PAGE1AbstractJackMa,aChinesebusinessmagnate,politicianandfounderofAlibabaGroup,hasinfluencedthelivesofmillions.Inaddition,JackMa’sinspirationalspeecheshaveahugeguidingandinspiringeffectonthespiritualbeliefandpracticalactionofhisaudiences.Inparticular,aconsiderablenumberofyoungpeopleathomeandabroadarestronglyinfluencedbyhisinspirationspeeches,whicharecloselylinkedtothecurrentsituationandcharacteristicsoftheirstruggle.Hisinspirationalspeechisauniqueincentivesystemformedonthebasisofhispersonalstruggleexperience,histhinkingandperceptionindailylife,aswellashisevaluationofsocialphenomenaandideology.ThesuccessofJackMa'sspeechisinseparablefromhissuccessfuluseoflanguage,whichispopularandeasytounderstand,pithyandnatural,andextraordinarilyexpressive,appealingandinspiring.Asthecorpusofthispaper,oneofthemostclassic

inspirationalspeechesofJackMaisanalyzedfromtheperspectiveofAttitudinalResourcesofAppraisalTheory.Specifically,PositiveDiscourseAnalysisisconductedonthespeechtext,whichisfromthethreeaspectsofAffect,JudgmentandAppreciation.Thus,howJackMalocatedaffectivemeaningtoperformtheinterpersonalfunctionandthenachievedthealliancewithhisaudiencesaresummarized.Inthestudy,itisconcludedthattheAffect,JudgmentandAppreciationinvolvedinJackMa’sspokendiscoursearemostlypositive.Heoftenbroughtconfidenceandanexcitingprospecttohisaudienceswithapositiveattitudetoexpresshisfirmbelief,sothattheycanmaintainahighlevelofenthusiasmforstrugglingandprogressinginspiteofvariousobstaclesaswellaschallenges.Keywords:InspirationalSpeech;AttitudinalResources;PositiveDiscourseAnalysis;JackMa摘要馬云作為中國的商業(yè)巨頭、政治家和阿里巴巴集團(tuán)的創(chuàng)始人，影響了千百萬人。不僅如此，馬云的勵(lì)志演講給他的聽眾在精神信仰和實(shí)際行動(dòng)上都帶來了巨大的引導(dǎo)和啟發(fā)。他的勵(lì)志演講對廣大中外青年產(chǎn)生了尤其巨大的影響，這些演講與他們奮斗的現(xiàn)狀和特點(diǎn)密切相關(guān)。他的演講常常是以其個(gè)人的奮斗經(jīng)歷和日常生活里的思考及感悟，再加上對社會(huì)現(xiàn)象和思想文化的評價(jià)為基礎(chǔ)形成的一套獨(dú)特的激勵(lì)體制。馬云演講的成功與他對語言的成功運(yùn)用密不可分，他的語言通俗易懂、簡潔自然，極具表現(xiàn)力、感染力，能鼓舞人心。本文選取了馬云經(jīng)典的勵(lì)志演講作為語料，從評價(jià)理論的態(tài)度資源視角進(jìn)行分析。具體來說，就是從情感、判斷、鑒賞三個(gè)層面對馬云的演講語篇進(jìn)行積極話語分析，從而總結(jié)馬云是如何定位情感意義來激發(fā)演講的人際功能、達(dá)到與聽眾實(shí)現(xiàn)聯(lián)盟的目的。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，馬云演講語篇中涉及的情感、判斷和鑒賞大多是積極的，他經(jīng)常以積極的態(tài)度表達(dá)自己堅(jiān)定的信念，帶給聽眾信心和振奮人心的展望，使他們在面對各種阻礙、挑戰(zhàn)時(shí)，仍能保持拼搏向上的高度熱情。關(guān)鍵詞：勵(lì)志演講；態(tài)度資源；積極話語分析；馬云

1Introduction1.1ResearchBackgroundFromtheperspectiveoftheresearchobjectofPositiveDiscourseAnalysis,sofar,themajorityofstudiesandanalysesarebasedontheinaugurationspeechesofforeignpoliticiansandthefamousworksofBritishandAmericanliterature,nevertheless,thediscourseanalysesinotherkindsofpublicspeechesofthosecelebritieswhoarenotforeignpoliticiansorwritersarestillintheinitialstage.Inspirationalspeech,akindofspeechtomotivatethelistenerstoovercometheobstaclesthathavebeenplacedintheirpathbravelyandpositively,isregardedasonetypeofpublicspeeches,withitsowncontentsandobjectives.Thus,itisofgreatconsequenceandnecessitytomakeaPositiveDiscourseAnalysisonInspirationalSpeech.JackMa,thefounderandformerexecutivechairmanofAlibabaGroup,whichisoneoftheworld'slargeste-commercebusinesses,hasbeencalledthe"NapoleonofChina"byForbes.WithAlibaba'ssuccess,JackMahasbeeninvitedtogivelecturesaroundtheworld.ItisreasonabletoassumethatJackMaisnotonlyfamousforhisoutstandingperformanceinbusinessdevelopment,butalsoforhisinspirationalspeeches,whichleavesadeepimpressiononthepublic.Asthe"spiritualleader"ofthecurrentyouthandentrepreneursathomeandabroad,JackMatogetherwithhisinspirationalspeeches,hasexertedformativeinfluenceandextensiveeffectonthepersonalitystructure,qualitycultivation,valueformationandgoaloftheyouth,whicharedirectlyrelatedtotheirlifedevelopment.Withnodoubt,hisspeechisnotonlythefeastoflanguage,butalsotheedificationofthespirit.1.2PurposeandSignificanceFromtheperspectiveofthedepthstudyofAppraisalTheory,theexistingresearchesmostlystayatthelevelofAppraisalTheoryitself,whilethein-depthstudyofitsspecificsubsystemsisless.With

the

purpose

ofbroadeningthescopeofempiricaldiscourseanalysisandmakingtheexplorationofthesubsystemsofthetheorymoreconcreteandthorough,thisthesisattemptstouseJackMa'sinspirationalspeechaimingtomotivatepeopleascorpus,withthesubsystemsofattitudinalresourcesofAppraisalTheoryasthemaintheorytoconductanalysis.Theresearchofthispaperisnotonlyofgreatbenefittodeepenpeople'sunderstandingoftherulesofspeechandlanguageandhowthespeakerconstructsthediscourserole,butalsohelpfultocoordinatetheinterpersonalrelationshipbetweenspeakersandtheaudiences,toexploreandrevealtheattitudinalresourcesofspeech.What’smore,thispapercanconveypositiveenergyandemotionstothepublic,improvepeople’svaluesystem,andeventuallyhaveamoreprolongedandpositiveinfluenceonthesocialdevelopment.1.3ResearchQuestionsWithattitudinalresourcesofAppraisalTheoryasthemaintheorytoconductanalysis,thispaperfocusesonrevealinghowJackMaconveyshispositiveattitudeaswellasemotionstoinspirethepublicthroughthisspeech.Therefore,thispaperwillmainlysolvethefollowingresearchquestions:WhichkindsofpositivefunctionsdoattitudinalresourceplayinJackMa’sinspirationalspeech?HowdoesthespeakerMaconductdifferentkindsofattitudinalresourcesinhisspeechtoperformthefunctionsofinspirationalspeech?1.4MethodologyThecorpusofthisthesis,oneoftheJackMa'spublicinspirationalspeeches,iscollectedfromCrazyEnglish,anacademicandauthoritativejournalforobtainingstudymaterial,whichcanensurethereliabilityaswellascredibilityofthisstudy.Intermsofresearchmethods,theauthorwillapplyqualitativemethodtoidentifydifferentattitudinalresourcesinthecorpus.Theattitudinalresourceswillbeusedtoanalyzethediscourseindetailtoshowhowtheseresourcesareemployedtoconstructadiscourse,expressapositivemeaningandbuildaharmoniousrelationshipbetweenthespeakerandtheaudience,whilecasestudyofthetargetedtextcanhelptoincreasetheprecisionandreliabilityofqualitativeanalysis.PositiveDiscourseAnalysis(PDA)isadoptedasaperspectivetointerpretthepositivemeaningtransmittedbyJackMa'sinspirationalspeech,whichcanbeconstructiveforustodevelopafurtherunderstandingaboutthespeaker'sefforttobuildaunitedrelationshipbetweenhimselfandtheaudience.1.5StructureoftheThesisAsanintroductiontothewholestudy,chapterOnecontainsthebasicinformationrelatedtothisthesis,includingthebackgroundofthisstudy,thepurposeandsignificance,theresearchquestionsandmethodology,aswellastheorganizationofthisthesis.ChapterTwoistheliteraturereview,wherethepreviousstudiesofPositiveDiscourseAnalysis(PDA)athomeandabroadaremadeandabriefreviewofInspirationalSpeechathomeandabroadarepresented.Besides,thelimitationofthepreviousstudiesaregenerallypointedout.ChapterThreeprovidesthetheoreticalbasisforthethesisresearch,includingintroductionofAppraisalTheory,attitudinalresources,threesubsystemsofattitudinalresources.ChapterFouristhecorepartofthethesis,wheredetailedanalysesoftheselectedinspirationalspeechdiscoursefromtheperspectiveofPositiveDiscourseAnalysisofattitudinalresourcesarecarriedout.DifferentpositivediscoursefromJackMaarediscussedthroughexamplesanalyses.ChapterFiveisthefinalpartofthethesiswhichanswerstheresearchquestionsputforwardinchapterone,restatesthemainideaofthethesisanddrawsaconclusionofthemajorfindingsandcontributionsfromthethesisresearch.Additionally,limitationsarediscussedandsomeprospectsareofferedaswellforfurtherstudy.

2LiteratureReview2.1StudiesonPositiveDiscourseAnalysisatHomeandAbroadSince1999whenMartin,alinguistinSydney,putforwardanewtopic－PositiveDiscourseintheInternationalCriticalDiscourseAnalysisConference,increasingacademicsandlinguistshavebeenattractedtoit.MartinpointedoutinhisworkPositiveDiscourseAnalysis:SolidarityandChange(1999)thatthesubjectoflanguageanalysisnotonlyreferstothebadnewsbutalsoincludesgoodnews.Fromthenon,Martin,PeterWhitehaddonemanystudiesonPositiveDiscourseAnalysisandpublishedlotsofarticlestodeliberateonthecontent,method,andmotivationofPositiveDiscourseAnalysis.TheywereconvincedthatPositiveDiscourseAnalysismainlyfocusedonhowtoguidepeopletoestablishamicablerelationshipsandmaketheirlivesbetter.Subsequently,MartinandRose(2003)proposedthatPositiveDiscourseAnalysisshouldbewidelyusedinthefutureandthenMartin(2004)advocatedPDAshouldbemoreexactlyrelevanttothosecaseswhichcanshowpositiveuseofpower.Additionally,Macgilchrist(2007)mentionedPDAinhisworkPositiveDiscourseAnalysis:ContestingDominantDiscoursesbyRe-farmingtheIssue.Moreover,Alba-Juez(2009)gaveadetailedintroductiontoPositiveDiscourseAnalysisandCriticalDiscourseAnalysisinherbook.What'smore,RogerandWetzel(2013)putforwardthatPositiveDiscourseAnalysisisnotanewmethodbutashiftinanalyticconcentratesonstudyagencyinliteracyteachereducation,whichimpliedthattheimportanceofPDAisfurtheremphasized.InChina,professorZhuYongsheng(2006)hadmadegreatcontributiontotheprogressofPDA.Hisspeech,"PDA(PositiveDiscourseAnalysis)－therefutationandsupplementofCDA(CriticalDiscourseAnalysis),"atthe10thNationalDiscourseAnalysisSeminarmadetherelationshipbetweenPositiveDiscourseAnalysisandCriticalDiscourseAnalysisclearandalsomentionedthatPDAcanbeusedtoanalyzeawiderangeofdiscourse.Thereafter,anumberofscholarswhoareattractedtothissubjectpresentanincreasingtrend.Then,acomparisonbetweenadvantagesofPositiveDiscourseAnalysisandCriticalDiscourseAnalysisintheirpapertheConstructiveTransitionofDiscourseAnalysis－formCDAtoPDA,whichwasbasedonMartin'stheoryaboutPositiveDiscourseAnalysis,hadbeenmadebyHuangQuanjian,LengZhanyingandGuYueqiu(2007).Besides,aTVnewreportwasanalyzedbyTangYeqing(2008)throughusingPositiveDiscourseAnalysis.Furthermore,PDAwasstudiedfromthenewperspective--thephilosophicalbasis,originalbackground,methodandcontentbyDingAilan(2009).Interestingly,thereasonwhyMartinpayattentiontoPositiveDiscourseAnalysiswasalsodiscussedbyHuzhuanglin(2012),heconsideredwhatMartinhaddonewastohighlightthecomplementationbetweenPDAandCDA.2.2StudiesonInspirationalSpeechesatHomeandAbroadIn2000,thedirectiveinfluenceofinspirationalspeechontheacademicians'futurelifeandcareerwasdiscoveredbyManning.Shereferredthattheorator'spositivecharacterssuchasgrimdeterminationandpersistencehavepowerfulimpactontheirwaytobetriumphant.Intriguingly,PeterMarkMagolda(2003)putforwardanewperspectivetostudyinspirationalspeeches--anthropologicalperspective,andbelievedthatitisbettertoreflectculturalbackgroundsduringtheperformanceofcollegeinspirationalspeeches.Hedrewtheconclusionthatinwesternculture,tostimulatetheyouthtopursuetheirowneffortandaccomplishmentwastheprincipalcharacterofthiskindofspeech.Inaddition,theotherperspectivetobeneficiallysummarizethefundamentalcharacteristicsofinspirationalspeechwasfoundbyLawrenceT.Nichols(2006),whichwasthehistoricalbackgroundperspectivebyinvestigatingspeakersfromsouthernpartoftheU.S.A.Amongthecharacteristics,themostnotablyonewasthatallspeakersbelievedthatasAmericancitizens,equalrightsfortheblackwastobetaken.AsforChina,ananalysisandstudyontherhetoricaldevicesandandsyntacticstructureofinspirationalspeecheswasmadebyZhangQingwen(2000)intermsofstylisticfeatures,whichascertainedthatthemainsentencetypeoccurringtothesespeecheswasdeclarativesentenceaswellassomeinvertedsentences.Moreover,end-weightphenomenonsoftenappearedininspirationalspeeches.Anothermarkofthiskindofspeechwasthattheirrhetoricaldevicesweremultiplied,suchasrepetition,antithesis,comparison,parallelstructure,etc.Subsequently,theintonationandvocabularyfeaturesofinspirationalspeecheswereinvestigatedbyLuoHengin2006.Henoticedthatstandardpronunciationwithhighpitchwasfrequentlyemployed,andconcretewordsaremuchmoreusedthanabstractwords,healsoperceivedthatthefirstandsecondpersonpronounswerewidelyemployedintheseinspirationalspeeches.Oneyearlater,MengYing(2007)suggestedthatawonderfulspeechshouldfollowtherhetoricprinciplesofeffectiveness,alivenessandacceptance.Meanwhile,consistency,rhetoricfeaturesofcommunication,emphasisandcoherencewereinseparablepartsinanexcellentspeech.In2015,thetranslationprinciplesaswellasthelanguagefeaturesofTEDinspirationalspeecheswerestudiedbyZhouHongyu.Moreover,Shealsoanalyzedthetranslationmethods,showingthatingeneral,bymeansofliteraltranslation,interpretercouldrepeatthestyleandrhetoricaldevicesoftheoriginaltextseasily.Asforthepragmaticfeaturesofinspirationalspeech,NiuLina(2000)recognizedthatthroughflexiblyusingfirstpersonpronoun"we",theuniquepragmaticfunctionofinspirationalspeecheswasachievedreadily.Andthewideuseoffirstpersonpronounininspirationalspeechessignifiedacloseinterpersonalrelationshipbetweenthespeakerandtheaudience.In2013,cooperativeprincipleswereadoptedbyYanLingxuaninhisstudy.Hementionedthatifthespeakersviolatedthefourmaximsofspeech,humorouseffectswouldbemade.Andthankstotheviolationofcooperativeprinciples,thespeechatmospherewouldalsobecomemoreactive,sothattheinspirationalpurposemightbeachievedmoreeasily.Later,aresearchbasedonspeechacttheorywasconductedbyLiuLizhen(2014)tomanifesttherealizationofillocutionaryforce.Whatsheanalyzedwerethesyntacticaldevices,expressiontechniques,lexicaldevicesandphoneticdevicesininspirationalspeeches.Furthermore,in2008,theinterpersonalmeaningofinspirationalspeecheswasinvestedbyHeYuyingfromtheperspectiveofSystemicFunctionalGrammar.Throughtheanalysisoftherelevantrespectsofappraisalsystem,grammaticalpersonsystem,modalityandmood,heeventuallydiscoveredthatspeakersmainlyexpressedtheiremotionsandideaswiththeuseofaffectivewords,indicativemoodandfirstpersonpronoun.Additionally,thefrequencyofcohesivedevices'usageininspirationalspeecheswascomparedbyXueHaiyanin2010fromtheperspectiveofdiscourseanalysis.Herconclusionwasthatsubstitutionwastheleastused,whilelexicalcohesionwasthemostfrequentlyuseddevice.And,referencerankedtothesecond,followedbyconjunctionandellipsis.What'smore,thefrequencyofcohesivedevicesthatwereusedinEnglishspeecheswasmuchlowerthaninChinesespeechesinthesamecase.Then,in2014,thefeaturesandfunctionsofinspirationalspeechwithintheframeworkSystematicFunctionalGrammarwasstudiedbyLiYanfen.Themostsignificantconclusioninherresearchwasthatitwasthroughusingtheinterpersonalfunctionthattheoratorsexpressedtheirpersonalexperiencesoremotions,whileitwastheideationalfunctionthatwasmainlyusedtointroduceobjectivefacts.2.3SummaryDuringthefurtherdevelopmentofAppraisalTheory,itsspecificsubsystems--CriticalDiscourseAnalysisandPositiveDiscourseAnalysisbasedonattitudinalresourcesappeargradually.Comparatively,asanewkindofdiscourseanalysismethod,relativelyconcentratedandsmallrangeofstudieshavebeendoneonit.ForeignscholarshavedonesomestudiesonPositiveDiscourseAnalysisofattitudesystemtodiscussaboutthemotivation,content,methodandconnotationofPositiveDiscourseAnalysis.Inotherrespects,domesticstudiesonPositiveDiscourseAnalysisofattitudesystembeginlaterthanatabroad,andthecurrentstudiesfocusonthecomparisonbetweenPositiveDiscourseAnalysisandCriticalDiscourseAnalysisofattitudesystem.Admittedly,inadditiontosomeresearchesonPositiveDiscourseAnalysis,severalforumsalsopayattentiontoitathomeandabroadnow,whichcanindicatethatPositiveDiscourseAnalysisisgettingmoreandmoreattention.

AsforInspirationalSpeech,scholarshaveconductedrelativelyintensiveresearchesontheinspirationalfunctionofthiskindofspeechfromrhetoric,stylistic,systemicfunctionalandtranslation-principlesperspectives.However,fewstudiesanalyzethespeaker'sattitudesandpositionswithvarioussurroundingsandtherelationshipbetweenspeakersandaudiences.Hence,thisthesiswilltakethisperspectiveasapointofdevelopmenttoanalyzeaprominentorator’sinspirationalspeech.

3TheoreticalFramework3.1IntroductionofAppraisalTheoryTheprecedingchapterlaysafoundationforthestudyofthethesis.TheattitudinalresourcesisthesubsystemofAppraisalTheory,therefore,inthischapter,frameworkofAppraisalTheory,whichisthetheoreticalbasisofthethesis,willbefurtherintroduced.TheschoolofSystemicFunctionalLinguisticsrepresentedbyHallidayhadsummarizedthreefunctionsoflanguage:ideationalfunction;textualfunction;interpersonalfunction.Martin’sAppraisalTheoryhadnoticedthatwhattheinterpersonalfunctionfocusedonwerethetoneandmodalsemanticssystem,whileacomprehensivesystemofstudyontheattitudesystemwasscarce.Therefore,inordertoformafixedsystemofthestudyofdiscoursefromtheperspectiveofattitudinalresources,Martinshiftedthefocusofinterpersonalfunctionfromsentenceandgrammartolexicalexpression,andthendeeplystudiedthespeaker'sexpressionindiscourseandalsonegotiatedspecificintersubjectivelanguageresources,andultimatelyformedasetofsystematictheoriestoanalyzetheattitudeexpressionininterpersonalmeaning.AppraisalTheorywasformedanddevelopedfromthecategoryofSystemic-FunctionalGrammaraspartofthescientificresearchprojectcalled"WriteItRight"chairedbyMartinandWhiteinthe1990s.Thistheorywasdevelopedfromthestudyofthelanguagepartoftheproject.ThistheoryintroducedthecontexttheoryofSystemicFunctionalLinguisticstorevealthediscoursebackgroundofdifferentattitudes,positionsoropinionsindiscourse.Intheprocessofspecificanalysis,AppraisalTheory,asananalyticaltooltosystematicallyevaluateandanalyzevocabularyandclauseprocesses,focusesonthoseattitudinalresourcesthatcanbenegotiatedindiscourse.Martindefinedthat:"AppraisalTheoryisaboutevaluation,thatis,thevariousattitudesnegotiatedinthediscourse,theintensityofemotionsinvolved,andthevariouswaystoshowvalueandalignreaders."(ascitedinWang,2011,p.6).Martinconcludedthatappraisalwasconcernedwithevaluation,e.g.:thetypesofattitudesthataretransferredinadiscourseandthedegreeofthemoodscontainedandthesourceofvaluesandtheaccesstotheaudiencesaligned.Appraisalsystemconsistsofthreedomains:Attitude,EngagementandGraduation.TheAttitudeSystemisthecoreofthewholeAppraisalSystem,andtheAffectSystemisthecoreofthewholeattitudesystem,fromwhichtheJudgmentSystemandtheAppreciationSystemarederived.Thefiguresinthischapteraretheauthor’sgeneralizationfromthetheoriesofbothMartin’sandWangZhenhua’sappraisaltheories.Figure3.1(AnoverviewofAppraisalTheory)3.2AttitudinalResourcesTheAttitudinalResourcesinAttitudeSystemisthecoreofthewholeAppraisalSystem.Itwasdefinedthat:"AttitudereferstotheJudgmentandAppreciationofhumanbehaviors,textsorprocessesandphenomenaafterthepsychologyisaffected,whichisthepsychologicalandbehavioralpredispositionstowardaparticularobject."(ascitedinWang,2011,p.19).Thereisanotherdefinitionaboutit:"Attitudeisconcernedwithlinguisticresourcesthatrevealouremotionalresponse,judgmentsonpeopleandtheirbehaviors,andevaluationsofentities"(MartinandWhite,2008,p.51).Itcanbedividedintodifferentcategoriesbasedondifferentcriteria.Attitudecanbegroupedintotheexplicitattitudeandtheimplicitattitude.Theformerindicatesthatthespeaker’sviewpointisexpressedinadirectmanneranditisusuallyrealizedviatheevaluativevocabulary.Onthecontrary,theimplicitattitudemeansthattheevaluationispresentedindirectlythroughthedescriptionsofextraordinarybehaviorsandmetaphorsundercertaincontexts.Attitudecanalsobegroupedintotwocategories--thepositiveattitudeandthenegativeattitude--accordingtothemeaningsofevaluationthatoratoraimstonegotiate.Thepositiveattitudeindicatesthatthespeakermakesanaffirmativeevaluation,whereasthenegativeexpressionmeansthatthespeakertakesanegativeattitudetotheappraisedobject.Besides,fromtheperspectiveofmeaningsorfunctionsoflanguage,itisusuallycategorized

asthreemaintypes:Affect,JudgmentandAppreciation.Figure3.2(ThreesubcategoriesofAttitudinalResources)3.3SubsystemsofAttitudinalResources3.3.1AffectAffectsystemisthecoreofthewholeAttitudesystem.AccordingtoWangZhenhua(2001,p.13),affectrefereedtoaresourcetoexplainlanguagephenomena,whichwasmainlyusedtoexplainlanguageusers'affectivereactionstobehaviors,textprocessesandphenomena.WhileWhite(2004,p.37)definedaffectasevaluationthroughthespeakers,indicatinghowtheywereemotionallyinclinedtothings,people,happeningsorstatesofaffairs.Affectisrelevanttobothpositiveandnegativemoods.Therearefourmajorvariablesinthetypologyofaffectemotions:disinclination/inclination,unhappiness/happiness,insecurity/securityanddissatisfaction/satisfaction.Theyareclassified

intwogeneralwayswhenpeopleexpresstheirfeelingsindiscourse:First,therearegoodfeelingsaswellasbadfeelings--soaffectcanbepositiveaswellasnegative.Second,people'sfeelingscanbeexpresseddirectly,orcanbeinferredfromthebehavior--soaffectcanbeexpresseddirectlyorimplied.Affectisgenerallylexicallyrealized,andusuallyappearinpairs:apairofpositiveandnegative.Itcanberealizedbyadjectives,suchasgloomy/glad,fraught/assured,annoyed/delighted;andalsobynouns,inmanycases,theturningofverbsandadjectivesintonounssuchaspleasure/desperation,hope/precariousness;byadverbsaswell,typicallythosedescribingcircumstancesofmannersuchasgladly/mournfully;andmentalprocessverbssuchaslove,enjoy,prefer,worry,please,hate,etc.Inaddition,affectwasclassifiedintorealisandirrealisaffect.The

latter,irrealisaffectisconcernedwiththeinclinationordisinclinationincludingfeelingsofstrongwishorfright.Asfortheformer,MartinandWhite(2008,p.51)maintainedthattherewerethreesubcategoriesofrealisaffect:happiness/unhappiness,security/insecurity,satisfaction/dissatisfaction.Asforhappiness,inlectures,opinionswerelinkedtopleasure,hope,annoyanceorgloomybyorators,whichcontainsthefeelingsofbeingdelightedornotandthereasonabletendencyofthesedelightedornotfeelingsatatriggerbymeansoffondnessordetestation.AsforSecurity,inlectures,oratorsusevocabulariesorsentencesthatlinkmoodstoanxietyorconfidence,which

generallyconveysspeaker'sviewsofworryorhopeconnectedwiththeenvironment.AsforSatisfaction,inlectures,

oratorsusevocabulariesorsentencesthatconnectemotionsand

attractionor

indignation,whichusually

expressesbothspeakersandaudiences'feelingsofupsetoraccomplishmentoftheactivitiesengaging.Asoneofthediscoursesemanticsystems,theconclusionsofattitudestudymightbedifferentfromaseriesofgrammaticalstructure.Halliday(1994,p.26)heldthataffectincludesthreetypes:affectas"comment","quality"and"process".Additionally,modalverbs,adjectives,adverbs,andnominalizationcouldallreflectemotions.Figure3.3(ThreesubcategoriesofAffect)3.3.2JudgementJudgmentreferstopeople'scommentstowardsourselvesandsomethingweappreciate,advocateorboycottwiththestandardof

someconventionalorstructurednormativesystems.Butunlikeaffect,itwasfoundthatindividuals'positiveevaluation(appreciation)ornegativeevaluation(aversion)ofthingsorbehaviorscomparedwiththepositiveevaluation(admiration)ornegativeevaluation

(criticism)ofthingsorbehaviorsbasedonsocialmoralnormsisdifferent.Besides,judgmentcanbedividedintotwogeneralcategories:social-esteemandsocial-sanction.Social-esteemSocialself-esteemistheassessmentthattheassessedpeoplehaveahighorlowself-esteemintheirlife,wherethesharedvaluespromotetheformationofsocialnetworksamongfamilies,companionsandco-workers.

Itisgroupedintothreeclassifications,namelyNormality,CapacityandTenacity:Normalityreferstoaresourcethatshowshowuncommonorpeculiarattitudethepeopleortheirbehaviorsare,includingwordslikepraise,stability,charm,andweirdnessandsoon.Capacityreferstoaperson'sabilityorcompetence,includingknowledgeable,efficient,stupidandsoon.Tenacityindicateshowreliableortrustworthyapersonis.Itincludeswordssuchascareful,devoted,indefatigable,tenacious,unfaithfulandsoon.Social-sanctionSocial-sanctionisassessedonthebasisofcriteriasuchas

immoral/moral,

impolite/polite

or

illegal/legal.

ItcanbedividedintoVeracityandPropriety.

Theformerisaboutone'sauthenticity,suchasone'shonesty.It

coverswordssuchas

frankness,

trustworthiness,deceptionandsoon.

Thelatter

isrelatedtomorality,which

focusesonwhetherapersonismoralorblameless,

semanticresourcesinclude

justice,politeness,modesty,crueltyandsoon.Figure3.4(ThreesubcategoriesofJudgement)3.3.3AppreciationAppreciationrefersto"resourcesfo