取得投資收益收到的現(xiàn)金、處置固定資產(chǎn)、無形資產(chǎn)和其他長期資產(chǎn)收回的現(xiàn)金凈額、收到其他與投資活動有關的現(xiàn)金、支付其他與投資活動有關的現(xiàn)金、收回投資收到的現(xiàn)金、取得投資收益收到的現(xiàn)金凈額、處置子公司及其他營業(yè)單位收到的現(xiàn)金凈額、收到其他與籌資活動有關的現(xiàn)金、支付其他與籌資活動有關的現(xiàn)金、吸收投資收到的現(xiàn)金、取得借款收到的現(xiàn)金都屬于現(xiàn)金流量表的內容或與其相關。18.a解析思路：酸性測試比率（速動比率）是流動比率的一個更嚴格的版本，它排除了存貨（因為存貨可能難以快速轉換為現(xiàn)金）。19.a解析思路：在物價上漲的情況下，采用LIFO（后進先出）法，最近購入的（通常成本更高）存貨先被結轉為成本，導致當期成本ofgoodssold更高，進而使得凈income更低。同時，留存收益會減少，但負債可能不變或減少（如果公司用現(xiàn)金購買存貨），資產(chǎn)（存貨）賬面價值可能被低估。存貨周轉率=COGS/平均存貨。如果COGS上升而平均存貨因購買更多高成本存貨而可能上升幅度小于COGS，或者平均存貨下降，則存貨周轉率可能上升。但更直接的影響是COGS和NetIncome。選項a（COGShigher）最直接相關。20.a解析思路：現(xiàn)金流量表報告了在一個會計期間內所有現(xiàn)金來源和現(xiàn)金用途的詳細信息，包括經(jīng)營活動、投資活動和籌資活動的現(xiàn)金流量。選項b錯誤，現(xiàn)金流量表是強制要求的。選項c錯誤，雖然主要基于現(xiàn)金交易，但也包括經(jīng)營活動中某些非現(xiàn)金項目（如折舊）的調整。選項d錯誤，現(xiàn)金流量表使用的是現(xiàn)金基礎會計。21.c解析思路：權益乘數(shù)=總資產(chǎn)/股東權益=$1,000,000/($1,000,000-$400,000)=$1,000,000/$600,000=1.666...，約等于2.5。22.a解析思路：垂直分析的優(yōu)點是它能夠顯示財務報表上每個項目相對于一個基準（如總資產(chǎn)、總收入）的比例，這使得不同規(guī)模的公司之間可以進行比較。其主要缺點是，對于規(guī)模差異較大的公司進行比較可能不太容易或有誤導性。23.b解析思路：記錄折舊費用時，借記折舊費用（增加費用，減少利潤，最終減少權益），貸記累計折舊（增加資產(chǎn)抵減科目，減少相關資產(chǎn)賬面價值）。24.c解析思路：自發(fā)負債是指隨經(jīng)營活動的變化而自然發(fā)生變動的負債，如應付賬款和應計費用。它們通常與銷售水平相關。選項a是長期負債。選項b是權益。選項d是資產(chǎn)抵減項。25.b解析思路：ROA=凈利潤/總資產(chǎn)。利潤率=凈利潤/銷售收入?？傎Y產(chǎn)周轉率=銷售收入/總資產(chǎn)。ROA=利潤率*總資產(chǎn)周轉率。10%=5%*總資產(chǎn)周轉率?？傎Y產(chǎn)周轉率=10%/5%=2.0。26.a解析思路：應收賬款增加而銷售額穩(wěn)定，通常意味著公司給予了客戶更長的付款期限，導致客戶收款時間延長。27.d解析思路：所有選項都是財務報表分析的局限性。選項a，財務報表提供了大量信息。選項b，歷史成本可能不反映市場價值。選項c，會計政策差異導致比較困難。因此，d是正確答案。28.a解析思路：回收期=初始投資/年凈現(xiàn)金流量=$100,000/$30,000=3.333...年，約等于3.33年。29.c解析思路：利息支付屬于經(jīng)營活動現(xiàn)金流量的一個調整項（凈收入到經(jīng)營活動現(xiàn)金流），因為它是一項現(xiàn)金流出，但不是經(jīng)營活動本身的現(xiàn)金流出。30.c解析思路：流動比率是衡量公司短期償債能力的直接指標，計算公式為流動資產(chǎn)除以流動負債。較高的流動比率表明公司有更多的流動資產(chǎn)來覆蓋其短期負債。31.c解析思路：根據(jù)IFRS16，對于短期租賃（通常指12個月或以下，除非租賃包含購買選擇權且承租人很可能行使該選擇權）和低價值資產(chǎn)租賃，可以豁免確認使用權資產(chǎn)和租賃負債。32.b解析思路：經(jīng)營活動現(xiàn)金流=凈收入+非現(xiàn)金費用（如折舊、攤銷）+負債的減少（如應付賬款的減少）-資產(chǎn)