EUROPEANSTANDARDNORMEEUROPéENNEEUROP?ISCHENORM

EN50341-2-1

May2020

ICS29.240.20

EnglishVersion

OverheadelectricallinesexceedingAC1kV-Part2-1:National

NormativeAspects(NNAs)forAustria(basedon

EN50341-1:2012)

ThisEuropeanStandardwasapprovedbyCENELECon2020-04-15.

CENELECmembersarethenationalelectrotechnicalcommitteesofAustria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Croatia,Cyprus,theCzechRepublic,

Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,lceland,lreland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,the

Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,RepublicofNorthMacedonia,Romania,Serbia,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,TurkeyandtheUnitedKingdom.

EuropeanCommitteeforElectrotechnicalStandardization

ComitéEuropeendeNormalisationElectrotechniqueEurop?ischesKomiteefürElektrotechnischeNormung

CEN-CENELECManagementCentre:RuedelaScience23,B-1040Brussels

⑥2020CENELECAllrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreservedworldwideforCENELECMembers.

Ref.No.EN50341-2-1:2020E

EN50341-2-1:2020-2/97-Austria

Contents

Page

Europeanforeword 6

1Scope 7

2Normativereferences,definitionsandsymbol 7

2.1Normativereferences 7

2.2Definitions 9

2.3Symbols 10

3Basisofdesign 1

3.2Requirementsofoverheadelectricallines 1

3.2.2Reliabilityrequirement 1

4Actionsonoverheadelectricallines 11

4.3Windloads 11

4.3.1Fieldofapplicationandbasicwindvelocity 1

4.3.2Meanwindvelocity 1

4.3.3Meanwindpressure 12

4.3.4Turbulenceintensityandpeakwindpressure 12

4.4Windloadsonoverheadlinecomponent 12

4.4.1Windloadsonconductors 12

4.4.2Windloadsoninsulatorset 12

4.4.3Windloadsonlatticetowers 13

4.4.4Windloadsonpoles 13

4.5Iceload 13

4.5.1General 13

4.5.2Iceloadsonconductors 13

4.6Combinedwindandiceloads 14

4.6.2Dragfactorsandicedensities 14

4.6.3Meanwindpressureandpeakwindpressure 14

4.6.6Combinationofwindvelocitiesandiceload 14

4.7Temperatureeffects 14

4.11Otherspecialloads 14

4.12Loadcases 15

4.12.2Standardloadcases 15

4.13Partialfactorforactions 24

5Electricalrequirements 24

5.2Currents 24

5.2.1Nominalcurren 24

5.4Classificationofvoltagesandovervoltages 25

5.4.2Representativepowerfrequencyvoltages 25

5.5Minimumairclearancedistancestoavoidflashover 25

5.5.1Genera 25

5.5.3EmpiricalmethodbasedonEuropeanexperience 25

5.6Loadcasesforthecalculationofclearances 25

5.6.1Loadcondition 25

5.6.2Highestconductortemperature 25

5.6.3Windloadsfordeterminationofelectricalclearances 26

5.6.4Iceloadsfordeterminationofelectricalclearances 26

5.6.5Combinedwindandiceloads 26

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5.8Internalclearanceswithinthespanandatthetopofthesuppor 26

5.9Externalclearances 28

5.9.1General 28

5.9.2Externalclearancestogroundinareasremotefrombuilding,roads,et 32

5.9.3Externalclearancestoresidentialandotherbuilding 35

5.9.4Externalclearancestocrossingtrafficroutes 50

5.9.6Externalclearancestootherpowerlinesoroverheadtelecommunicationlines 62

5.9.7Externalclearancestorecreationalareas(playgrounds,sportsgrounds,etc.) 69

5.11Electricalandmagneticfields 71

5.11.1Electricalandmagneticfieldsunderaline 71

6Earthingsystems 71

6.4Dimensioningwithregardtohumansafety 71

6.4.1Permissiblevaluesfortouchvoltages 71

6.4.2Touchvoltagelimitsatdifferentlocations 71

6.4.3Basicdesignofearthingsystemswithregardtopermissibletouchvoltages 72

7Support 72

7.1Initialdesignconsiderations 72

7.1.1Introduction 72

7.3Latticesteeltowers 72

7.4Steelpoles 73

7.4.7Serviceabilityoflimitstates(EN1993-1-1:2005,Section7) 73

7.4.8Resistanceofconnection 73

7.5Woodpoles 73

7.5.3Material 73

7.5.4Durability 73

7.5.5UItimatelimitstates 73

7.5.6Serviceabilitylimitstates 74

7.5.7Resistanceofconnection 74

7.6Concretepoles 75

7.6.4UItimatelimitstates 75

7.6.5Serviceabilitylimitstates 75

7.6.6Designassistedbytesting 75

7.7Guyedstructures 75

7.7.6Designdetailsforguys 75

7.8Otherstructures 76

7.10Maintenancefacilities 76

7.10.3Safetyrequirement 76

8Foundation 76

8.1Introduction 76

8.2Basisofgeotechnicaldesign(EN1997-1:2004,Section2) 76

8.2.2Geotechnicaldesignbycalculation 76

8.2.3Designbyprescriptivemeasures 7

8.6Interactionsbetweensupportfoundationsandsoil 7

9Conductorsandearthwires 7

9.1Introduction 7

9.2Aluminiumbasedconductor 7

9.3Steelbasedconductors 77

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Page

9.3.1Characteristicsanddimension 7

9.3.6Testrequirement 7

9.5Conductorsandearthwireswithopticalfibresfortelecommunicationcircuits 7

9.6Generalrequirements 78

9.6.3Minimumcrosssection 80

9.8Selection,deliveryandinstallationofconductors 81

10Insulator 81

10.2Standardelectricalrequirement 81

10.7Mechanicalrequirements 81

10.10Characteristicsanddimensionsofinsulators 81

10.13Routinetestrequirements 81

11Hardware 81

11.2Electricalrequirements 81

11.2.1Requirementsapplicabletoallfitting 81

11.6Mechanicalrequirements 82

11.9Characteristicsanddimensionsoffiting 82

12Qualityassurance,checksandtaking-over 82

AnnexG(normative)Calculationmethodsforearthingsystem 84

G.4Touchvoltageandbodycurren 84

G.4.1Equivalencebetweentouchvoltageandbodycurrent 84

G.4.2Calculationtakingintoaccountadditionalresistances 85

AnnexH(informative)Installationandmeasurementsofearthingsystem 86

H.1Definitionofsymbolsusedinthisanne 86

H.2Basisfortheverification 86

H.2.2Soilresistivit 86

H.3Installationofearthelectrodesandearthingconductor 86

H.3.2Installationofearthingconductors 86

H.3.2.1Genera 86

H.3.2.2Installingtheearthingconductors 87

H.3.2.3Jointingtheearthingconductors 87

H.4Measurementsforandonearthingsystem 87

H.4.3Measurementofresistancestoearthandimpedancestoeart 87

H.4.4Determinationoftheearthpotentialrise 87

AnnexJ(normative)Anglesinlatticesteeltowers 8

J.4Bucklingresistanceofanglesincompression(see) 8

J.4.1Flexuralbucklingresistance 8

J.5Designresistanceofboltedconnections(see7.3.8) 8

J.5.1General 8

AnnexM(informative)Geotechnicalandstructuraldesignoffoundation 89

M.3Samplesemi-empiricalmodelsforresistanceestimation 89

M.3.1Geotechnicaldesignbyestimation 89

M.3.1.9Pilefoundations 89

AnnexS(normative)Geotechnicalfoundationdesignaccordingtopracticallyprovedmethods

basedoncharacteristicloads 90

S.1Generalconditions 90

S.2Soilcharacteristicvalues 91

S.3Monoblockfoundations 93

S.4Separatefootingfoundation 93

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S.5Pilesandpile-typefoundation 93

S.6Foundationsofwoodenpoles 94

AnnexT(normative)Supplementaryprovisionsforthedesignandrealisationofconcreteand

reinforcedconcretefoundations 95

Annex

l(onnpvrohudclis …............ote)todcblewithteleouitiocmponentscarried96

EN50341-2-1:2020-6/97-Austria

Europeanforeword

1TheAustrianNationalCommitteeisidentifiedbythefollowingaddress:

AustrianElectrotechnicalAssociation

Standardization

Eschenbachgasse,9

A-1010Vienna

Austria

phone+4315876373-0

Nameoftherelevanttechnicalbody:TK-LStarkstromfreileitungenundVerlegungvonEnergiekabeln(Overheadpowerlines)

2TheAustrianNCanditstechnicalbodyTK-L“Overheadpowerlines”ofAustrianElectrotechnical

Association(OVE)preparedthisPart2-1ofEN50341,listingtheAustrianNationalNormativeAspects(NNA)underitssoleresponsibility,anddulypasseditthroughtheCENELECandCLC/TC11

procedures.

NOTETheAustrianNCalsotakessoleresponsibilityforthetechnicallycorrectco-ordinationofthis

EN50341-2-1:2020withEN50341-1:2012.Itperformedthenecessarychecksintheframeofquality

assurance/control.However,itisnotedthatthisqualitycontrolwasmadeintheframeworkofthegeneralresponsibilityofastandardscommitteeunderthenationallaws/regulations.

3ThisEN50431-2-1,hereafterreferredtoasPart2-1,isnormativeinAustriaandinformativeinotherrcountries.

4ThisPart2-1shallbereadinconjunctionwithEN50341-1,hereafterreferredtoasPart1.AllclausenumbersusedinthisNNAcorrespondtothoseofPart1.Specificsubclauses,whichareprefixed“AT”,shallbereadasamendmentstotherelevanttextinPart1.AnynecessaryclarificationregardingtheapplicationofthisNNAinconjunctionwithPart1shallbereferredtotheAustrianNCwhowill,inco-operationwithCLC/TC11,clarifytherequirements.

WhennoreferenceismadeinthisNNAtoaspecificsubclause,thenPart1applies.

5Incaseof“boxedvalues”definedinPart1,amendedvalues,(ifany)whicharedefinedinPart2-1shallbetakenintoaccountinAustria.

However,any“boxedvalue”,whetherinPart1orinthisPart2-1,shallnotbeamendedinthedirectionofgreaterriskinaProjectSpecification.

6TheNationalAustrianstandards/regulationsrelatedtooverheadelectricallinesexceeding1kVACarelistedin2.1ofthisPart2-1.

NOTEAllnationalstandardsreferredtointhisPart2-1willbereplacedbytherelevantEuropeanStandardsassoonastheybecomeavailableandaredeclaredbytheaustrianNCtobeapplicableandthusreportedtothesecretaryofCLC/TC11.

Austria-7/97-EN50341-2-1:2020

1Scope

1.1General

(A-dev)AT.1:Anewoverheadlineisdefinedasthenewconstructionofthetotalityofallconductors,theirsupportstogetherwithfoundations,earthinggrid,insulators,accessoriesandfitingsusedfortheovergroundtransportofelectricalenergybetweentwopointsAandB.

1.2Fieldofapplication

(A-dev)AT.1:Stranded-conductorsorcablestructureswithtelecommunicationscomponentscarriedonthelinethatdonotsimultaneouslyfunctionasearthwiresorstrandedconductorsaresubjecttothe

provisionsofAnnexU.

2Normativereferences,definitionsandsymbols

2.1Normativereferences

(A-dev)AT.1:Normativereferencesandotherpublications

Reference

Title

?NORMB1990-1

Eurocode-Basisofstructuraldesign-Part1:Buildingconstruction-Nationalspecificationsconcerning?NORMEN1990andnationalsupplements

ONORMB1991-1-4

Eurocode1:Actionsonstructures-Part1-4:Generalactions-Windactions-Nationalspecificationsconcerning?NORMEN1991-1-4andnational

supplements

?NORMB1992-1-1

Eurocode2-Designofconcretestructures-Part1-1:Generalrulesandrulesforbuildings-Nationalspecificationsconcerning?NORMEN1992-1-1,

nationalcommentsandnationalsupplements

ONORMB1997-1-1

Eurocode7:Geotechnicaldesign-Part1:Generalrules-National

specificationsconcerning?NORMEN1997-1andnationalsupplements

?NORMB1997-1-3

Eurocode7-Geotechnicaldesign-Part1-3:Pilefoundations

?NORME4007

Electricaloverheadlines;galvanizedsteelstrandedconductors

?NORME4101

Electricaloverheadlines;pininsulatorstypeVHDandtypeVHD-G

?NORME4102

Electricaloverheadlines;solidcorelinepostinsulatorsVKStandVKS

?NORME4104

Electricaloverheadlines;ballandsocket;couplingdimensions

?NORME4125

Electricaloverheadlines;ballandsocket;IEC-couplingdimensions

?NORMEN1090-1

Executionofsteelstructuresandaluminiumstructures-Part1:Assessmentandverificationofconstancyofperformanceofsteelcomponentsand

aluminiumcomponentsforstructuraluse

ONORMEN1090-2

Executionofsteelstructuresandaluminiumstructures-Part2:Technicalrequirementsforsteelstructures

?NORMEN12929-1

Safetyrequirementsforcablewayinstallationsdesignedtocarrypersons-Generalrequirements-Part1:Requirementsforallinstallations

EN50341-2-1:2020

-8/97-Austria

?NORMEN1991-1-4

Eurocode1:Actionsonstructures-Part1-4:Generalactions-Windactions

?NORMEN1992-1-1

Eurocode2:Designofconcretestructures-Part1-1:Generalrulesandrulesforbuildings

?NORMEN1993-1-1

Eurocode3:Designofsteelstructures-Part1-1:Generalrulesandrulesforbuildings

?NORMEN1997-1

Eurocode7:Geotechnicaldesign-Part1:Generalrules

?NORMEN1997-2

Eurocode7-Geotechnicaldesign-Part2:Groundinvestigationandtesting

?NORMEN61232

Aluminium-cladsteelwiresforelectricalpurposes

?VEEN60383-1

Insulatorsforoverheadlineswithanominalvoltageabove1kV-Part1:CeramicorglassinsulatorunitsforACsystems-Definitions,testmethodsandacceptancecriteria

?VEEN60383-2

Insulatorsforoverheadlineswithanominalvoltageabove1000V-Part2:

Insulatorstringsandinsulatorsetsfora.c.systems-Definitions,testmethodsandacceptancecriteria

?VE?NORMEN61109

Insulatorsforoverheadlines-Compositesuspensionandtensioninsulatorsfora.c.systemswithanominalvoltagegreaterthan1000V-Definitions,testmethodsandacceptancecriteria

?VEONORMEN61952

Insulatorsforoverheadlines-CompositelinepostinsulatorsforA.C.systemswithanominalvoltagegreaterthan1000V-Definitions,testmethodsand

acceptancecriteria

?VE/ONORME8383

Powerinstallationsexceeding1kVAC

?VE/ONORMEN50110-1

Operationofelectricalinstallations-Part1:Generalrequirements(Part2-

100:Nationalannexes)

?VE/ONORMEN50182

Conductorsforoverheadlines-Roundwireconcentriclaystranded

conductors

?VE/?NORMEN50189

Conductorsforoverheadlines-Zinccoatedsteelwires

?VE/ONORMEN50522

Earthingofpowerinstallationsexceeding1kVa.c.

?VE/ONORMEN60865-1

Short-circuitcurrents-Calculationofeffects-Part1:Definitionsandcalculationmethods

?VE/ONORMEN61936-1

Powerinstallationsexceeding1kVa.c.-Part1:Commonrules

?VE-L1

Constructionofoverheadlinesupto1000V

OVEDirectiveR23-1

Electrical,magneticandelectromagneticfieldsinthefrequencyrangefrom0Hzto300GHzPart1:Limitingexposureofmembersofthepublic

VbF

FederalDecreeonflammableliquids

VEMF

FederalDecreeonelectromagneticfields

DIN48207

Strandedconductors;layingofstrandedconductorsforoverheadlines

Austria-9/97-EN50341-2-1:2020

2.2Definitions

2.2.5

boxvalues

(A-dev)AT.1:UnlessotherwisespecifiedinanNNA,boxedvaluesaretobeappliedasminimumrequirements.

2.2.109

(ncpt)AT.1:

conductorpull

istheproductoftheratedcrosssectionoftheconductorandthetensilestressactinginthiscrosssectioninthetangentialdirectionofthesagcurve.

(ncpt)AT.2:

tensilestrength

isthevaluederivedfromtheconductorpulldividedbytheratedcrosssectionoftheconductor.

(ncpt)AT.3:

Meantensilestrength

isthehorizontalcomponentofthetensilestressintheconductorthatoccursatthemeanannualtemperature.generally+10℃,excludingwindload.

(ncpt)AT.4:

upwardordownwardpull

istheproductofhorizontalconductorpullandthetangentoftheangleofinclinationofthestraightlineconnectingthetwosuspensionpointsagainstthehorizontal.

(ncpt)AT.5:

ratedcrosssection

ofaconductoristhemetalliccrosssectioncalculatedfromthedatasheets.Theratedcrosssectionofanaerialcablesisdefinedasthemechanicalload-carryingsectionofthecableonly.

(ncpt)AT.6:

span

isthesectorofalinebetweentwoconsecutivesupportsofthatline.

(ncpt)AT.7:

spanlength

isthehorizontaldistancebetweentwoconsecutivesupportsofthatline.

(ncpt)AT.8:

section

isthesectorofanoverheadlinehavingoneormorespansbetweentwoconsecutivetensiontowers.

(ncpt)AT.9:

Aconductorcrossesanobject

when,asaresultofbeingdeflectedbywindactinginthedirectionofthatfacility,theoutlineoftheconductorintersectstheoutlineoftheobject.

(ncpt)AT.10:

crossingspan

ThespantowhichtheconditionaccordingtoAT.9applies.

(ncpt)AT.11:

sag

ofaconductoristheverticallymeasureddistancebetweenapointoftheconductoraxisandthestraightlineconnectingtheconductor'stwopointsofsuspension.

EN50341-2-1:2020-10/97-Austria

(ncpt)AT.12:

fittings

areconstructionalelementswhichareinstalledeitherindividuallyorincombinationonorbetweenconductors,insulatorsaswellasbetweenconductorsorinsulatorsandsupports.

2.3Symbols

(A-dev)AT.1:Symbols

EdTotaldesignvalueoftheeffectofactions

GKCharacteristicvalueofapermanentaction

I↓(h)Turbulenceintensityatareferenceheighthaboveground

kpEarthresistancecoefficient

ke25Coefficientforareturnperiodof25yearsforiceloadsinanoverheadline

networkwithnominalvoltagesexceedingAC1kVuptoandincludingAC45kV

kw25Coefficientforareturnperiodof25yearsforreferencewindpressuresinan

overheadlinenetworkwithnominalvoltagesexceedingAC1kVuptoandincludingAC45kV

MfreqMomentcausedbyfrequentloading

McontMomentcausedbyconductortypeat-5℃excludingwindandice

McharMomentcausedbycharacteristicloadcases

9b,0Basicvelocitypressure

9b,0,50Basicvelocitypressurewithreturnperiodof50years

qIn(h)Meanwindpressureassociatedwithicingatreferenceheighthaboveground

q1p(h)Peakwindpressureassociatedwithicingatreferenceheighthaboveground

qp(h)Peakwindpressureatreferenceheighthaboveground

qp,50(h)Peakwindpressurewithreturnperiodof50yearsatreferenceheighthabove

ground

Vh(h)Meanwindvelocityatreferenceheighthaboveground

W50Windactionwithreturnperiodof50years

WC,IT,50Windactiononice-coveredconductorswithreturnperiodof50years,taking

intoaccounttheenlargeddiameteroftheice-coveredconductorduetotheiceloadI50·

WM,50Windactiononice-freesupportingstructurewithareturnperiodof50years

Wc,50Windactiononice-freeconductorwithareturnperiodof50years

Wc,4,50Windactiononice-freeconductorwithareturnperiodof50years

ZoRoughnesslengthofground

4.12.2/AT.5

4.12.2/AT.5

4.3.4/AT.1S.6/AT.2

4.5.2/AT.1

4.5.2/AT.1

7.6.5/AT.2

7.6.5/AT.2

7.6.5/AT.2

4.3/AT.1

4.12.2/AT.5

4.6.3/AT.1

4.6.3/AT.1

4.3.4/AT.1

4.12.2/AT.5

4.3.2/AT.2

4.12.2/AT.5

4.12.2/AT.5

4.12.2/AT.5

4.12.2/AT.5

4.12.2/AT.5

4.3.2/AT.1

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3Basisofdesign

3.2Requirementsofoverheadelectricallines

3.2.2Reliabilityrequirements

(snc)AT.1:Takingintoaccountthelocaltopographicalandclimaticconditions,loadcases2,3,4,5in

4.12.2donotneedtobetakenintoconsiderationfortemporarylineswithadurationofupto6monthsinseasonsduringwhichnoiceloadsaretobeexpected.

(ncpt)AT.2:Reliabilitylevel1istobeappliedwithareturnperiodof50years.Ahigherreliabilitylevelcanbeappliedforspecificprojects.

4Actionsonoverheadelectricallines

4.3Windloads

4.3.1Fieldofapplicationandbasicwindvelocity

(A-dev)AT.1:ThebasicwindvelocityVb,oandthebasicwindvelocitypressureqb,omustbeselectedforalineoralinesectioninaccordancewith?NORMB1991-1-4.

However,thebasicwindvelocityVb,oisatleast20.0m/secandthebasicwindvelocitypressureqb,0isatleast0.25kN/m2,terraincategoryIlmustbeused.ForoverheadlinesexceedingAC1kVuptoandincludingAC45kV,terraincategoriesIlandIVcanbeassumedinaccordancewithONORMB1991-1-4.

NOTEAT:Ifthealtitudeabovesealevelatthelocationismorethan250metresabovethatofthenearestlocation

specifiedinONORMB1991-14TableA.1,thebasicvaluesofthebasicspeedpressureqb,oaccordingtoTableA.2shallbeassumed,intheabsenceofasite-specificwindanalysis(e.g.fromtheZentralanstaltfürMetereologieund

Geodynamik,Vienna).

4.3.2Meanwindvelocity

(A-dev)AT.1:ThefollowingappliesforterraincategoryIl:

(A-dev)AT.2:ThemeanwindvelocityVn(h)mustbedeterminedaccordingto?NORMB1991-1-4andiscalculatedforterraincategoryllasfollows:

Thefactorfortakingintoaccounttheterrainstructurecois1.0accordingtoONORMB1991-1-4.

EN50341-2-1:2020-12/97-Austria

4.3.3Meanwindpressure

(A-dev)AT.1:Thespecifiedvaluesin?NORMB1991-1-4TableA.1andA.2forthebasicwindvelocity

pressuresarebasedonanairdensityof1.25kg/m3.Dependingonthealtitudeabovesealevel,thespecifiedbasicwindvelocitypressurescanonlybereducedaccordingtoONORMB1991-1-4Table2.

4.3.4Turbulenceintensityandpeakwindpressure

(A-dev)AT.1:TheturbulenceintensityI↓(h)andpeakwindpressureqp(h)mustbedeterminedaccordingto?NORMB1991-1-4forterraincategoryIlasfollows:

4.4Windloadsonoverheadlinecomponents

4.4.1Windloadsonconductors

General

(ncpt)AT.1:ThedesignationsofthecoordinateaxesuandvcomplyinAustriato×(foru)andy(forv).

Thisaffectsthefollowingformulaeandthefigures4.1.aand4.1.b.

(ncpt)AT.2:Theincreaseintensileforcesintheconductorsresultingfromthewindloadscanbeignored

(ncpt)AT.3:Thesedesignationsapplyfor0≤φ≤90°

Theuppersignappliesfor(φ+θ?/2)≤90°,thelowersignfor(φ+θ?/2)>90°.

(ncpt)AT.4:Todeterminethereferenceheightoftheconductorsaboveground,method4or6mustbeappliedandappliesbothforthedeterminationatthetowerandforthedeterminationwithinthespan.Crossingsofvalleysandsimilarsituationsmustbeexaminedseparately.

Structuralfactor

(A-dev)AT.1:ThestructuralfactorforconductorsGcmustbedeterminedaccordingto?NORMB1991-1-4asfollows:

Thepeakfactorkpof3.00mustbetakenintoaccount;theresonanceresponsefactorR2of0.00canbeapplied.

Dragfactor

(ncpt)AT.1:Method1,2or3canbeconsidered.

4.4.2Windloadsoninsulatorsets

(ncpt)AT.1:Thewindloadsoninsulatorsetsmustbetakenintoaccountinthedesignofthesupports.

Gins=1.00andCins=1.20.

Austria-13/97-EN50341-2-1:2020

4.4.3Windloadsonlatticetowers

General

(ncpt)AT.1:Todeterminethewindforcesactingonthetower,method1mustbeused.

ThedragfactorsCt1,andCt2dependonthesolidityratiopanelface1orpanelface2,seeSection

,Figure4.3.Dragfactorsonstandardlatticetowerdesignscanbesettothevalue2.8uniformlyforthewholetower.

NOTEAT:Thevalue2.8alreadytakesintoaccounttheoverallwindloadonthefrontandreartowerp