機(jī)密★啟用前2025年12月大學(xué)英語四級(jí)真題試卷(第3套)COLLEGEENGLISHTEST—BandFour—(試題冊(cè)）敬告考生一、在答題前，請(qǐng)認(rèn)真完成以下內(nèi)容：請(qǐng)檢查試題冊(cè)背面條形碼粘貼條、答題卡的印刷質(zhì)量，如有問題及時(shí)向監(jiān)考員反映，確認(rèn)無誤后完成以下兩點(diǎn)要求。請(qǐng)將試題冊(cè)背面條形碼粘貼條揭下后粘貼在答題卡1的條形碼粘貼框內(nèi)，并將姓名和準(zhǔn)考證號(hào)填寫在試題冊(cè)封面相應(yīng)位置。請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡1和答題卡2指定位置用黑色簽字筆填寫準(zhǔn)考證號(hào)、姓名和學(xué)校名稱，并用HB-2B鉛筆將對(duì)應(yīng)準(zhǔn)考證號(hào)的信息點(diǎn)涂黑。二、在考試過程中，請(qǐng)注意以下內(nèi)容：所有題目必須在答題卡上規(guī)定位置作答，在試題冊(cè)上或答題卡上非規(guī)定位置的作答一律無效。請(qǐng)?jiān)谝?guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)在答題卡指定位置依次完成作文、聽力、閱讀、翻譯各部分考試，作答作文期間不得翻閱該試題冊(cè)。聽力錄音播放完畢后，請(qǐng)立即停止作答，監(jiān)考員將立即回收答題卡得到監(jiān)考員指令后方可繼續(xù)作答。作文題內(nèi)容印在試題冊(cè)背面，作文題及其他主觀題必須用黑色簽字筆在答題卡指定區(qū)域內(nèi)作答。選擇題均為單選題，錯(cuò)選、不選或多選將不得分，作答時(shí)必須使用HB-2B鉛筆在答題卡上相應(yīng)位置填涂，修改時(shí)須用橡皮擦凈。三、以下情況按違規(guī)處理：不正確填寫（涂）個(gè)人信息，錯(cuò)貼、不貼、毀損條形碼粘貼條。未按規(guī)定翻閱試題冊(cè)、提前閱讀試題、提前或在收答題卡期間作答。未用所規(guī)定的筆作答、折疊或毀損答題卡導(dǎo)致無法評(píng)卷。考試期間在非聽力考試時(shí)間佩戴耳機(jī)。PartIWriting(30minutes)(請(qǐng)于正式開考后半小時(shí)內(nèi)完成該部分，之后將進(jìn)行聽力考試)Directions.Supposeitisproposedthatalluniversitystudentsshouldberequiredtolearnacademicwriting.Youarenowtowritearesponsebystatingwhatyouthinkoftheproposal.Youwillhave30minutestowritetheessay.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.PartIIListeningComprehension(25minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreenewsreports.Attheendofeachnewsreport,youwillheartwoorthreequestions.Boththenewsreportandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions1and2arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.A)Ithasgoneupsharply.B)Ithasbeenfluctuating.C)Ithasrisenbecauseofbirdflu.D)Ithasbeenconsumers’concern.A)Theydon’twanttoabandontheireggs.B)Theydon’tknowtheywillbeheavilyfined.C)Theydon’tknowtheyareforbiddentobringeggs.D)Theydon’tdeclaretheireggsduringtheinspection.Questions3and4arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.A)Itisnolongercriticalofyoungercustomers.B)Ithasbannedkidsunder10fromdiningthere.C)Itisnolongerasnoisyandcrowdedasbefore.D)Ithasimplementedadecisiontoexpandbusiness.A)Itisfullyawareoffrequentcustomers’feelings.B)Itcaterstothetastesofdifferentcustomers.C)Itisentitledtoadoptanyrulesitwants.D)Itshouldannounceitsdecisionsonline.Questions5to7arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.A)Amissingpet.B)Agrown-upsnake.C)Ahugeanimalskin.D)Asnakespecialist.A)Inagovernmentoffice.B)Inadesertedhouse.C)Atalocalzoo.D)Ataconstructionsite.A)Figuringoutwhereitcamefrom.B)Curingitofanypossiblediseases.C)Protectingitsbabiesagainstharm.D)Determininghowtocatchitsafely.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions8to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)Themandoesn’tagreeHannahispoor.B)Themandoesn’tbelievewhatshesays.C)Themandoesn’tthinkshecanbeamillionaire.D)Themandoesn’tconsiderhertobetrustworthy.A)Shenolongerhasanymoneyleft.B)Shehasbeenbetrayedbyherfamily.C)Shecannolongerholdontoherjob.D)Shehasbeenrobbedof5millionEuros.A)Fortune.B)Family.C)Harmony.D)Happiness.A)Divorceher.B)Leavehome.C)Buyheramoreexpensivemodel.D)Letthebestthinghappentothem.Questions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)HeisnotoutstandinginScienceandMath.B)Hedoesnothaveastrongacademicrecord.C)Heisnotyetmatureenoughtoliveonhisown.D)HedoesnotlikeWestwoodElementarySchool.A)Itistoofaraway.B)Itisnewlyopened.C)Itlacksoutdoorsportsfacilities.D)Ithastoofewfirst-classteachers.A)Ithasabeautifulcampus.B)Itiswithinwalkingdistance.C)Ithasawonderfulartsprogram.D)ItishelpfultoJake’sbreathingproblems.A)AskingJakewhichschoolhehimselfpreferstoenrollin.B)ThinkingtwiceaboutwhatisbestforJake’seducationnextyear.C)ConsultinghermotheraboutwhichschoolJakeistoattend.D)SendingJaketotheschoolnearthehomeoftheman’smother.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreepassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),D).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Itistimeconsuming.B)Itisunfitforcrucialissues.C)Itreliestoomuchonsoliddata.D)Itdullsaleader’ssenseofurgency.A)Dependondigitaltechnology.B)Makeassumptionsandguesses.C)Ignoreothers’thoughtsandideas.D)Layemphasisonthinkingflexibly.A)Maximizingtheadvantageofavailableresources.B)Minimizingthepossibilityofawrongdecision.C)Discoveringnewpotentialmarkets.D)Perfectingpromotionalstrategies.Questions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Sheisoneoftheworld’sbest-knownpianists.B)Shecelebratedher110thbirthdaythisApril.C)ShemovedtotheU.S.atayoungage.D)Sheistheworld’soldestindividual.A)Beingalwaysactiveonsocialmedia.B)Doingregularandvigorousexercise.C)Playingthepianofromayoungage.D)Followingaspecificdieteveryday.A)Eatingaslittleasonecanpossiblymanage.B)Havingtheabilitytoforgetthingsselectively.C)Figuringoutthepositivepropertiesofeachfooditem.D)Knowinghowtoremembermajoreventsinone’slife.Questions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Theabilitytolearn.B)Thefirstdayofschool.C)Howteachersperceivethem.D)Wheretheysitintheclassroom.A)Theyoftenreceivedcloseattentionfromtheinstructors.B)Theyobtainedthehighestgradeaverageintheirclass.C)Theyactuallywantedaclearvisionoftheblackboard.D)Theyscoredhigherthanstudentssittingbehindthem.A)Ahighergradeaverageamongallstudentsofaclass.B)Abetterconnectionbetweeninstructorsandstudents.C)Astrongersupportforastudent-centeredteachingapproach.D)Amorefavorableatmosphereforeffectiveclassroomlearning.A)Theymayexperiencesomeunwantedstress.B)Theymaytryhardtoshowtheirpreparedness.C)Theymayreceiveextraattentionfromtheinstructor.D)Theymayfeelhelplesswhencalledonbytheinstructor.PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections.Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Peopletendtowantasmanychoicesaspossible.Theybelievethiswillmaximizetheir26ofmakingthebestdecision.Butresearchshowsthat,whenitcomestoactuallymakinga27fromallofthesechoices,peoplecanbecome28andavoidmakingadecisionaltogether.Evenworse,whenpeoplefinallydodecide,theyaregenerallylesssatisfiedwiththeirdecisionandfeelmoreregretfuloverwhateverchoicetheymade.Whydoesthishappen?Researchshowsthatwhenpeoplechoosefrommanyoptions,they29moreinthedecision,butfeellessconfidentintheirabilitytodecidewell.Inotherwords,whenweare30withmorechoices,makingthe“right”or“correct”decisionbeginstofeelmore31and,atthesametime,moredifficulttodo.Thismaycontributetothedeepfearthatwewillmakethewrongdecision.Howcanwesolvethisproblem?Ibelievethisfearcouldbetemperedbyputtingdecisionsintoperspective.Itmighthelptorememberthatmanyofthechoicesyoumake,suchaswhattohaveforlunch,willnot32muchinthefutureandthat,evenmoreimportantchoices,likeacceptinganewjob,can33bechanged.Itcouldalsohelpto34thesesituationswithclearguidelinesandideasofwhatyouwantfromthe35ofoptions,whichcannarrowthepossiblechoices,andalsomakeyoumoreconfidentaboutyourabilitytomaketherightdecision.A)approximatelyA)approximatelyB)caseC)chanceD)confusedE)crucialF)depositedG)enterH)investI)matterJ)presentedK)rangeL)regularM)seizeN)selectionO)ultimatelySectionBDirections.Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.Thebattleoverbikelanesneedsamindsetshift[A]Fiveyearsago,thecityofQueens,NewYork,announcedthatitwouldbeputtingbikelanesontoastretchofSkillmanAve—andremoving116parkingspots.Cyclistslovedtheplan,butlocalbusinessownersgotveryangry.Takingoutthoseparkingspots,astheyarguedinprotestsandinletterstothecitycouncil,wouldruinstoresandrestaurantsalongSkillman.“Parkinghereisalreadyanightmare,”oneshoutedataprotestrally.[B]Butthebikelaneswereadonedeal,andsoontheywereinplace.Earlythisyear,JesseCoburn—aninvestigativewriterwithStreetsblogNewYork—wonderedwhetherthosepredictionsofeconomiccollapsecametrue.Soheaskedthecity’sDepartmentofFinancetogivehimafewyears’worthofsalesfiguresforthatstretchofSkillmanAve.Howhadthebusinessesonthatstreetfared?[C]Quitewell,itturnsout.Intheyearafterthebikelanesarrived,businessesonSkillmansawsalesriseby12percent,comparedto3percentforQueensingeneral.What’smore,thatsectionofroadsawnewbusinessesopen,whileQueensoverallhadanetloss.[D]Thethingis,theactualmerchantsalongSkillman?Theydidn’tbelieveit.WhenCoburnspoketothemanddescribedwhathe’dfound,onlyafewstoreownersadmittedthelaneshadhelped.Manystillinsistedthelaneswerekillingtheirpartofthecity.Andemotionsranhot.Someonescatteredtacks(大頭釘)onthebikelane.[E]Thislittlestoryturnsouttobeafascinatingglimpseatthechallengescitiesfaceastheytrytoupdatetheirurbaninfrastructure—tocleanuptheair,reducegreenhouseemissions,andspeeduptravelbymakingtownsmorebike、friendly.There’sarisingamountofdatashowingthatinstallingbikelanesandmakingstreetsmorepedestrian、friendlybooststheeconomicfortunesofaplace.Removingcarsandparkingspotsworks.Butthefolkswhorunlocalbusinessessimplyaren’tconvinced,evenwhentheirownstreetperforms.Giventhatsortofmess,canpoliticalfightsoverbikelaneseverend?[F]In2013,researchersatNewYorkCity’sDepartmentofTransportationstudiedsevenstretchesofroadthathadinstalledbikelanesorcreatedpedestrian、friendlyareas.Thecityanalyzedthedataforbusinessesalongthoseroutesandfoundthatbythethirdyear,salesgrewfasteronfiveofthestreetsthaninthedistrictoverall,onaverage—uptofivetimesfaster,infact.[G]BeyondNewYork,asurveyofresearchfrom23citiesfoundthatbikelanesandpedestrian、friendlydesigndidn’thurtlocalretailandfoodstores.(“Fearsofdisastrousconsequencesforlocalbusinessesareunfounded,”theresearchersconcluded.)Morerecentworkhasshownroughlythesame.[H]Thetruthisthatinfairlydenseareas,bikesaremoreefficientatmovingpeoplearound.Youmightloseonecardriver’sbusiness—butyougainshopperswhonowcanarrivemoreeasilyonbikes.“Cyclistsandpedestriansareconsumerstoo,”notesProfessorSusanHandy.Plus,streetsredesignedforbikesandpedestrianstendtobecomemorepleasantplacestohangaround,so“inalotofcases,that’screatedmuchnicerenvironmentsthatarereallygoodforthosebusinesses.”[I]Mom、and、popshopsareusuallyprettyquickatrecognizingsituationsthatwillhelptheirbottomlines.Sowhytheblindspothere?Perhapsit’sthatattentionfocusesonhorrorstories—andsomemerchantsdogethitwhenbikelanescomein.[J]IspoketoCindyHughes,ahairdresser(理發(fā)師)inCambridge,Massachusetts.Shesaidbusinessfellbyatleast40percentwhenthecityremovednearbyparkingtoputinabikelane.Themajorityofhercustomersdrive,withmanycomingfromnearbytowns.Onlyaveryfewhaveshiftedtocycling,andeventhosealmostcertainlywon’tcycleinBoston’ssnowywinters.SowhileHughessupportsbikelanes—“cyclistsdeservetobesafe”—sheseestheparkinglossasanexistentialrisk.“Look,90percentofmycustomersdrive,”shetoldme.“Forourbusiness,thebikelanesarewayworsethanCovidwas.”[K]Forothers,thepushbackiscultural,saysHenryGrabar,awriterfortheSlateMagazine.Smallbusinessownersarefrequentlydriverswhocommutefromotherpartsofthecitybycar,Grabarpointsout.They’realsooftenlongtimelocals.“Theytendtobepeoplewithdeeprootsinthecity,whohavehungaroundsincebeforetheneighborhoodbecamewhatitistoday,”headds.Drivingaroundtowninacarissonormaltothemthatcyclingseemsweirdandunusual—despiteitsboostfromCovid,whenbikesalesexplodedby75percent.[L]Psychologybeatsall!Whoknew,right?Thefiercedividebetweenstoreownersandbike、laneadvocatesseemssimilartoourlargerculturewarsoverclimatechange.Ifwe’velearnedanythingaboutculturewars,it’sthatdataisn’tmuchgoodatchangingminds.[M]WhenJanetteSadik、KhanwastheheadofNewYorkCity’sTransportationDepartmentbackintheearly2000s,sheoversawarollout(推出)ofbikelanes—andgotangryblowbackfromresidentsandbusinessownerswhoclaimedthereweren’tenoughcycliststojustifyinstallinglanes.Now,shenotesironically,thelanesaresofullofactivitythatopponentshaveturnedtoclaimingtheproblemistheopposite.Therearetoomanycyclistsgettinginthewayofcars.[N]Maybebikelaneswillalwaysbechargedwithemotion,untilenoughofthepublicisfinallyconcernedaboutclimatechange—anditseemsreckless(魯莽的)tonothavethem.[O]Crises,afterall,haveawayofopeningpeople’seyestopossibilities.DuringCovid,restaurantsandcaféslostsomuchbusinessthatcitiesnationwidebeganallowingthemtobuildcurbsideseatingareaswherepeoplecouldsit,safely,intheopenair.Itgreatlyreducedparking—butbecause,well,shopownersdidn’tseeanywayaroundit.Customerslovedtheoutdoorseatingsomuchthatcitiesaremakingitpermanent.ANewYorkCitystudyofseveralstreetsclosedduringCovidfoundstoreownersmakingmorethanbefore,anddinersenjoyingtheoutdoorlifestyle.Ifdatawon’tchangeminds,customersmight.Anincreasingamountofdataindicatesthatinstallingbikelanesraiseslocalbusinessrevenues.Accordingtoamagazinewriter,somesmallbusinessowners’resistancetobikelanesarisesfromculturalfactors.AstretchofSkillmanAvewitnessednotonlyabigincreaseinsalesbutalsotheopeningofnewbusinesses.Whenpeoplehavenowayoutincrises,theyaremorelikelytoembracechanges.Accordingtoonesurvey,citydesignwithbikelanesandpedestrianspacedidnotnegativelyimpactlocalbusinesses.DespiteincreasedbusinessactivityonSkillmanAve,manystoreownersinsistedthebikelanesweredestroyingtheirarea.Inawarofculture,datadoesnothelpmuchinchangingpeople’sminds.Abusinesswomansaidherbusinessdroppedsharplywhenparkingspacegavewaytoabikelane,becausemostofhercustomerscamebycar.LocalbusinessownersonSkillmanAvearguedthattheirbusinesseswouldberuinedwhenparkingspotswerereplacedbybikelanes.Peoplemayfinditmorepleasanttowanderaroundstreetsredesignedforcyclingandwalking.SectionCDirections.Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AlllivingorganismsonEarthareexposedtoa24、hourday、nightcycle.Thiscycleisthereasonwhypeoplerestatnightandareactiveduringtheday.Consequently,allhumanbodyfunctionsalsofollowthisdailyrhythm,andthetimingofbehaviorslikeexerciseorfoodintakecansignificantlyinfluenceyourhealth.Forexample,eatingatnightcanleadtoweightgainovertimebecausefoodintakeatnightleadstoincreasedfatstorage.Manydrugtargetsinthebodyfollowa24、hourcycle,too.Thismeansthatthespecificproteinsadrugisdesignedtomodifycanreactdifferentlytothemedicineoverthecourseofa24、hourtimeperiod.Becausehowthebodyrespondstoadrugcandifferdependingonthetimeitistaken,itlogicallyfollowsthattakingmedicinesatspecifictimescouldhelpincreasetheireffectivenessandreduceunwantedsideeffects.Whendoctorsprescribemedicineforpeople,theyrarelyconsiderthebesttimetotakeit.Therearetwomainreasonsforthatoversight.First,manyphysiciansarenotawarethatsomedrugsworkbetterduringaspecifictimeoftheday.Andsecond,mostdrugshavenotbeenstudiedforpossibledifferenteffectsduringa24、hourcycle.Therefore,patientsaredirectedtotakemostdrugsduringthemorningoreveningprimarilytoensurecompliance.Over50yearsago,researchersfoundthatthecholesteroldrugsimvastatinismoreeffectiveatloweringcholesterollevelswhentakenatnightratherthanduringtheday.Thisisbecausetheliverenzyme(酶)thesedrugstargetismoreactiveatnight.Takingmedicineatthewrongtimecanevencauseharm.MycolleaguesandIwonderedwhethermidazolam,themostcommonsedative(鎮(zhèn)靜劑)usedinsurgicalproceduresworldwide,mightinterferewiththeinternalclockthatprotectstheheartatnight.Currently,therearenoguidelinesregardingwhenmidazolamshouldbeadministered.Moreresearchisneededtodeterminethebesttimestoadministertreatmentsfordifferentdiseases.Ibelievetakingdrugtimingintoaccountcouldhelpmaketreatmentsmoreeffectiveandhelpmorepeopleworldwide.Whatdowelearnfromthepassageaboutthetimingofourbehaviors?A)Ithasaconsiderableimpactonourhealth.B)Itconfinesustoa24、hourday、nightcycle.C)Itrequiresustofollowaparticularrhythm.D)Itholdsthekeytoallhumanbodyfunctions.Whatdoestheauthorsayabouttheproteinsinourbody?A)Theycanmodifytheeffectsofmedicinesindifferentways.B)Theycanreduceunwantedsideeffectsofcertainmedicines.C)Theirreactiontomedicineschangesduringtheday、nightcycle.D)Theirdesigndetermineshowdifferentlytheyreacttomedicines.Whatdodoctorsdowhenprescribingmedicineforpeople?A)Theygivelittlethoughttothetimeoftakingitformaximumeffect.B)Theyrarelyconsiderwhichmedicineworksbetterforwhichpatient.C)Theytellpatientsitspossiblesideeffectsduringaperiodof24hours.D)Theytellpatientstocomplywiththedirectionsofdrugmanufacturers.Whydodoctorsadvisepatientstotakemostdrugsinthemorningorintheevening?A)Todiscouragethemfrommakingcomplaints.B)Toensuretheytakethedrugsasinstructed.C)Tocomplywithnewresearchfindingsstrictly.D)Toguaranteethemaximumeffectofthedrugs.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestneartheendofthepassage?A)Consideringdrug、takingtimingwhenprescribingdrugsforpatients.B)Makingtreatmentslesscomplexbytakingdrugtimingintoaccount.C)Conductingmorestudiestofindoutthebesttimingfortreatingdifferentdiseases.D)Findingoutthemosteffectivedrugsfortreatingdiseasesthroughfurtherresearch.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.KatharineAbraham,aneconomicsprofessor,waschattingwithherhairdresser(理發(fā)師)aboutretirementplans.Theeconomistsaidsheplanstocontinueworkingbecauseshewantsto.Thehairdresseragreedbutforadifferentreason.Sheneedsthemoney.Bothscenarios(情況)arecontributingtoabigincreaseinthenumberofpeopleintheUSworkingintotheir70s.Overthepast20years,theshareofAmericansworkingintheir70shasrisenfromlessthan10%tonearly16%.Inadditiontopeoplebeinghealthierandlivingmuchlonger,economistssaythatacombinationoffinancialconsiderationssuchasyearsofslowriseinrealwagesandashiftawayfromtraditionalpensionsintheprivatesectoraresomeofthereasonspeopledelayretirement.Thedeclineofmanufacturingandtheincreaseinthenumberofpeopleworkinginlesslabor、intensiveoccupationsalsohascontributedtothetrend,saysAbraham,whoresearchesworkandretirementdecisionsofolderAmericans.“Whichmattersmoredependsonwhatyourhistoryupuntilthatpointhasbeeninthetypeofworkyou’redoing,”Abrahamsays.TheoveralltrendishittingAmericansofalldifferentlevelsofeducationalattainment,althoughthepercentagesvarybycategory.TheshareofAmericanswithbachelor’sdegreeswhowereworkingintotheir70sreachednearly20%in2018.Forthosewithahighschooldegreeorless,theproportionofthoseworkingintheir70shadrisentoaround10%,whilethosewithsomecollegeeducationwereinthemiddleataround15%.MartinNeilBaily,aneconomistwhoisleadingarese