專(zhuān)題11《主旨大意題的宏觀把握與標(biāo)題提煉》培優(yōu)教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)目錄第一部分考情精析鎖定靶心高效備考第二部分重難考點(diǎn)深解深度溯源掃清盲區(qū)【考點(diǎn)01】考查標(biāo)題歸納【考點(diǎn)02】考查文章大意【考點(diǎn)03】考查段落大意第三部分解題思維優(yōu)化典例精析+方法提煉+變式鞏固【題型01】標(biāo)題歸納題：抓眼又抓心，選出最“貼”的標(biāo)題【題型02】文章大意題：穿透細(xì)節(jié)，把握作者核心意圖【題型03】段落大意題：理清脈絡(luò)，提煉每段“靈魂句”第一部分考情精析鎖定靶心高效備考核心考向聚焦核心價(jià)值：主旨大意題旨在考查學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)篇整體意義的理解能力，強(qiáng)調(diào)從宏觀角度把握作者意圖、文章結(jié)構(gòu)和中心思想。這一題型不僅體現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力，更反映歸納、概括、批判性思維等核心思維品質(zhì)，是落實(shí)英語(yǔ)學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)（特別是“思維品質(zhì)”與“學(xué)習(xí)能力”）的重要載體。關(guān)鍵能力與核心瓶頸關(guān)鍵能力：本專(zhuān)題重點(diǎn)考查學(xué)生的信息整合能力、邏輯推理能力、語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)分析能力及抽象概括能力。要求學(xué)生跳脫細(xì)節(jié)干擾，準(zhǔn)確識(shí)別文章主題句、段落主旨及全文中心，并據(jù)此提煉恰當(dāng)標(biāo)題或主旨句。核心瓶頸：1.易陷入“細(xì)節(jié)陷阱”，過(guò)度關(guān)注局部信息而忽略語(yǔ)篇整體脈絡(luò)；2.對(duì)議論文、夾敘夾議文等隱含主旨類(lèi)文本缺乏有效解讀策略；3.標(biāo)題提煉時(shí)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)精準(zhǔn)度不足、簡(jiǎn)潔性欠缺或偏離作者核心立場(chǎng)；4.面對(duì)多段落、多觀點(diǎn)文本時(shí)，難以厘清主次關(guān)系與邏輯主線。命題前瞻與備考策略命題前瞻：未來(lái)高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中，主旨大意題將持續(xù)作為高頻考點(diǎn)，尤其在C、D篇（以說(shuō)明文、議論文為主）中占比穩(wěn)定。命題趨勢(shì)將更側(cè)重真實(shí)語(yǔ)境下的高階思維考查，可能出現(xiàn)“無(wú)明確主題句”“多觀點(diǎn)交織”“文化思辨類(lèi)”文本，要求學(xué)生具備更強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)篇意識(shí)和批判性閱讀能力。備考策略：1.強(qiáng)化語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)訓(xùn)練：引導(dǎo)學(xué)生識(shí)別記敘、說(shuō)明、議論等常見(jiàn)文體的結(jié)構(gòu)特征，掌握“總—分—總”“問(wèn)題—解決”“現(xiàn)象—分析”等典型語(yǔ)篇模式；2.訓(xùn)練主旨定位技巧：重點(diǎn)關(guān)注首尾段、段首句、重復(fù)關(guān)鍵詞、情感態(tài)度詞等核心信息載體；3.開(kāi)展標(biāo)題對(duì)比辨析練習(xí)：通過(guò)分析以偏概全、無(wú)中生有、過(guò)度引申等干擾項(xiàng)特征，提升選項(xiàng)辨識(shí)能力；4.實(shí)施“反向出題”活動(dòng)：讓學(xué)生為給定文章擬寫(xiě)標(biāo)題，再與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案比對(duì)，強(qiáng)化精準(zhǔn)概括能力；5.融入跨文化主題語(yǔ)境：結(jié)合人與社會(huì)、人與自然、科技倫理等熱點(diǎn)話題，提升復(fù)雜語(yǔ)境下的主旨把握能力。第二部分重難考點(diǎn)深解深度溯源掃清盲區(qū)【考點(diǎn)01】考查標(biāo)題歸納1.題型解讀主旨大意題核心考查考生對(duì)文章中心思想或段落大意的歸納、概括與總結(jié)能力，要求考生精準(zhǔn)把握文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)和主要內(nèi)容，明晰作者寫(xiě)作意圖。該題型在高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中占據(jù)重要地位，是高層次閱讀理解能力的集中體現(xiàn)，每篇閱讀理解文章通常會(huì)涉及至少一道主旨大意題或相關(guān)衍生題（如最佳標(biāo)題題）。其設(shè)問(wèn)方式靈活多樣，題目位置可在文章后的題目開(kāi)頭、中間或結(jié)尾部分。2.解題技巧（1）文章大意題主題句定位技巧①段落中出現(xiàn)however、but、infact、actually等轉(zhuǎn)折詞時(shí)，該句極有可能是主題句；②首段出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，對(duì)該問(wèn)句的回答通常為文章主旨；③作者有意識(shí)重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)往往是主旨，反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ)一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞；④包含therefore、thus、inshort、conclude、conclusion等表總結(jié)或結(jié)論的詞語(yǔ)的句子，通常是主旨句。（2）段落首尾兼顧法尋找主題句①段首/段尾：段首主題句多為段首一兩句（明確觀點(diǎn)或說(shuō)明對(duì)象）；段尾主題句常為段尾句（得出結(jié)論或進(jìn)行總結(jié)）；②段中：主題句有時(shí)出現(xiàn)在段中，前文內(nèi)容多為引出主題做鋪墊；③無(wú)主題句：部分段落無(wú)明確主題句，需結(jié)合段落核心內(nèi)容自主概括。（3）標(biāo)題歸納題主題句提煉要求①概括性：全面概括全文核心內(nèi)容，精準(zhǔn)體現(xiàn)主旨；②針對(duì)性：內(nèi)涵與文章核心一致，范圍界定恰當(dāng)，不偏題、不寬泛；③新穎性：表達(dá)新穎獨(dú)特，具備吸引力；④簡(jiǎn)短性：多采用名詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或祈使句形式，簡(jiǎn)潔凝練。（4）不同文體標(biāo)題歸納關(guān)注點(diǎn)文體核心關(guān)注點(diǎn)記敘文文中通常包含概括性、總結(jié)性且具有哲理性的語(yǔ)言，所有敘述均圍繞該哲理展開(kāi)應(yīng)用文會(huì)對(duì)某種物品或服務(wù)進(jìn)行詳盡介紹，語(yǔ)言帶有明顯的支持傾向說(shuō)明文寫(xiě)作目的依賴(lài)對(duì)文章核心內(nèi)容的把握，閱讀時(shí)需精準(zhǔn)定位主題句議論文遵循“提出論點(diǎn)—進(jìn)行論證—得出結(jié)論”的邏輯，作者意圖往往隱含在論證過(guò)程中3.答題誤區(qū)①以偏概全：誤將文中具體事例或局部信息當(dāng)作全文主旨，忽略語(yǔ)篇整體脈絡(luò)。例如：全國(guó)卷ID篇圍繞“人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言中某些發(fā)音因飲食變化而普及”展開(kāi)，干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)為“古代人類(lèi)牙齒結(jié)構(gòu)的具體變化”，考生若過(guò)度關(guān)注牙齒結(jié)構(gòu)的細(xì)節(jié)描述，易誤選該選項(xiàng)，而正確答案應(yīng)為“飲食演變對(duì)語(yǔ)言發(fā)音的影響”。②過(guò)度推斷：脫離文本事實(shí)，依據(jù)個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)或常識(shí)進(jìn)行無(wú)依據(jù)延伸。例如：全國(guó)乙卷閱讀C篇介紹“電商平臺(tái)通過(guò)大數(shù)據(jù)分析優(yōu)化物流配送”，干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置為“未來(lái)電商將完全取代實(shí)體店”，考生若受“電商發(fā)展趨勢(shì)”的常識(shí)影響，易誤選此選項(xiàng)，而原文僅客觀描述物流優(yōu)化，未涉及實(shí)體店替代相關(guān)內(nèi)容。③忽略首尾段及轉(zhuǎn)折詞：未重點(diǎn)關(guān)注文章首尾段及but、however等轉(zhuǎn)折詞后的核心內(nèi)容，導(dǎo)致主題句定位錯(cuò)誤。例如：新高考卷I閱讀A篇首段點(diǎn)明“智能穿戴設(shè)備通過(guò)實(shí)時(shí)健康數(shù)據(jù)監(jiān)測(cè)改變?nèi)藗兊倪\(yùn)動(dòng)習(xí)慣”，尾段呼應(yīng)“技術(shù)與健康管理的深度融合”，部分考生因未通讀首尾段，誤選“設(shè)備硬件設(shè)計(jì)的創(chuàng)新細(xì)節(jié)”。④混淆文體特征：未區(qū)分議論文、說(shuō)明文、記敘文的文體差異，采用統(tǒng)一解題思路。例如：全國(guó)甲卷閱讀D篇（議論文）通過(guò)對(duì)比“傳統(tǒng)教育模式與線上教育的優(yōu)劣”，論證“混合式學(xué)習(xí)的必要性”，考生需重點(diǎn)關(guān)注首段論點(diǎn)句“教育模式需適應(yīng)數(shù)字化時(shí)代需求”，若按記敘文解題思路則易偏離主旨。4.誤區(qū)應(yīng)對(duì)策略①?gòu)?qiáng)化主題句定位訓(xùn)練：每日選取三篇不同體裁（議論文、說(shuō)明文、記敘文等）的高考真題閱讀文章，按文體特點(diǎn)定位主題句。如議論文重點(diǎn)關(guān)注首段論點(diǎn)句和尾段總結(jié)句，快速找出主題句并劃出關(guān)鍵詞，總結(jié)文章主旨。訓(xùn)練一周后，對(duì)比分析不同體裁主題句位置規(guī)律，形成快速定位的解題直覺(jué)。②高頻詞篩選練習(xí)：利用真題閱讀材料制作“高頻詞篩選卡片”，閱讀時(shí)標(biāo)注重復(fù)出現(xiàn)3次及以上的名詞、名詞短語(yǔ)，分析其與文章主旨的關(guān)聯(lián)。每周整理高頻詞，總結(jié)同一主題（如科技類(lèi)、環(huán)保類(lèi)）文章中高頻詞的共性與差異，提升通過(guò)高頻詞把握主旨的能力。③干擾項(xiàng)分析筆記：建立“主旨大意題錯(cuò)題本”，將錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)按“以偏概全”“過(guò)度推斷”等類(lèi)型分類(lèi)整理。針對(duì)每個(gè)錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，詳細(xì)分析其與原文的偏差，例如“選項(xiàng)A僅涉及文章第二段的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，未涵蓋全文關(guān)于人工智能應(yīng)用的多個(gè)方面，屬于以偏概全”。每周回顧錯(cuò)題本，強(qiáng)化對(duì)干擾項(xiàng)特征的識(shí)別能力?！究键c(diǎn)02】考查文章大意1.題型解讀文章各段落均圍繞特定主題展開(kāi)，整合各段落主題句即可概括全文中心思想。該題型主要考查考生對(duì)文章的深層理解能力及速讀中準(zhǔn)確定位主旨的能力，要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上，運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高度概括與總結(jié)，屬于高層次閱讀理解題。2.設(shè)問(wèn)方式①Whatisthemaintheme/topic/ideaofthis/thepassage/text?②Whatdoesthetext/passagemainlyfocuson?③Whatisthepassage/textmainlyabout?3.解題技巧題型分類(lèi)技巧點(diǎn)撥利用段首主題句推敲段落大意說(shuō)明文和議論文需重點(diǎn)關(guān)注“首段”和“段首”，借鑒“七選五”小標(biāo)題題型特點(diǎn)，段首句通常統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全段主旨，可據(jù)此推斷段落大意利用段中主題句推敲段落大意主題句若出現(xiàn)在段中，需耐心分析段落各句間的內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系，確定主題句位置后明確段落主旨利用段尾主題句推敲段落大意主題句若出現(xiàn)在段尾，需關(guān)注inbrief/short、allinall、inconclusion、inaword等表總結(jié)、結(jié)論的詞語(yǔ)，其后面連接的通常是主題句無(wú)主題句段落大意推敲部分段落無(wú)明確主題句，需結(jié)合段落核心信息自主總結(jié)提煉，難度相對(duì)較高利用“總分總”結(jié)構(gòu)推敲語(yǔ)篇主旨若文章采用“總分總”結(jié)構(gòu)，需整合首段總起句、各段主題句及尾段總結(jié)句，全面概括語(yǔ)篇主旨4.不同文體主旨提煉重點(diǎn)文體主旨提煉核心要點(diǎn)新聞報(bào)道、調(diào)查研究類(lèi)主旨通常位于開(kāi)頭部分，首段多概括核心事件或研究結(jié)論夾敘夾議類(lèi)記敘文文末議論部分往往隱含主題句，需結(jié)合敘事內(nèi)容與議論觀點(diǎn)提煉主旨說(shuō)明文若首段主題句語(yǔ)言精煉，中間段多角度說(shuō)明或論證，且與尾段主題句呼應(yīng)，則首段主題句即為全文主旨多觀點(diǎn)類(lèi)文本文章若出現(xiàn)兩種及以上不同觀點(diǎn)，需重點(diǎn)關(guān)注作者最終傾向的觀點(diǎn)，該觀點(diǎn)即為全文核心主旨【考點(diǎn)03】考查段落大意1.題型解讀段落大意題主要考查考生用準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)練的語(yǔ)言明確且完整表達(dá)段落主要意思的能力。解題時(shí)需特別注重“首尾兼顧”，即重點(diǎn)關(guān)注所問(wèn)段落的首句和尾句：一方面，首尾句往往直接體現(xiàn)段落主旨要義；另一方面，借助首尾句可快速提煉段落結(jié)構(gòu)框架，基于框架判斷主旨的準(zhǔn)確性更高。2.段落結(jié)構(gòu)與主旨提煉思維導(dǎo)圖段落結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)型主旨提煉方法總分式（總—分/總—分—總）段落首句為主題句，其余各句均為舉例或論證內(nèi)容，直接提煉首句核心含義即可分總式段落開(kāi)頭為舉例子或?qū)訉油七M(jìn)的論述，段尾句總結(jié)核心觀點(diǎn)，主旨即為段尾句含義分總分式段落開(kāi)頭列舉具體事例，通過(guò)事例得出核心結(jié)論（該結(jié)論為主題句），后文內(nèi)容為對(duì)結(jié)論的補(bǔ)充或拓展無(wú)主題句式段落無(wú)明確主題句，需通過(guò)識(shí)別高頻詞、邏輯連接詞及核心事件/觀點(diǎn)，歸納提煉段落主旨第三部分解題思維優(yōu)化典例精析+方法提煉+變式鞏固【題型01】標(biāo)題歸納題：抓眼又抓心，選出最“貼”的標(biāo)題典例精析典例1（全國(guó)卷C篇）Whilesafetyimprovementsmighthavebeenmadetoourstreetsinrecentyears,transportstudiesalsoshowdeclinesinpedestrianmobility,especiallyamongyoungchildren.Manyparentssaythere'stoomuchtrafficontheroadsfortheirchildrentowalksafelytoschool,sotheypackthemintothecarinstead.Certainauthorsarebotheredbyfactslikethese.Intheirnewbook,theycallforarethinkofourstreetsandtheroletheyplayinourlives.Lifeoncitystreetsstartedtochangedecadesago.Wholeneighbourhoodsweredestroyedtomakewayfornewroadnetworksandkidshadtoplayelsewhere.Somemunitiesfoughtback.Similarcampaignsoccurredinotherregionsinlateryearsaswell.Althoughthesecampaignswerewidespread,therealityisthatthemajorityofthewesterncitieswerepletelyredesignedaroundtheneedsofthemotorcar.Thenumberofcarsonroadshasbeenincreasingrapidly.Insomeregions,therateofcarownershipisamongthehighestintheworld.Weinvestalotinroadsthathelpusrushthrough,butwefailtoaccountforthetruecosts.Dowereallyrecognisewhatitcostsusasasocietywhenchildrencan'tmovesafelyaroundourmunities?Theauthorshaveitright:it'stimetothinkdifferentlyaboutthatstreetoutsideyourfrontdoor.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.WhytheRush?B.What'sNextC.WheretoStay?D.WhotoBlame?【篇章導(dǎo)讀】本文為議論文，通過(guò)引述某新書(shū)觀點(diǎn)，批評(píng)城市街道設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)度服務(wù)于汽車(chē)通行、忽視行人尤其是兒童出行安全的問(wèn)題，呼吁人們重新審視街道的功能，建設(shè)適宜居民生活的城市環(huán)境?！窘馕觥繕?biāo)題歸納題。全文圍繞汽車(chē)文化導(dǎo)致的“匆忙通行”展開(kāi)批判，末段直指問(wèn)題核心“我們是否意識(shí)到這背后的代價(jià)？”，選項(xiàng)A“WhytheRush?”（為何匆忙？）以設(shè)問(wèn)形式精準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)明主旨，故選A項(xiàng)。典例2（全國(guó)卷C篇）Whensomeoneopenedanonlineshopsellinghouseplants,shedidn'thavehighhopesforit.Buttheoppositehappened:Shewasfloodedwithorders,shippingoutalargenumberinasinglemonth.Inthepastyear,shesentouttensofthousandsofplants.Hersuccessisjustoneexampleofincreasedtimeathomeleadingtoanexplosioninthehouseplantindustry.Aresearchernotesthat"Plantsareinfashionrightnow.Peoplewholiveinplantrichenvironmentsreportahigherlifesatisfactionrating.Addingmorenaturetoourenvironmentcanchangeourmoodandhowwethink."Plantscanimproveourstateofmindinafewwaysbutthebiggestisbydecreasingourlevelofcortisol,thestresshormoneinourbody.Theresearcheralsopointsoutthat"Studentswhoarearoundplantsperformbetteracademicallythanstudentswhoareinaclassroomwithoutplants.Thisproductivityalsotranslatesintotheworkplaceforadults.Studiesshowedthattherewasasignificantdecreaseinsickleaveforpeoplewhowereinplantrichworkplaces."Ifyou'reamongthegroupsofpeoplewhoareenjoyingthementalandphysicalhealthbenefitsofsurroundingyourselfwithplants,don'tbeatyourselfupifone(orafew!)doesn'tmakeit."Doctorspracticemedicineandlawyerspracticelawandyoushouldallowyourselfthepracticeittakestosustainaplant.Tendingtoplantsisanexerciseinpatienceandlearning.Beinvestedintakingcareofit,butifitdies,gogetanotherone,"shesays.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TimetoReplaceHouseplantsB.PlantsBoostYourMoodC.TipsonChoosingHouseplantsD.PlantsBrightenYourHome【答案】B【解析】主旨大意題。文章第一段以某網(wǎng)店成功案例引出室內(nèi)植物行業(yè)的興起，第二段至第三段通過(guò)研究結(jié)論說(shuō)明植物能通過(guò)降低皮質(zhì)醇水平改善心情、提升工作與學(xué)習(xí)效率，第四段鼓勵(lì)人們嘗試養(yǎng)植物。全文核心圍繞“植物對(duì)情緒和健康的積極影響”展開(kāi)，選項(xiàng)B“PlantsBoostYourMood（植物改善你的情緒）”最能概括文章主旨，適合作為標(biāo)題，故選B。典例3（全國(guó)卷B篇）Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.Forinstance,almostallanimalshavedistinctvocalsthattheyrelyontoeitheraskforhelp,scareawayanydangerousanimalsorlookforshelter.Butcatsarespecialcreatureswhopossessamazingvocalizationskills.Theyareabletohaveentireconversationswithhumansusingmeowsandyou'reabletointerpretit.Ifapetcatishungry,itwillkeepmeowingtoattractattentionandfindfood.However,whenacatislookingforaffection,theytendtoproducestretchedandsoftmeows.Meowingstartsassoonasababycatisbroughttolifeandusesittogetthemother'sattentionandbefed.Catshavemanyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmellisquiteimpressive.Theyusetheirnosestoassesstheirenvironmentandlookoutforanysignsofdanger.Theywillsniffoutspecificareasbeforetheychooseaplacetorelax.However,anotherwaythecatsareabletodistinguishbetweensituationsisbylookingforfamiliarsmells.Yourcatwilllikelysmellyourfaceandstorethesmellinitsmemoryanduseittorecognizeyouinthefuture.That'swhymostpetcatsareabletotellimmediatelyiftheirownerswerearoundanyothercats,whichtheydon'tusuallylike.Dogsareknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghabit,butcatstakethisbehaviorupanotch.Manycatswillfindrandomobjectsoutsideandbringthemtotheirowners.Thisisaveryoldhabitthat'sbeenpresentinallkindsofpredators.Catsbringgiftsfortheirownerstoshowtheyloveyou.Theseadorablelittlehuntersarejustdoingsomethingthatit'sbeenintheirnaturesincethebeginningoftime.Sojustgoalongwithit!Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TipsonFindingaSmartCatB.UnderstandingYourCat'sBehaviorC.HaveFunwithYourCatD.HowtoKeepYourCatHealthy【答案】B【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.”及全文內(nèi)容可知，文章圍繞貓的多種行為展開(kāi)，包括通過(guò)叫聲表達(dá)需求、依靠嗅覺(jué)感知環(huán)境、為主人帶回物品等，并解釋了這些行為背后的原因與意義。選項(xiàng)“UnderstandingYourCat’sBehavior（了解你的貓的行為）”精準(zhǔn)概括全文核心，最適合作為標(biāo)題，故選B。方法提煉標(biāo)題歸納需兼顧“三性”：概括性（全面覆蓋全文核心）、針對(duì)性（貼合文章內(nèi)涵，范圍適宜）、新穎性（表達(dá)生動(dòng)，吸引關(guān)注）；優(yōu)先關(guān)聯(lián)首段與尾段核心信息，聚焦高頻關(guān)鍵詞，排除僅涉及局部細(xì)節(jié)的選項(xiàng)；議論文標(biāo)題需緊扣論點(diǎn)，說(shuō)明文標(biāo)題需明確說(shuō)明對(duì)象及核心特征，記敘文標(biāo)題需關(guān)聯(lián)核心事件或情感主旨。變式鞏固變式1（某地一模）Imagineyou’rewritingapoem,rhymesmustbepairedupbeforeyoustartanewline.ItturnsoutthatAIdoessomethingsimilar!Whenalargelanguagemodel(LLM)isgiventhefirstline“hesawacarrotandhadtograbit”,itbeginsthinkingaboutwordslike“rabbit”almostimmediately,writingthenextsentencetoendattheappropriaterhyme.Suchforethoughtisunexpected.Scientistsataresearchlabbuiltatoolandtheydiscoveredsomeunexpectedplexity.Thetool,a“digitalmicroscope”,letsscientistslookatwhichpartsoftheAI’sneuralnetworklightupwhenit’sworkingondifferenttasks.IfaparticularareaoftheLLMlightsupwheneveritproduceswordslikerabbit,thenthatgetsmarkedasbeingrelatedtorabbits.ThishaslettheteamsolvesomeopenquestionsinAIresearch,forexample,whetheramultilingualchatbothasawarenessofconceptsbeyondlanguage.WhentheLLMisaskedfortheoppositeof“big”inEnglish,orthesameconceptinChinese,thesamefeaturelightsupineverycase,beforemorelanguagespecificcircuitskickinto“translate”theconceptofsmallnessintoaparticularword.ThissuggeststhatAImighthaveadeeperunderstandingoftheworldthanwethought.Otherinsights,though,arelessencouraging.WhentheLLMitselfisaskedtoreason,printingoutitschainofthoughttoanswermathsquestions,themicroscopesuggeststhatthewaythemodelsaysitreachedaconclusion,andwhatitactuallythought,mightnotalwaysbethesame.Worsestill,askaleadingquestion—suggestingthattheanswer“mightbe4”,anditwillspecificallyaddnumbersthatultimatelyleadittoagreewiththequestion,evenifthesuggestioniswrong.ButbeingabletogaininsightintothemindofanLLMprovidescluesastohowtostopitdoingthesameinthefuture.Thegoal,afterall,isnottohavetodobrainsurgery,buttoknowwhatit’sthinking.Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestsuitsthistext?A．WhyAIStillGetsItWrongB．Chatbots’LanguageMagicC．LookingInsideAI’sMindD．TheRiseofAIChatbots【答案】C【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其是第三段“Thetool,a‘digitalmicroscope’,letsscientistslookatwhichpartsoftheAI’sneuralnetworklightupwhenit’sworkingondifferenttasks.”及最后一段“ButbeingabletogaininsightintothemindofanLLMprovidescluesastohowtostopitdoingthesameinthefuture.”可知，文章圍繞通過(guò)“數(shù)字顯微鏡”探究AI的“思維”展開(kāi)，“探究AI的內(nèi)心（思維）”最能概括全文核心，適合作為最佳標(biāo)題，故選C項(xiàng)。變式2（湘豫名校聯(lián)考）Takeawalkdownanymajorbeachanditlikelywon’tbelongbeforeyouseesomeabandonedrubbish,whicheventuallymakestheirwayintotheoceanwhereitdegradesoverdecadesorevencenturies.Forthemostpart,spottingallthatgarbagestillrequireseyesandafairdealofwalking.Butthatcouldonedaychangethankstoanewsatelliteimagingtechnique.Ateamdevelopedanewtoolthathighlightsuniquespectralcharactersinplastics,whichcouldaccuratelyidentifyplasticitemsonbeachesandtellthemfromsand,water,andplants.Satelliteimageryhas,foryears,beenusedtohelpscientistsidentifyplasticsfloatingintheocean.Thisprocessworksrelativelywellforidentifyinglargepiecesofplasticinthewater,butit’sfarlesseffectiveatspottingplasticsonbeaches.Coastalplasticsoftenmixinorispartiallyburiedbysandwhichmakesspottingitmuchmoredifficult.Theteamcreatedanewspectralindex,theBeachedPlasticDebrisIndex(BPDI),whichlooksforpatternsofreflectedlightfromplastics.Totesttheirnewtool,theresearcherscollectedvarioustypesofplastictrashthatwouldlikelybefoundonabeach.Theyfinallysettledon14differentplastictargetsandplacedthematacertaindistancefromeachotheronabeach.Oncetheplasticswereinplace,thesatelliteflewfaroverheadandtookaseriesofphotos.Researchersappliedtheirindextotheimagesandparedthemtothreeotheralreadydevelopedindicesintendedfordetectingplastics,twoforplasticsonlandandoneforobjectsfloatingintheocean.TheBPDIindexwelloutperformedtheotherthreeindicesintermsofaccuracy.Theotherthreegenerallystruggledtoidentifyplasticsand,insomecases,wouldevenmisidentifyshadowsastrash.Still,theBPDIindexwasn’tperfect.Inparticular,thestudynotesitwasdifficulttoidentifytransparentandtranslucentpolymerslikeplasticwaterbottlesandbags.Lookingtothefuture,theresearcherswanttomovethesefindingsoutoflimitedtestenvironmentsandintotherealworld.Thatcouldmeanpartneringwithotherorganizationsspecializingincoastalplasticremovaltousetheirsatelliteimagerytechnique.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．TheBeachedPlasticDebrisIndexB．ANewTechniqueforIdentifyingPlasticsonBeachesC．ANewTooltoIdentifyNewLightSpectrumD．NewSatelliteTechniquesforOceanExploration【答案】B【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Ateamdevelopedanewtoolthathighlightsuniquespectralcharactersinplastics,whichcouldaccuratelyidentifyplasticitemsonbeachesandtellthemfromsand,water,andplants.”及全文內(nèi)容可知，文章核心介紹一種新工具，通過(guò)突出塑料的獨(dú)特光譜特征，精準(zhǔn)識(shí)別海灘上的塑料垃圾，選項(xiàng)B“一種新的海灘塑料識(shí)別技術(shù)”最能概括全文，適合作標(biāo)題，故選B。變式3（某地高三月考）Scientistshavemadeanexcitingstepforwardinunderstandingbrainagingandpossiblewaystoreverseit.Theydevelopedaspecial“clock”tomeasurehowthebrainagesatabiologicallevel,usinggenes.Thisclock,basedontheactivityof365genes,canestimateaperson’sbrainagewithanaverageerrorofonly4to6years.Itworkswellacrossdifferentbrainareas,genders,andgroupsofpeopletested.Tobuildthisclock,researchersanalyzedgenedatafromalargenumberofbraintissuesamples.Thesesamplescamefromhealthypeopleofvariousages.Usingthistool,theythensearchedthroughavastamountofdata.Thesedatashowedhowthousandsofchemicalsandgeneticchangesaffecttwotypesofbraincells:neuralprogenitorcellsandneurons.Theyfoundhundredsofuniquepoundsmighthavethepowertoreversebrainaging.Interestingly,someofthemhadalreadybeenshowntoextendlifeinanimalstudies,whichmadethefindingsmoreplausible.Next,thescientiststestedabinationofthreeofthesepoundsonoldmice.Theresultswerepromising:themiceactedlessanxious,andtheirbraingenesactedmorelikethoseofyoungermice.Theirmemoryseemedtogetbettertoo,thoughthiswasn’tprovenstatistically.However,thereweresomelimitations.Itusedmixedbraintissuesamplesinsteadoflookingatspecifictypesofbraincells,whichmightmeanmissingsomedetailsabouthowagingaffectscertainneurons.Also,theresearchonlylookedattwotypesofcells,sothefindingsmightnotapplytoallbraincells.What’smore,onlyonemixofthreedrugswastested,sowedon’tknowhoweachdrugworksonitsown.Finally,thelongtermsafetyofthesedrugswasn’tchecked.Therefore,thisresearchopensupnewpossibilitiesforunderstandingandmaybeevenreversingbrainaging,thoughmoreworkisneededtoovereitslimitations.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A．ReversingBrainAgingHasTakenaFurtherStepB．GeneTechnologyIsUsedtoReverseBrainAgingC．ASpecialClockCanMeasureBrainAgeAccuratelyD．ANewMethodWasIdentifiedtoImproveMemory【答案】A【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Scientistshavemadeanexcitingstepforwardinunderstandingbrainagingandpossiblewaystoreverseit.Theydevelopedaspecial‘clock’tomeasurehowthebrainagesatabiologicallevel,usinggenes.”及最后一段“Therefore,thisresearchopensupnewpossibilitiesforunderstandingandmaybeevenreversingbrainaging,thoughmoreworkisneededtoovereitslimitations.”可知，文章核心介紹科學(xué)家在理解大腦衰老及逆轉(zhuǎn)方法方面取得的進(jìn)展，選項(xiàng)A“逆轉(zhuǎn)大腦衰老又向前邁進(jìn)了一步”精準(zhǔn)概括全文主旨，適合作標(biāo)題，故選A項(xiàng)。變式4（某地高三月考）Forsevensummers,theworldhadbeenwithoutpeaches.Whilepeopledismissedthisoddityalongsideotherstrangenews—femaleseaturtles,unprecedentedstorms—apregnantwoman,expectingherfirstchild,founditunbearable.Herintensedesireforasingle,juicypeachbecameaquestionofwhatkindofworldshewasbringingherdaughterinto.Refusingtoacceptthevagueexplanationfromalocalsupermarketemployeethat“thetreesjustweren’thappy”,shelaunchedadeterminedmission.Shetrackeddownpeachorchards,drivingforhourstomeetfarmers.Eachshowedherthesameheartbreakingsight:beautiful,greentreeswithpletelybarebranches.Herjourney,fueledbyhopeandhormones,endedatanorchard,whereshesanktotheground,weepingforherunborndaughter.Theorchardownerofferednofruit,butsomethingelse:simplekindness.Shegavethewomanaplacetorest,acknowledginghergriefwithoutjudgment.Thishumanconnectionrelievedherdespair.Herdaughterwasbornthatfall,perfect,intoaworldstillabsentofpeaches.Yearslater,atraditionformed.Eachsummer,thewomanandhernowsevenyearolddaughtervisittheorchards,thechildknowingapeachtreeonlyasabeautiful,nonfruitbearingplant.Watchingherhappydaughterplayintheplacewheresheoncedespaired,thewomanunderstoodaprofoundtruth.“Happinessdoesn’tgrowontrees,”sheremarked.“No,”theorchardownerreplied,handingheranapple.“Butmaybehopedoes.”Inspired,ontheirnexttriptotheverysamesupermarket,thewomanhelpedherdaughterwriteasuggestioncardbeggingforpeaches.Astheworldbuzzedwithnewercrises,herdaughterasked,“Doyouthinkthey’llbringthemback?”Lookingatherchild’shopefulface,thewomanchosefaithoverplaint.“Yeah,”shesaid,slippingthenoteintothebox,“oneday.”Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ARequestForPeachesB．TheUnhappyPeachTreesC．AMother’sLoveD．TheLastPeachFarmer【答案】A【解析】主旨大意題。文章以“尋找桃子”為線索，從孕期女性渴望桃子、尋找桃園，到多年后與女兒寫(xiě)建議卡請(qǐng)求超市進(jìn)貨桃子，核心圍繞“對(duì)桃子的訴求”展開(kāi)，該標(biāo)題既概括全文主要內(nèi)容，又具吸引力，故選A?！绢}型02】文章大意題：穿透細(xì)節(jié)，把握作者核心意圖典例精析典例1（新課標(biāo)II卷）Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,amicrofarmsystem(MFS)shortensitevenmore.MFSisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.Specifically,it’safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,MFSisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpreseededpodtogetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit’seatenmeanszeroemissionsfromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there’snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.MFSemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingleuseplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidanMFSemployee.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A.MFS’smajorstrengths.B.MFS’sgeneralmanagement.C.MFS’sglobalinfluence.D.MFS’stechnicalstandards.【答案】A【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文為說(shuō)明文，核心介紹微型農(nóng)場(chǎng)系統(tǒng)（MFS）的主要優(yōu)勢(shì)，包括縮短食物運(yùn)輸距離、云技術(shù)遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控、自動(dòng)化節(jié)水、減少化學(xué)污染及員工環(huán)保生活方式等。monitored...lives...efarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,amicrofarmsystem(MFS)shortensitevenmore.”、第三段“ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,MFSisremotelymonitored...thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.”及最后一段“MFSemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives...reducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment.”可知，文章圍繞MFS的核心優(yōu)勢(shì)展開(kāi)，故選A。典例2（浙江卷）Livewithroommates?Havefriendsandfamilyaroundyou?Chancesarethatifyou’relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle,noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadytojumponthatbandwagon.Theauthorexperiencedthiswhenstartingtoswitchtoazerowastelifestylefiveyearsago,aslivingwithfamilymemberswhoweren’tonboard,andcontinuestoexperiencethiswithapartnerwhoisnotpletelyzerowaste.Alongtheway,somevaluablelessonshavebeenlearned,whicharehopedtoencourageotherstryingtomakethechangeinanotalwayssupportivehousehold.Zerowastewasaradicallifestylemovementafewyearsback.Theauthorremembersshowingfamilyavideosharinghowcoolitwouldbetobuygrocerieswithjars,andhavesolittletrash!Afewdayslater,returningwiththefirstjarsofzerowastegroceries,afamilymembermentedonhowsillyitwastocarryjarseverywhere,whichwasabitdiscouraging.Yetasthemonthsofreducingwastecontinued,theauthordidwhatwaswithinreach.Havingaprivatebedroom,effortsweremadetoremoveunnecessaryitems.Withpersonaltoiletries,itwaspossibletostartpersonalisingroutinestobemoresustainable.Offeringtocookregularlyalsoallowedportioningoutabitofthecupboardforzerowastegroceries.Perhapsahouseholdwon’tentirelymaketheswitch,buttheremaybecontroloverpersonalspacestomakedesiredchanges.Aslifestylechangesaremade,theremaybeadesiretospeakupifothersment,whichcanturnintoahouseholddebate.Ifindividualsarenotonboard,wordsmaynotdomuchandcanleaveonefeelingmorediscouraged.Sohereistheadvice:Leadbyaction.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Howtogetonwellwithotherfamilymembers.B．Howtohaveone’sownpersonalspaceathome.C．Howtoliveazerowastelifestyleinahousehold.D．Howtocontrolthebudgetwhenbuyinggroceries.【答案】C【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Chancesarethatifyou’relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle,noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadytojumponthatbandwagon.”及第二段“I’velearnedafewthingsalongthewaythough,whichIhopeyou’llfindencouragingifyou’redoingyourbesttofigureouthowyoucanmakethechangeinanotalwayssupportivehousehold.”可知，文章核心講述如何在家庭中踐行零浪費(fèi)生活方式，故選C。方法提煉記敘文主旨提煉：純記敘文通常無(wú)明確主題句，需結(jié)合核心事件、情感線索自主歸納；部分文章在文尾會(huì)有感慨、感悟或議論，主旨常蘊(yùn)含其中；也有文章先議論再敘事，主旨位于文首。說(shuō)明文主旨提煉：聚焦說(shuō)明對(duì)象及核心特征，重點(diǎn)關(guān)注首段總起句、段首主題句及尾段總結(jié)句，整合各部分核心信息即可概括主旨。議論文主旨提煉：緊扣論點(diǎn)（通常位于首段或尾段），排除論據(jù)細(xì)節(jié)干擾，明確作者核心立場(chǎng)與觀點(diǎn)。變式鞏固變式1（浙江模擬預(yù)測(cè)）Morethan1,000metresbelowthesurfaceoftheoceans,darknessdominates.Marinecreaturesrelyonsoundfornavigation,munication,andsearchingforfood.However,thiswayoflifehaseunderthreatfromshipping,contributingtoariseinunderwatervolumeofapproximately3.3decibelsperdecade.Thetrendshowslittlesignoflevellingoff.Withroughly90%oftraderelyingonshipping,quietingtheoceanthroughreductionsinshippingitselfisuntenable.Whileefficiencyimprovementsofshippingmaycutnoise,expertssaymoreisneeded.Thatiswhytechnologieslikemodifiedpropellersandnoisereducingmaterialsarebeingdevelopedtohelphumansandmarinelifecoexist.Muchoftheunderwaternoiseashipproducesesfromitspropeller.Spinningbladescreatelowpressure,causingthewatertoboilandproducebubbles,aprocessknownascavitation.Whenthosebubblescollapse,alowfrequencynoiseisproduced,disruptingthemovementsofmarinelives.Onesolution,beingdevelopedbyresearchers,integratesflexiblepolymersintothemetalpropellerblades,allowingtheirtipstobendandtwist.Thismovementpreventsbubblesfromformingandtherebyreducesthenoisethebladesproduce.Basedonsimulations,thedesigncouldreducecavitationnoiseby20decibels.Researchersintendtostarttestingamodelnextyear.Cavitationcanalsobereducedbyincreasingthenumberofbubbles,ratherthanreducingthem.Researchersataninstitutehaveblownbubblesontoapropeller’sblades,whichcandampentheresultingnoise.Modelscaletestsofthissystemshoweda12decibeldecreaseinlowfrequencynoise.Butshippingnoisedoesnoteonlyfromthepropeller,withroughly20%ingfromenginesandgenerators.Toreducethis,researchershaveexperimentedwithabubblescreengeneratedfromtubespositionedinbeltsaroundtheoutsideoftheship.Thesebubblespreventnoisefromspreading.What’sthepassagemainlyabout?A．Strategiestopreventshipsfrommakingnoise.B．Innovationstominimizeunderwatershipnoise.C．Adaptedpropellerdesignstorestoreunderseaquiet.D．Negativeimpactsofunderwaternoiseonmarinelife.【答案】Bsolution...blades...bubbles...screen...fehaseunderthreatfromshipping,contributingtoariseinunderwatervolumeofapproximately3.3decibelsperdecade.Thetrendshowslittlesignoflevellingoff.”、第四段“Onesolution...integratesflexiblepolymersintothemetalpropellerblades...reducingthenoisethebladesproduce.”及最后一段“Cavitationcanalsobereducedbyincreasingthenumberofbubbles...Researchershaveexperimentedwithabubblescreen...”可知，文章核心介紹應(yīng)對(duì)航運(yùn)噪音威脅的創(chuàng)新技術(shù)，旨在將水下船只噪音最小化，故選B。變式2（某地高三專(zhuān)題練習(xí)）ThesunlikestoremindusthatEarthismerely