焦點(diǎn)05閱讀理解之說(shuō)明文

2026年中考英語(yǔ)新課標(biāo)（核心素養(yǎng)）題型特訓(xùn)講練

【題型解析】

一、說(shuō)明文的特點(diǎn)與結(jié)構(gòu)

說(shuō)明文是北京中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中的常見(jiàn)文體，其核心目的是傳遞信息,語(yǔ)言通常簡(jiǎn)潔準(zhǔn)確，

邏輯清晰。文章結(jié)構(gòu)一般包括標(biāo)題、引言、主體和結(jié)論，主體部分會(huì)按照時(shí)間、空間或其他

邏輯順序展開(kāi)說(shuō)明。

二、近年北京中考說(shuō)明文選材主題

從近年的試卷分析來(lái)看，說(shuō)明文的選材緊密聯(lián)系時(shí)代發(fā)展，注重價(jià)值引領(lǐng)和素養(yǎng)考查

常見(jiàn)的主題包括：

科技前沿：例如介紹中國(guó)科學(xué)家在“軟體機(jī)器人學(xué)”領(lǐng)域的突破性進(jìn)展，或探討人工智能算法

與人類(lèi)價(jià)值觀的關(guān)系。

社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)與傳統(tǒng)文化：例如關(guān)注食物浪費(fèi)問(wèn)題并提出解決方案或涉及嫦娥六號(hào)登月、高鐵發(fā)

展等展現(xiàn)國(guó)家成就的素材

生活實(shí)踐與成長(zhǎng)：例如探寸'慢生活”理念，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生合理規(guī)劃時(shí)間。

三、說(shuō)明文閱讀的考查重點(diǎn)

試題注重考查學(xué)生在真實(shí)情境中理解語(yǔ)篇、獲取信息和解決問(wèn)題的能力

具體可能包括：

細(xì)節(jié)理解：定位并理解文中具體信息。

主旨大意：把握文章的核心觀點(diǎn)或主要說(shuō)明對(duì)象。

推理判斷：根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行邏輯推理，理解作者的言外之意。

詞義猜測(cè)：通過(guò)上下文推則生詞或短語(yǔ)的含義。

篇章結(jié)構(gòu)：理解文章的寫(xiě)作順序、段落間的邏輯關(guān)系。

四、解題技巧建議

針對(duì)說(shuō)明文閱讀，可以掌握以下技巧

快速瀏覽，把握大意：先通讀全文，了解文章主要說(shuō)明什么。

關(guān)注關(guān)鍵詞和邏輯連接詞：它們能幫助理清文章的邏輯脈絡(luò)。

分析段落中心句：通常每段的中心句會(huì)概括該段的主要內(nèi)容。

仔細(xì)審題，回文定位：根據(jù)題目關(guān)鍵詞回到原文中尋找對(duì)應(yīng)信息，注意選項(xiàng)與原文的細(xì)微差

別。

總結(jié)：2026年北京中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中的說(shuō)明文，預(yù)計(jì)將繼續(xù)堅(jiān)持素養(yǎng)立意，選材會(huì)貼近

時(shí)代、貼近生活，注重考查學(xué)生的信息處理能力和思維品質(zhì)。備考時(shí)，建議多閱讀不同主題

的說(shuō)明文，熟悉其結(jié)構(gòu)，并加強(qiáng)上述閱讀技巧的訓(xùn)練。

JAMESWITTSTEAMENCINffRINC

Doyouknowsomegreatinventorsandtheirinventions?Whatfactors（因素）arcneeded

fortheirsuccess?

Well,goodtimingforastart.Youcanhaveagreatideawhichthepublicsimplydoesn't

want...yet.TheItalianGiovanniCaselliinventedthefirstfax（傳真）machineinthe1860s.

Althoughthequalityisexcellent,hisinventionquicklydiedacommercial（商業(yè)的）death.Itwas

notuntilthe1980sthatthefaxbecameverycommonineveryoffice...toolateforGiovanni

Caselli.

Moneyalsohelps.TheFrenchmanDenisPapin（1647-1712）hadtheideaforasteam

engine（蒸汽機(jī)）almostahundredyearsbeforethebetter-rememberedScotsmanJamesWattwas

evenborn...butheneverhadenoughmoneytobuildone.

Yuualsoneedlobepatient（itlooksciciilislsnearlyciglilyyearsLudevelopaliglilbulb

whichactuallyworked）,butnottoopatient.Inthe1870s,ElishaGray,aprofessionalinventor

fromChicago,developedplansforatelephone.Graysawitasnomorethan“abeautifultoy”.

However,whenhefinallysentdetailsofhisinventiontothePatentOffice（專(zhuān)利局）inFebruary,

1876,itwastoolate.Almostthesameinventionhadarrivedtwohoursearlier...andtheyoung

manwhosentit,AlexanderGrahamBell,willalwaysberememberedastheinventorofthe

telephone.

Ofcoursewhatyoureallyneedisagreatidea,butifyouhaven'tgotone,awalkinthe

countryandacarefullookatnaturecanhelp.TheSwissscientist,GeorgedeMestral,hadtheidea

forVelcro（魔術(shù)貼）whenhefoundhisclothescoveredinstickyseedpodsafterawalkinihe

country.DuringasimilarwalkintheFrenchcountrysidesome250yearsearlier,ReneAntoine

FcrchaultdeReaumurhadtheideathatpapercouldbemadefromwoodwhenhefoundan

abandoned（廢棄的）wasps'nest（蜂巢）.

Youalsoneedgoodcommercialsense.WillyHiginbothamwasascientistdoingnuclear（核

能的）researchintheBrookhavenNationalLaboratory（實(shí)驗(yàn)室）inUpton,USA.In1958the

publicwereinvitedtoanexhibitionintheLaboratorytoseetheirwork,butbothparentsand

childrenweremoreinterestedinatiny120cmscreenwithawhitedotwhichcouldbehitback

andforthovera"net"usingabutton（按鈕）andaknob（旋鈕）.Soonhundredsofpeoplewere

ignoring（忽視,）theotherexhibitstoplaythefirstevercomputergamemadefromasimple

laboratoryinstrumentcalledan“oscilloscope“Higinbotham,however,nevermademoneyfrom

hisinvention,hethoughtpeoplewereonlyinterestedinthegamebecausetheotherexhibitswere

soboring!

1.WhydidthewriterusetheexampleofGiovanniCaselli?

A.Toshowhowfaxmachinesbecamecommoninthe1980s.

B.Toexplainhowthequalityofaninventioncanbeimproved.

C.Toarguethatcommercialsuccessistheonlygoalforinventors.

D.Toprovethatgoodtimingisimportantfbraninvention'ssuccess.

2.Whatcanyoulearnfromthepassage?

A.ElishaGraymissed（hechancetobetheinventorofthetelephone.

B.GeorgedeMestralgottheideafromawalkinaFrenchcountryside.

C.DenisPapinsucceededinbuildingasteamenginealiuiidicdycaisagu.

D.WillyHiginbothammademoneyfromhisinventionofthefirstcomputergame.

3.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?

A.Howtogetagreatideafromnature.B.Howtobeasuccessfulinventor.

C.Howtohavegoodcommercialsense.D.Howtomakemoneyfrominventions.

【答案】1.D2.A3.B

【難度】0.4

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】發(fā)明與創(chuàng)造、說(shuō)明文

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，圍繞成功發(fā)明所需的關(guān)鍵因素，結(jié)合多位發(fā)明家的案例，介紹

了好時(shí)機(jī)、資金、耐心、創(chuàng)意、商業(yè)嗅覺(jué)等要素的重要性。

1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Well,goodtimingforastart.Youcanhaveagreatideawhichthepublic

simplydoesn'twant...yet.TheItalianGiovanniCasclliinventedthefirstfaxmachineinthe

1860s.”可知，作者用喬瓦尼?卡塞利的例子是為了證明好的時(shí)機(jī)對(duì)發(fā)明成功很重要。故選D。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)"Inthe1870s,ElishaGray,aprofcssicnalinventorfromChicago,developed

plansforatelephone...whenhefinallysentdetailsofhisinventiontothePatentOfficein

February,1876,itwastoolate.”可知，伊萊沙?格雷錯(cuò)失了成為電話發(fā)明者的機(jī)會(huì)。故選A。

3.最佳標(biāo)題題。根據(jù)"Doyouknowsomegreatinventorsandtheirinventions?Whatfactorsare

neededfortheirsuccess?”及全文圍繞發(fā)明成功所需因素展開(kāi)可知，文章主要講述如何成為一

名成功的發(fā)明家。故詵B。

B

WhenIwrite,knowingsomeonewillreadit,somethingchanges.Havingreadersforcesme

tothinkharderaboutwhatI'mtryingtosay.That,stheaudienceeffectatplay.Thepresenceof

otherschangeswhatwechoosetodoandwhowechoosetobe,andwebecomedifferentpeople

whenwcknowwc'rcbeingwatched.

Ourbrainsevolved（進(jìn)化）tocaredeeplyaboutsocialstanding.Whenwesensewe'rebeing

observed,ourneural（神經(jīng)的）networkschangeinto^performancemodc.^^Inourbrains,theareas

connectedwithinnerdrivequietdownwhileareasprocessingsocialfeedback（反饋）lightup.

Thisneurologicalchangeexplainswhyanaudiencechangesourdecision-making.

Onceyouknowabouttheaudienceeffect,you'llnoticehowitplaysouteverywhere.In

creativework,forexample,anaudiencecangiveyouIlicfocusyouneedloLumideasintogreat

work.Butitcanalsopushyoutojust“beaverage“topleaseothers—insteadofbeingtruly

creative.Similareffectsappearincareerdecisions.Worryingaboutouraudience,evenifthat

audienceisjustyourparents,canmakeyouchoosepaths（小路）thatlookimpressiveonthe

outsidebutdonotbringrealsatisfaction.

Theaudienceeffectishardtodealwithbecauseoffeedback.Whenwereceivepraiseor

likestoraudience-focusedchoices,weslowlystarttovaluewhatpleasesothersmorethanwhat

pleasesourselves.Overtime,weforgetwhatwewantedbeforewestartedperformingforothers.

However,youcan'teliminate（消除）theinfluenceofhavinganaudience,andyouactually

wouldn'twantto.Infact,itcanbeusefulifwelearnhowtomanageit.Onewayistobecareful

aboutwhoseopinionswecareabout.Insteadoftryingtopleaseeveryone,weshouldfocusonthe

peoplewhoseopinionsactuallymatter.Anotherwayistokeepbothaudicncc-focuscdand

audience-freecreativespaces.Shareyourprogress,butalsoworkonprojectsnoonewillsee.

Whenyoumakeachoice—likewhattowrite,share,orstudy—stopandaskyourself:"Am

Idoingthisforme,orjusttopleaseothers?^^Whenyourecognizetheaudienceefleet,youcanuse

ittogainfocusandenergywithoutlosingyourtrueself.

1.WhatisParagraph2mainlyabout?

A.Thereasonfortheaudienceeffect.B.Thedownsidesoftheaudienceeffect.

C.Theexamplesoftheaudienceeffect.D.Theimportanceoftheaudienceeffect.

2.Whichofthefollowingsituationsbestshowstheaudienceeffect?

A.Sharingphotosonlinetorecordlife.

B.Jogginginthepark:oenjoythefreshair.

C.Playinghardinthegamebecauseofothers5cheers.

D.Preparingthespeechcarefullytounderstanditbetter.

3.Whatisthewriter'smainpurposeinwritingthispassage?

A.Toexplainwhypeoplecaresomuchaboutsocialstanding.

B.Toshowthattheaudienceeffectisharmfulandshouldbeavoided.

C.Togiveexamplesofhowtheaudienceeffectinfluencesourdailylife.

D.lbremindreaderstomanagetheaudienceeffectwithoutlosingtheirtrueselves.

【答案】1.A2.C3.D

【難度】0.4

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】科普知識(shí)、說(shuō)明文

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要探討了“觀眾效應(yīng)”如何影響人們的行為和決策，并提出了

管理這種效應(yīng)的建議。

1.主旨大意題。通讀第二段并根據(jù)“Thisneurologicalchangeexplainswhyanaudiencechanges

ourdecision-making.”可知.神經(jīng)變化解釋了為什么觀眾會(huì)改變我們的決策。由此可知，本段

主要解釋了觀眾效應(yīng)的神經(jīng)科學(xué)原因。故選A。

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Increativework,forexample,anaudiencecangiveyouthefocusyouneed

toturnideasintogreatwork.Butitcanalsopushyoutojust'beaverage'topleaseothers”和

“Whenwereceivepraiseorlikesforaudience-focusedchoices,weslowlystarttovaluewhat

pleasesothersmorethanwhatpleasesourselves.”"J知，觀眾效應(yīng)的典型表現(xiàn)是行為因他人反饋

而改變。選項(xiàng)C“因他人的歡呼而在比賽中拼命表現(xiàn)”符合這一特征。故選C。

3.主旨大意題。根據(jù)“Whenyourecognizetheaudienceeffect,youcanuseittogainfocusand

energywithoutlosingyour:rueself."可知，當(dāng)你意識(shí)到觀眾效應(yīng)時(shí)，你可以利用它獲得專(zhuān)注和

能量，而不失去真實(shí)的自我。由此可知，作者的主要目的是提醒讀者在不失去真實(shí)自我的前

提下，管理好觀眾效應(yīng)。放選D。

C

Whilemanypeoplesecchoresasnecessarypains,therearescicnce-bascdreasonsto

changeyourthoughtsaboutchores.Itturnsoutthatdoingchoresisnotalwaysin（hewayschat

youmightthink.

Asresearchersstatehereinastudy,doingtaskswhichdon'tneedalotofeflbrtallowsthe

mindtofloataroundwhereitwill.Yourmindgetsabreakandallowsyoutoconsiderold

problemswithneweyes.Infact,effortlesstaskscreatemoregreatideasthandifficulttasksorjust

resting.So,doingchorescanleadtocreativeproblem-solving.

Choresarcexercisesnacksforhealth.Thephrase“exercisesnacks“referstosmall,even

tiny,piecesofphysicalactivity,suchasstandingforafewminutesaftersittingforawhile.Taking

atwo-minutewalk,ordoingachorelikesweepingup（hekitchen.Researchershavestudiedthe

effectsofexercisesnacksranging（范圍）from3（）seconds,likewalkingupaflightofstairs,to10

minutes,likewashingdishes.Someofthehealtheffectsincludeimprovedmemory,reducedrisk

ofsomeseriousdiseases,andlongerlife.

Choresarerelatedtoourmental（心理的）health.Completingchoresincreases（增長(zhǎng)）your

senseofself-cfTicacy,knownasaperson'sbeliefthattheyhavetheabilityandskillstoreachtheir

goals.Self-efficacy,whichwasfirstdevelopedbyProfessorAlbertBandurainthe1970s,hasbeen

shown（oincreaseconfidence,lowself-efficacyisconnectedwithworries,sadnessand

hopelessness,whilehigherself-efficacyisconnectedwithlifesatisfaction,self-confidence,social

connectionandgrowthmindset.

Doingchorescanreducestress.AsmallstudyfromFloridaStateUniversityexplored

whetherthechoreofdishwashingcouldreducestress.Usingagroupof51students,they

discoveredthatdishwasherswhowereaskedtobemindfulwhenwashingdishesfocusingonthe

smellofthesoap,thewarmthofthewater,andthefeelofthedishes—reportedadecreasein

nervousnessby27percentandanincreaseinmentalinspirationby25percent.Choresthatreduce

themesscanalsoreducestress.

Soifyou'vebeenthinkingaboutcleaningoutthatjunkdrawer,doit.You'llreceivemore.

1.AccordingtoParagraph2,thewritermayagreethatwecanbydoingchores.

A.getlesssocialB.liveabetterlife

C.becomemoreinventiveD.changewaysofexercise

2.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A.Weneedtoeatsnacksaftersweepingupthekitchen.

B.Wecangetasenseofachievementbydoingchores.

C.Usingthesoapwhenwashingdishesincreasesefficacy.

D.Doingchoreseverydaydecreasesthecreativethinking.

3.Whal'sthewriter'smainpurposeinwritingthispassage?

A.Toexplainwhymostpeoplehatedoingchoresandofferwaystomakechoreslesstiring.

B.Tointroducethescience-supportedadvantagesofdoingchoresandencouragepeopletodo

chores.

C.Toprovethatdoingchoreslikewashingdishesisthebestwaytoreducestressandimprove

creativity.

D.lbteachreadershowtousedifferentchorestoincreaseself-efficacyandachievelife

satisfaction.

【笞案】1.C2.B3.B

【難度】0.4

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】家庭生活、說(shuō)明文、勞動(dòng)實(shí)踐

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，文章主要論述了做家務(wù)有科學(xué)依據(jù)的好處，包括促進(jìn)創(chuàng)造性解

決問(wèn)題、有益健康、與心理健康相關(guān)以及減輕壓力等，并鼓勵(lì)人們積極做家務(wù)。

1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章笫二段"So,doingchorescanleadtocreativeproblem-solving.”可知，

做家務(wù)可以帶來(lái)創(chuàng)造性的問(wèn)題解決方法，即可以讓我們變得更有創(chuàng)造力。故選C。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段“Completingchoresincreases（增長(zhǎng)）yoursenseofself-efficacy,

knownasaperson'sbelieftliattheyhavetheabilityandskillstoreachtheirgoals.”可知，完成家

務(wù)可以增加我們的自我效能感，即一種相信自己有能力達(dá)到H標(biāo)的信念，這可以看作是一種

成就感。故選B。

3.主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Whilemanypeopleseechoresasnecessarypains,thereare

science-basedreasonstochangeyourthoughtsaboutchores.”以及后文對(duì)做家務(wù)的好處的論述

可知，作者的主要目的是介紹做家務(wù)的科學(xué)依據(jù)的好處，并鼓勵(lì)人們做家務(wù)。故選B。

D

Doyourememberwhereyouwerewhenyouheardaboutatrafficaccidentinvolvinga

closefriend?Theanswerisprobablyyes.Doyourememberwhatyouweredoingonyour

birthdaythatyear?Youmayhavetothinkalittleharder.

Peoplerememberbadmemoriesmoreeasilyandingreaterdetail（hangoodones.Whyis

that?Anewstudyfoundthatpeopledothisbecauseofevolutionary（進(jìn)化的）reasons.

ElizabethKensingerandherpartnersatBostonCollege,US,didastudylookingatthis.

Theyfoundthatnegative（消極的）feelingslikefearandsadnesscauseanincreaseinbrain

activity.Thisactivityhappensinthepartofthebrainthatcontrolsmemories.Somemoriescaused

bynegativefeelingsarekeptingreaterdetailthanotherkindsofmemories.Forexample,after

seeingamanonastreetholdingaknife,peopleremembertheknifeclearly,buttheyforgetthe

detailsofthestreet.

AccordingtoKensinger,itiseasytounderstandthisfromanevolutionarypointofview.

Shesaidthatpeoplepayattentiontodangerousinformationsotheycanusethatinformationto

guidetheiractionsandsavetheirlives.Theycanalsouseittoplanforsimilareventsinthefuture.

Thesuicnlislssayincrcsludicsarcneededonhowwcrcnieiiiburbadiiiciiiorics.Thislineof

researchcouldhelpsolvestressdisorders.

Inshort,thereasonv/crememberbadthingsmorefirmlyandclearlyisactuallya“survival

skill”passeddowntousbyourancestors.Ourbrainspayextraattentiontodangerousinfbrrration

tohelpusavoidharmandsurvivebetter.However,therearestillmanydetailsbehindthiswaiting

forscientiststodiscover.Now,whenyouthinkofthebadthingsthatleftadeepimpressiononyou,

doyouunderstandwhyyourbrain“makesapointtoremember"them?

1.Goodmemoriesarcrememberedthanbadones.

A.longerB.lessoftenC.moreeasilyD.moreindetail

2.Whenagirlbreaksintotears,

A.herbrainactivitywillincreaseB.sheprobablyhasastressdisorder

C.shecancontrolhermemorieswellD.herbrainactivitywillbekeptingreatdetail

3.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.BrainactivitycontrolsmemoriesB.Howwcrememberbadmemories

C.BadmemoriesarceasiertorememberD.Badmemoriescancausestressdisorders

【答案】1.B2.A3.C

【難度】0.4

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】科普知識(shí)、說(shuō)明文

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文主要講述了人們更容易H.更詳細(xì)地記住不好的記憶這一現(xiàn)象，并介紹了相關(guān)研

究及原因，還指出這方面研究的意義以及仍有許多未知等待發(fā)現(xiàn)。

1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Peoplerememberbadmemoriesmoreeasilyandingreaterdetailthangood

ones.”可知，人們對(duì)不好的記憶記得更清楚、更詳細(xì)，因此美好的記憶相比不好的記憶被記

住的頻率更低，沒(méi)有那么詳細(xì)，也沒(méi)有那么容易。故選B0

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Theyfoundthatnegative（消極的）feelingslikefearandsadnesscausean

increaseinbrainactivity.”川知，悲傷等負(fù)面情緒會(huì)引發(fā)大腦活動(dòng)增強(qiáng)，哭泣屬于悲傷的表現(xiàn)，

因此大腦活動(dòng)可能會(huì)增加，故選A。

3.最佳標(biāo)題題。本文主要講述了人們更容易且更詳細(xì)地記住不好的記憶這一現(xiàn)象，并介紹

了相關(guān)研究及原因，還指出這方面研究的意義以及仍有許多未知等待發(fā)現(xiàn)，以選項(xiàng)C“不好

的記憶更容易被記住”為標(biāo)題最合適。故選C。

A

（2025?北京?中考真題）

Imaginearobot.Whatcomestoyourmindfirst?Amachinestrongerthanthehumanbody?

However,（hissamequalityisnowcausingabigproblem—it'screatingtonsoflong-lasting

e-wastethatcouldfloodourplanet.Whatif,instead,themachinesweuseweredesignedtobreak

downanddisappear-justaslivingthingsdo?

ForastudypublishedinScienceAdvances,researchersmadearoboticarmandacontroller

usingmaterialsfromanimalsandplants.Thesematerialsarestrongenoughtoworkbutcaneasily

breakdowninanaturalenvironment.Aftertesting,bothpaitsweregoneinsoilwithinweeks.

Biodegradable（可生物降解的）roboticsoftenfallsundertheumbrellaofsoftrobotics,

whichtakesideasfromnature.l€Thisfieldstartedinmaterialsscienceandchemistryratherthan

traditionalrobotsthatcomefrommechanical（機(jī)械的）engineering/'saysFlorianIlartmann,a

materialsscientistfromGermany.However,manyearlysofiroboticsmodelsstillusedman-made

materialsthatcausepollution.

Wei,ascientistwhostudiesnaturalmaterialsinHangzhou,workedtogetherwithhisfriend

Zhang,aroboticsengineerinShanghai,tobuildrobotsforthenewstudy.Theystartedwith

cellulose（纖維素）takenfromcotton.Then,theyaddedglycerol（甘油）tomakeanewmaterial

thatissoftandeasytochangeshapes.Afterthattheyallowedittodrysoitbecamestrong.

“Celluloseischeapandeasytoworkwith,^^saysWei.Theyfoundthatthecontrollerandthe

roboticarmstooduptobothheavyuseandaweekofinactivity.Finally,theyburied（埋）them

bothinahole.Withineightweeksthesetwopartswerealmcstcompletelygone.

WeiandZhangexpectthatrobotslikethesecanbeusedtodealwithdangerouswasteand

thendisappearnaturally.Theyalsohopethatsuchrobotscanaiddoctorsinoperationsandthen

safelybreakdowninsidethebody.

However,it'simportanttonotethatthetechnologyisstillinveryearlystages.<4lfwetruly

wanttohaveabiodegradablerobot,“Hartmannsays,“wealsoneedtomakesureitselectronics

andpowerpartsarebiodegradable.”

I.WhatisspecialabouttheroboticarmandthecontrollerinParagraph2?

A.Theyaregreen.B.Theyarehard.C.Theyareintelligent.D.Theyareaffordable.

2.WhaiisiiiciitiuncdinPaiagiapli5abuulsufllubuls?

A.Theiroperation.B.Theirapplications.C.Theirchallenges.D.Theirperformance.

3.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A.Softrobotsarcwidelyusedtocleanupe-wastc.

B.Softrobotshavetorestforaweekafterheavyuse.

C.Thedesigningofsoftrobotsborrowsideasfromnature.

1）.Mechanicalengineeringoffersnewways（orunsoftrobots.

【答案】1.A2.B3.C

【難度】0.4

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】發(fā)明與創(chuàng)造、說(shuō)明文

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文主要介紹了可生物降解機(jī)器人的研究進(jìn)展及其潛在應(yīng)用，同時(shí)指出該技術(shù)仍處

于早期階段。

1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段”...researchersmadearoboticarmandacontrollerusingmaterials

fromanimalsandplants.Thesematerialsarestrongenough（oworkbutcaneasilybreakdownin

anaturalenvironment.Aftertesting,bothpartsweregoneinsoilwithinweeks.”可知，研究人員

用動(dòng)植物材料制作了機(jī)械臂和控制器，這些材料足夠堅(jiān)固，但可以在自然環(huán)境中輕松分解。

由此可推知這些機(jī)械臂和控制器的特點(diǎn)是環(huán)保。故選A,

2.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第五段“WeiandZhangexpectthatrobotslikethesecanbeusedtodealwith

dangerouswasteandthendisappearnaturally.Theyalsohopethatsuchrobotscanaiddoctorsin

operationsandthensafelybreakdowninsidethebody.“可知，段主要討論軟體機(jī)器人的應(yīng)用?

故選B。

3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Biodegradable（可牛.物降解的）robolicsoftenfallsundertheumbrellaof

softrobotics,whichtakesideasfromnature.”可知，可生物降解機(jī)器人通常屬于軟體機(jī)器人范

疇，其靈感來(lái)自自然。故選C。

B

（2024?北京?中考真題）

SamHillisreallybadatfindinghiswayfromplacetoplace.Theworldisfullofpeople

likeHill—andtheiropposites,whoalwaysseemtoknowexactlywheretheyareandhowtoget

wheretheywanttogo.Ithasprovedhardtoexplainwhy.However,withthedevelopmentof

technology,there'snewuxuilciiiuiilhappeninginihuresearchworld.

Anexperimentwascarriedoutin2022tofindoutwhatmightinfluencewayfindingability.

Researchersdevelopedanonlinegameinwhichplayerstravelbyboattofindwherealotof

checkpointslie.Thegameaskedplayerstoprovidebasicbackgroundinformation,andnearly

fourmillionpeopleworldwidedidso.Throughthegame,theresearcherswereabletojudge

navigational（辨識(shí)方向的）abilitybylookingathowfareachpersontraveledtoreachallthe

checkpoints.Ihentheycoirparedplayers1performancewiththeirbackgroundintbrmation.

TheresearchersfoundthatNorthernEuropeansseemedtobebetternavigations,perhaps

becausetheyloveorienteering（定向越里f）,asportwhichinvolvescross-countryrunningand

navigation.Andthosefromcitieswithmoredisorganizedstreetnetworks（網(wǎng)狀系統(tǒng)）didbelter

thanthosefromcitieswithorderlyones.Perhapspeopleofplannedcitiesdon'tneedtobuild

complex（復(fù)雜的）mapsintheirminds.

Researchresultslikethesesuggestthatpeople'slifeexperiencedecideshowwelltheyfind

（heirway.Infact,experiencemayevenexplainapopularbeliefthatmenaremorelikelylo

performbetterthanwomen.Itturnsoutthatthisdifferenceismoreaquestionofcultureand

experiencethanofinbornability.NorthernEuropeans,forexample,showalmostnogender（性別）

differenceinnavigation.However,mendomuchbetterthanwomeninplaceswherewomenface

culturallimitsonexploringtheirenvironmentontheirown.

ThatfindingisalsosupportedbystudiesontheTsimane,acommunitylivinginaforestin

SouthAmerica.ResearchersputGPSunitson305Tsimanepeopletochecktheirdailymovements

overathree-dayperiod,andfoundnodifferencebetweenmenandwomeninnavigationalability.

Evenchildrenperformedverywell一aresult,researchersthink,ofgrowingupinanenvironment

thatencourageschildrentoexploretheforest.

1.Whywasanexperimentcarriedoutin2022?

A.Todevelopanonlinewayfindinggame.

B.Toimprovetheplayers'wayfindingability.

C.Topickoutpeoplewhoareweakinwayfinding.

D.Tofindoutwhypeoplearcdifferentinwayfindingability.

2.Accordingtothepassage,whoisprobablythebestatfindingtheirway?

A.Awomanwhooftenexploresnature.

B.AgidwliustudiesSoulliAiiiciiuanuulluic.

C.Amanwhorunsonasportsgroundeverymorning.

D.Aboywholivesinacitywithanorderlystreetnetwork.

3.Whatcanwclearnfromthepassage?

A.Goodnavigatorsarcmostlymade,notborn.

B.Navigationskillsdifferbetweenthegenders.

C.Navigationskillsarepasseddown,neverlost.

D.Goodnavigatorsbringdevelopmentsintechnology.

【答案】1.D2.A3.A

【難度】0.4

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】科普知識(shí)、說(shuō)明文

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文主要探討了人們?cè)诒孀R(shí)方向能力上的差異及其原因。研究表明，生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)決定

了人們的辨識(shí)方向能力，文化和經(jīng)驗(yàn)比天生能力更重要。

I.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句"Anexperimentwascarriedoutin2022tofindoutwhat

mightinfluencewayfindingability.”可知,2022年進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的是找出人們認(rèn)路能力不同的

原因。故選D。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句"Researchresultslikethesesuggestthatpeople'slife

experiencedecideshowwelltheyfindtheirway.”可知，人們的生活經(jīng)歷決定了他們?cè)谡J(rèn)路方面

的表現(xiàn)，結(jié)合最后一段最后一句"Evenchildrenperfbmiedverywell一aresult,researchersthink,

ofgrowingupinanenvironmentthatencourageschildrentoexploretheforest.”可知，A選項(xiàng)“一

個(gè)經(jīng)常探索自然的女性”最為符合。故選A。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Infact,experiencemayevenexplainapopularbeliefthatmenare

morelikelytoperformbetterthanwomen.Itturnsoutthatthisdifferenceismoreaquestionof

cultureandexperiencethanofinbornability,)^0,密實(shí)上，經(jīng)驗(yàn)甚至可以解釋?種普遍的觀

點(diǎn)——男性比女性更有可能表現(xiàn)得更好“事實(shí)證明，這種差異與其說(shuō)是天生的能力問(wèn)題，不

如說(shuō)是文化和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的問(wèn)題。由此推知，好的領(lǐng)航員大多是培養(yǎng)出來(lái)的，而不是天生的。故選

A,

A

（2025?北京海淀?三模）

Ifyou'remissinganamazingpartyfbryouraunt'sbirthdaythatyoupromisedyourmum

youwouldattendyou'llprobablyget“FOMO”一thefearofmissingout.

Il'simpossibletoattendeverysocialeventinthecalendar,butsometimesitreallyannoys

youwhenyouhaveprior（先前的）engagements（約定）andyouknowyou'remissingouton

somethinggreat.

Butsomepeoplefeeltheopposite.RatherthanfeelingHOMO,theytakejoyinmissingout.

Theydon'tfeeltheneedtoattendeverything,andinsteadfindcomfortineitherstickingtotheir

originalplansorstayingathomealone.

Inablogpost,KristenFullersaid”JOMO、'isbasicallytheemotionallyintelligentantidote

to"FOMO"anditis“aboutbeingpresentandbeingsatisfiedwithwhereyouarcinSome

peoplearcbornwithit,otherslearntoacceptit.

HerearethedifferentwaysJOMOcanshowitself:

?Livinginthemoment

Ifyouconstantlyworryaboutmissingoutonsomething,youcannotenjoyyourself

whereveryouare.Thisisn'tahealthywaytoliveyourlife,andFullerwrotethatyoushouldn't

compareyourselftootherpeople'slivesorexperiences.

“JOMOallowsustobewhoweareinthepresentmoment,whichisthesecrettofinding

happiness,“shesaid."Whenyoufreeupthatcompetitiveandanxiousspaceinyourbrain,you

havesomuchmoretime,energyandemotiontorealizeyourtruepriorities(首要事情).”

②Switchingoff

Inanarticle,writerJustinBarisodiscoveredJOMOafterhepublishedhisfirstbook.He

foundithardtoswitchoff.worryingthathiseditorwouldcontacthimforrewrites,orhewould

missanimportantemail.Itwasn'tuntilhewasabroadwithhisfamilyandhisdaughteraskedhim

toplaythathethought:"WhatamIdoing?^^

“DidIreallywanttcgotoStarbuckstositinfrontofmycomputer,respondingtoemails

frompeopleIbarelyknow,wheninsteadIcouldbespendingtimewithmyfamilyonabeautiful

beach?^^hewrote.

?Enjoyingyourowncompany

Somepeoplearesimplybornwiththeabilitytoswitchoff,andnotworryaboutwhatthey

couldbemissingouton.For(licin,beingaloneisimpoitaiil,andilducsn'lmailerifthey're

missingoutonthepartyoftheyear.

Othersdon'tnecessarilyneedthespaceonabiologicallevel,buttheydon'tfeeltheneedto

comparetheirlivestoothers.Thesearethepeoplewhoaren'tinvolvedinsocialmedia,andfind

joyinwhattheyhave,ratherthanfocusingonwhattheydon't.

I.Whichof(hefollowingproves(hatyoufeelJOMO?

A.Youcancelyouroriginalappointmentandattendapartylater.

B.Youalwaysworkhardinordertocreateabetterfutureforyourfamily.

C.Yous