2026年環(huán)境科學英語術語及翻譯技能測試題一、單選題（每題2分，共20題）說明：下列每題均有四個選項，請選擇最符合題意的答案。1.Theprocessbywhichcarbondioxideisremovedfromtheatmosphereandconvertedintoorganiccompoundsiscalled______.A.PhotosynthesisB.RespirationC.DecompositionD.Nitrogenfixation2.Theterm"greenhousegas"referstoagasthat______.A.AbsorbsandemitsinfraredradiationB.IstransparenttosolarradiationC.PreventsozonedepletionD.Isnaturallyoccurringintheatmosphere3.ThephenomenonwhereheatistrappedintheEarth'satmosphereduetogreenhousegasesisknownas______.A.ThegreenhouseeffectB.TheozonelayerdepletionC.AcidrainD.Eutrophication4.Thelayeroftheatmospherethatabsorbsmostofthesun'sultravioletradiationiscalledthe______.A.TroposphereB.StratosphereC.MesosphereD.Thermosphere5.Theterm"eutrophication"describesasituationwhere______.A.Waterbodiesbecomenutrient-richB.Waterbodiesbecomenutrient-poorC.WaterbodiesexperienceacidificationD.Waterbodiesundergodesalination6.Theprocessofconvertingwasteintoreusablematerialsiscalled______.A.IncinerationB.CompostingC.LandfillingD.Recycling7.Theterm"biodegradable"referstoasubstancethat______.A.CanbebrokendownbymicroorganismsB.IsresistanttochemicaldegradationC.IsmadefromrenewableresourcesD.Isnon-toxictotheenvironment8.Theterm"carbonfootprint"referstothe______.A.TotalamountofcarbondioxideemittedbyhumanactivitiesB.AmountofcarbonstoredinaforestC.CarboncontentinfossilfuelsD.Carbonabsorptioncapacityoftheocean9.Theprocessofreducingwastegenerationthroughchangesinlifestyleandbehavioriscalled______.A.WasteminimizationB.WastemanagementC.WastedisposalD.Wastereduction10.Theterm"sustainabledevelopment"referstodevelopmentthat______.A.MaximizeseconomicgrowthatanycostB.MeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingfuturegenerationsC.PrioritizesindustrializationoverenvironmentalprotectionD.Focusessolelyontechnologicalinnovation二、多選題（每題3分，共10題）說明：下列每題均有四個選項，請選擇所有符合題意的答案。1.Whichofthefollowingareexamplesofgreenhousegases?A.Carbondioxide(CO?)B.Methane(CH?)C.Nitrousoxide(N?O)D.Oxygen(O?)2.ThefollowingarecausesofwaterpollutionEXCEPT______.A.IndustrialdischargeB.AgriculturalrunoffC.NaturalmineraldepositsD.Householdwaste3.ThefollowingaremethodsofwastedisposalEXCEPT______.A.LandfillingB.IncinerationC.CompostingD.Windpowergeneration4.ThefollowingareeffectsofdeforestationEXCEPT______.A.IncreasedcarbonsequestrationB.HabitatlossC.SoilerosionD.Climatechange5.ThefollowingarerenewableenergysourcesEXCEPT______.A.SolarenergyB.WindenergyC.FossilfuelsD.Geothermalenergy6.ThefollowingarecomponentsofthecarboncycleEXCEPT______.A.PhotosynthesisB.RespirationC.VolcaniceruptionsD.Metalextraction7.ThefollowingarewaystoreduceairpollutionEXCEPT______.A.UsingpublictransportationB.BurningfossilfuelsC.PlantingtreesD.Usingenergy-efficientappliances8.ThefollowingarebenefitsofsustainableagricultureEXCEPT______.A.ReducedsoilerosionB.IncreasedpesticideuseC.ImprovedwaterqualityD.Enhancedbiodiversity9.Thefollowingareexamplesofnon-pointsourcepollutionEXCEPT______.A.IndustrialdischargeB.AgriculturalrunoffC.UrbanstormwaterrunoffD.Sewagetreatmentplanteffluent10.ThefollowingarechallengesofglobalwarmingEXCEPT______.A.RisingsealevelsB.IncreasedagriculturalproductivityC.ExtremeweathereventsD.Oceanacidification三、翻譯填空題（每題4分，共5題）說明：請將下列中文句子翻譯成英文。1.水體富營養(yǎng)化是指水體中營養(yǎng)物質過多，導致藻類過度生長。______referstoasituationwhereexcessivenutrientsinwaterbodiesleadtoalgalblooms.2.氣候變化導致極端天氣事件頻發(fā)，如洪水、干旱和熱浪。Climatechangeresultsinthefrequentoccurrenceofextremeweatherevents,suchas______,______,and______.3.可持續(xù)發(fā)展是指在不損害后代利益的前提下滿足當代人的需求。Sustainabledevelopmentreferstomeetingtheneedsofthepresentwithout______theabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds.4.生物多樣性是指地球上所有生物形式的多樣性，包括植物、動物和微生物。BiodiversityreferstothevarietyofalllivingorganismsonEarth,including______,______,and______.5.碳中和是指通過減少溫室氣體排放或增加碳匯，使人為溫室氣體排放量與吸收量相等。Carbonneutralityreferstoachievingastatewhereanthropogenicgreenhousegasemissionsare______bycarbonsinks.四、句子改寫題（每題5分，共5題）說明：請將下列英文句子改寫成另一種表達方式，保持原意不變。1.Theincreaseingreenhousegasemissionshascontributedtoglobalwarming.→______2.Deforestationleadstosoilerosionandlossofbiodiversity.→______3.Recyclinghelpsreducewasteandconservenaturalresources.→______4.Theuseofrenewableenergycanmitigateclimatechange.→______5.Airpollutionaffectshumanhealthandtheenvironment.→______五、段落翻譯題（10分）說明：請將下列中文段落翻譯成英文。中國近年來大力推進生態(tài)文明建設，采取了一系列措施來減少空氣污染和水污染。政府鼓勵使用清潔能源，如太陽能和風能，并限制化石燃料的使用。此外，中國還加強了對工業(yè)廢水的處理，以保護河流和湖泊的生態(tài)環(huán)境。這些努力不僅改善了環(huán)境質量，也為全球可持續(xù)發(fā)展做出了貢獻。答案及解析一、單選題答案1.A2.A3.A4.B5.A6.B7.A8.A9.A10.B解析：1.Photosynthesis（光合作用）是植物吸收二氧化碳并轉化為有機物的過程。2.Greenhousegas（溫室氣體）指能吸收和發(fā)射紅外輻射的氣體。3.Greenhouseeffect（溫室效應）是指溫室氣體導致地球變暖的現(xiàn)象。4.Stratosphere（平流層）含有臭氧層，能吸收紫外線。5.Eutrophication（富營養(yǎng)化）指水體因營養(yǎng)物質過多導致藻類過度生長。6.Composting（堆肥）是將有機廢物轉化為肥料的過程。7.Biodegradable（可生物降解）指能被微生物分解的物質。8.Carbonfootprint（碳足跡）指個人或活動產(chǎn)生的溫室氣體總量。9.Wasteminimization（減量化）指減少廢物產(chǎn)生的措施。10.Sustainabledevelopment（可持續(xù)發(fā)展）指滿足當代需求而不損害后代利益的發(fā)展模式。二、多選題答案1.A,B,C2.C,D3.D4.A5.C6.D7.B8.B9.D10.B解析：1.CO?、CH?和N?O是溫室氣體，O?不是。2.自然礦物沉積（C）和污水處理廠排放（D）不是水污染的典型原因。3.風能發(fā)電（D）不是廢物處理方法。4.增加碳匯（A）是森林的作用，不是導致問題的原因。5.煤炭等化石燃料（C）是不可再生能源。6.金屬提?。―）不屬于碳循環(huán)。7.燃燒化石燃料（B）會加劇空氣污染。8.增加農藥使用（B）與可持續(xù)農業(yè)背道而馳。9.污水處理廠排放（D）是點源污染。10.增加農業(yè)生產(chǎn)力（B）不是全球變暖的挑戰(zhàn)。三、翻譯填空題答案1.Eutrophication2.floods,droughts,heatwaves3.compromising4.plants,animals,microorganisms5.offset解析：1.富營養(yǎng)化是學術術語，直接對應。2.極端天氣事件列舉時用逗號分隔。3.compromisetheability...是常見搭配。4.植物動物微生物是生物多樣性的分類。5.offsetemissions指抵消排放。四、句子改寫題答案1.→Globalwarminghasbeenexacerbatedbytheriseingreenhousegasemissions.2.→Deforestationcausessoilerosionandbiodiversityloss.3.→Recyclinghelpsreducewasteandconservenaturalresources.4.→Renewableenergyusagecanhelpmitigateclimatechange.5.→Airpollutionharmshumanhealthandtheenvironment.解析：改寫時需保持原意，可調整語序或