成都理工大學(xué)測控技術(shù)與儀器專業(yè)英語2026年考試試題(含答案)PartIVocabulary&Terminology(30points,1×30)Directions:Choosethewordorphrasethatisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedpartineachsentence.Writethecorrespondingletter(A–D)ontheanswersheet.1.ThequartztuningforkinsidetheMEMSgyroscopeisdrivenatitsresonantfrequencytoproduceastableCoriolis-inducedvoltage.A.naturalB.dampedC.forcedD.anti-resonantAnswer:A解析：resonantfrequency即“固有頻率”，natural最接近其物理含義。2.Alock-inamplifiercanextractasignalburiedinnoisebyperformingphase-sensitivedetection.A.synchronousB.asynchronousC.stochasticD.chaoticAnswer:A解析：phase-sensitivedetection的核心是同步解調(diào)，synchronous正確。3.Thepiezoresistivecoefficientvarieslinearlywithtemperatureinthedopedsiliconbridge.A.exponentiallyB.proportionallyC.logarithmicallyD.inverselyAnswer:B解析：線性關(guān)系即proportionally。4.Toreducealiasing,thesigma-deltamodulatoremploysoversamplingfollowedbydecimation.A.undersamplingB.downsamplingC.upsamplingD.resamplingAnswer:B解析：decimation即“降采樣”，downsampling同義。5.TheFPGAfirmwareimplementsafinite-statemachinetogovernthetimingoftheTDC.A.infinite-stateB.deterministicC.probabilisticD.analogAnswer:B解析：有限狀態(tài)機(jī)是deterministic的。6.Thesteppermotorstallswhenthetorquedemandedexceedsthepull-outtorque.A.synchronizesB.overheatsC.losessynchronismD.reversesAnswer:C解析：失步即losessynchronism。7.Abaffleplateisinsertedtomitigatestraylightinthespectrometer.A.apertureB.diffuserC.shieldD.gratingAnswer:C解析：baffle用于遮擋雜散光，shield最貼切。8.TheAllandeviationplotexhibitsa?1slopeinthewhite-frequency-noiseregion.A.interceptB.gradientC.asymptoteD.interceptvarianceAnswer:B解析：斜率即gradient。9.TheZiegler–NicholsmethodtunesthePIDcontrollerbypushingthelooptomarginalstability.A.oscillatoryB.overdampedC.underdampedD.criticallydampedAnswer:A解析：邊際穩(wěn)定對(duì)應(yīng)等幅振蕩，oscillatory。10.TheHallsensorissusceptibletooffsetdriftduetotemperaturegradientsacrossthedie.A.immuneB.vulnerableC.indifferentD.proportionalAnswer:B解析：susceptible即vulnerable。11.Thecantilever’sQ-factorisinferredfromthering-downcurveafterimpulseexcitation.A.bandwidthB.decayenvelopeC.phaselagD.hysteresisAnswer:B解析：ring-down即衰減包絡(luò)，decayenvelope。12.AKelvinconnectioneliminatestheresistanceoftheleadsinafour-wireohmmeter.A.remotesensingB.guardingC.bootstrappingD.choppingAnswer:A解析：四線制即remotesensing。13.TheDSPcoreperformsaradix-2FFTinsingle-cycleinstructionsthankstoitsMACunit.A.floating-pointB.multiply-accumulateC.memory-addressD.microcontrollerAnswer:B解析：MAC=multiply-accumulate。14.Theinterferometer’sfringepatternissampledbyaCMOSimagerwith10-bitdepth.A.resolutionB.dynamicrangeC.quantizationlevelD.framerateAnswer:C解析：bitdepth決定量化等級(jí)，quantizationlevel。15.Thestraingaugerosettemeasuresthebiaxialstressstateviathreeindependentgrids.A.uniaxialB.triaxialC.planarD.hydrostaticAnswer:C解析：平面應(yīng)力狀態(tài)即planar。16.Alookuptablecompensatesforthethermocouple’snon-linearEMF-temperaturerelation.A.calibrationcurveB.interpolationC.linearizationD.amplificationAnswer:C解析：線性化即linearization。17.TheavalanchephotodiodeisbiasedaboveitsbreakdownvoltageinGeigermode.A.linearB.quenchedC.reverseD.forwardAnswer:C解析：雪崩區(qū)為反向偏置，reverse。18.Theroot-mean-squarevalueofthequantizationnoiseequalsq/√12.A.peak-to-peakB.standarddeviationC.crestfactorD.varianceAnswer:B解析：RMS即標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差，standarddeviation。19.Thefly-backdiodeprotectstheMOSFETfrominductivekickback.A.snubberB.freewheelingC.clampingD.bootstrapAnswer:B解析：續(xù)流二極管即freewheelingdiode。20.TheLVDT’soutputphasereverseswhenthecorecrossesthenullpoint.A.amplitudeB.polarityC.frequencyD.waveformAnswer:B解析：相位反向即polarityreversal。21.Thecoherencelengthofthelaserdictatesthemaximuminterferometerpathdifference.A.monochromaticityB.divergenceC.bandwidthD.polarizationAnswer:C解析：相干長度與譜寬成反比，bandwidth。22.TheNyquistcriterionrequiressamplingatleasttwicethehighestfrequencycomponent.A.ShannonB.ParsevalC.FourierD.LaplaceAnswer:A解析：奈奎斯特-香農(nóng)采樣定理。23.TheWheatstonebridgeisbalancedwhentheratioofadjacentresistancesisequal.A.zerooutputB.maximumoutputC.90°phaseD.resonanceAnswer:A解析：平衡時(shí)輸出為零。24.TheKalmanfilterrecursivelyminimizesthemean-squareestimationerror.A.batchB.adaptiveC.recursiveD.staticAnswer:C解析：遞歸即recursive。25.ThetorquerippleinaBLDCmotorissuppressedbysinusoidalcommutation.A.trapezoidalB.square-waveC.sine-waveD.six-stepAnswer:C解析：正弦換相即sinusoidal。26.TheautocorrelationfunctionofwhitenoiseisaDiracdelta.A.impulseB.stepC.rampD.sinusoidAnswer:A解析：δ函數(shù)即impulse。27.ThevirtualinstrumentpanelisdesignedwithLabVIEW’sG-language.A.graphicalB.textualC.scriptedD.assemblyAnswer:A解析：G語言即graphicalprogramming。28.Thedead-bandinthepotentiometerwipercausesadiscontinuityinthetransfercurve.A.hysteresisB.backlashC.saturationD.discontinuityAnswer:D解析：dead-band直接造成discontinuity。29.TheMEMSaccelerometer’sproofmassissuspendedbyfoldedbeamstolowerthespringconstant.A.stiffenB.reduceC.compensateD.amplifyAnswer:B解析：降低剛度即reduce。30.TheSCPIcommand“MEAS:VOLT:DC?”returnstheinstantaneousDCvoltage.A.protocolB.syntaxC.queryD.headerAnswer:C解析：“?”表示查詢，query。PartIIReadingComprehension(40points)Directions:Readthetwopassagescarefullyandanswerthequestionsthatfollow.PassageA(20points)Theemergenceofmulti-axisinertialmeasurementunits(IMUs)fabricatedonasinglesilicondiehasrevolutionizednavigation-gradeinstrumentation.Byco-integratingthreegyroscopes,threeaccelerometersandamagnetometer,modernIMUsachievesub-degree-per-hourbiasstabilitywhileconsuminglessthan5mW.Thekeyenablingtechnologyisthehigh-aspect-ratiotrench-refillprocessthatyields100μm-thickpolysiliconstructureswithsub-microncapacitivegaps.Thesegapsarebiasedwitha2MHzsquare-wavecarrierwhoseamplitudeisservo-controlledto0.01%.Theresultingelectrostaticforce-feedbackloopnullstheproof-massdisplacement,therebylinearizingthescalefactorto50ppmover?40°Cto+85°C.Temperaturedriftiscompensatedbyembeddingadistributedplatinumresistornetworkwhoseresistancemapisreadby24-bitsigma-deltaADCs.Anovelfeatureistheon-chipvacuummaintenancelayer:a200nmAl?O?thinfilmdepositedbyatomic-layerdeposition(ALD)createsahermeticsealwithheliumleakratesbelow1×10?13Pa·m3/s.Consequently,thequalityfactorQofthedrivemodeexceeds50000at1kHz,translatingintoaBrownian-noisefloorof0.001°/s/√Hz.Finally,atriple-redundantdigitalsignalprocessor(DSP)votingschemeeliminatessingle-eventupsets(SEUs)causedbycosmicraysataviationaltitudes.Questions1–5(4×5=20points)1.Whatistheprimarypurposeofthe2MHzsquare-wavecarrier?A.ToheatthestructureB.Tobiasthecapacitivegapsforforce-feedbackC.ToclocktheDSPD.ToexcitethemagnetometerAnswer:B解析：第二段明確說明carrier用于偏置電容間隙以實(shí)現(xiàn)力反饋。2.TheAl?O?ALDlayerismainlyintendedtoA.increaseelectricalconductivityB.reducepackagestressC.maintainvacuumD.shieldmagneticfieldsAnswer:C解析：hermeticseal保持真空。3.Thebiasstabilityof0.001°/s/√HzislimitedbyA.electronicnoiseB.BrowniannoiseC.quantizationnoiseD.temperaturedriftAnswer:B解析：文中直接指出Brownian-noisefloor。4.Triple-redundantDSPvotingisemployedtocopewithA.thermalrunawayB.cosmic-ray-inducedSEUsC.solderfatigueD.EMIAnswer:B解析：single-eventupsets由宇宙射線引起。5.Thescale-factorlinearityisimprovedprimarilythroughA.electrostaticforce-feedbackB.platinumresistortrimmingC.ALDcoatingD.magneticshieldingAnswer:A解析：force-feedbackloop線性化比例因子。PassageB(20points)Time-to-digitalconverters(TDCs)withpicosecondresolutionareindispensableforlightdetectionandranging(LiDAR)systemsdeployedinautonomousvehicles.Aconventionaldelay-lineTDCsuffersfrompoordifferentialnon-linearity(DNL)duetorandommismatchesofinverterdelays.Toovercomethis,aVernierringoscillator(VRO)architectureneststworingoscillatorswhosefrequenciesdifferby1%.Thebeatphaseisquantizedby128arbiters,yieldinganequivalentresolutionof5pswithoutrequiringanyexternalreferencefasterthan40MHz.Moreover,adynamicelementmatching(DEM)algorithmrotatesthearbiterselectionpatterneveryclockcycle,convertingsystematicnon-linearityintowhitenoisethatissubsequentlyfilteredbyamoving-averagedecimationfilter.Thefilter’sgroupdelayiscompensatedinsoftwarebyapredictiveKalmanfilterwhosestatevectorincludesrange,velocityandacceleration.Fabricatedin28nmCMOS,theprototypeoccupies0.12mm2anddissipates3.2mWat1V.MeasurementsshowaDNLbelow0.1LSBandanintegralnon-linearity(INL)of0.3LSBovera200nsrange.Temperaturecharacterizationfrom?55°Cto125°Crevealsatemperaturecoefficientof0.2ps/°C,attributedtothetemperature-compensatedcurrentreferencebasedonathreshold-voltage-trackingbiasgenerator.Questions6–10(4×5=20points)6.The1%frequencyoffsetbetweenthetworingsproducesA.aVerniereffectB.injectionlockingC.aliasingD.jitteramplificationAnswer:A解析：Vernier原理依賴微小頻差。7.DEMisusedtoA.increasepowerB.whitensystematicerrorsC.reducevoltageD.amplifyarbitersAnswer:B解析：將系統(tǒng)非線性轉(zhuǎn)為白噪聲。8.TheKalmanfiltercompensatesforA.DNLB.groupdelayC.powerspikesD.arbiters’offsetAnswer:B解析：補(bǔ)償濾波器群延遲。9.Thetemperaturecoefficientof0.2ps/°CisprimarilylimitedbyA.thecurrentreferenceB.thearbitersC.thedecimationratioD.thepackageAnswer:A解析：閾值跟蹤偏置發(fā)生器決定溫漂。10.Theeffectiveresolutionof5psisachievedwithoutA.ahigh-frequencyexternalclockB.aPLLC.aDLLD.areferenceoscillatorAnswer:A解析：無需外部高速參考。PartIIITranslation(20points)Directions:TranslatethefollowingtwoparagraphsintoEnglishorChineseasindicated.1.將下列中文段落譯成英文：激光三角法位移傳感器利用位置敏感探測器（PSD）實(shí)時(shí)獲取被測物體表面的高度信息。為了抑制由于表面顏色差異引起的反射率波動(dòng)，系統(tǒng)采用雙波長對(duì)稱照明結(jié)構(gòu)，并通過歸一化差分算法消除共模誤差。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，在±5mm的量程內(nèi)，線性度優(yōu)于0.05%FS，分辨率達(dá)到0.1μm。Answer:Thelaser-triangulationdisplacementsensoremploysaposition-sensitivedetector(PSD)toacquirereal-timeheightinformationofthemeasuredsurface.Tosuppressreflectancefluctuationscausedbysurfacecolorvariations,thesystemadoptsadual-wavelengthsymmetricilluminationstructureandeliminatescommon-modeerrorsthroughanormalizeddifferencealgorithm.Experimentalresultsdemonstratealinearitybetterthan0.05%FSwithina±5mmrangeandaresolutionof0.1μm.2.將下列英文段落譯成中文：Theadventofmachine-learning-enhancededgecomputinghasenabledMEMSinertialsensorstoperformin-situself-calibrationbyexploitingconvolutionalneuralnetworkstrainedontemperature-varyingdatasets.ByoffloadinginferencetaskstoatinyMLcoreembeddedwithinthesensorpackage,biasinstabilityisreducedby30%withoutincreasingthehostmicrocontroller’scomputationalburden.Answer:機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)增強(qiáng)的邊緣計(jì)算技術(shù)使MEMS慣性傳感器能夠利用在溫度變化數(shù)據(jù)集上訓(xùn)練的卷積神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行原位自校準(zhǔn)。通過將推理任務(wù)卸載至封裝內(nèi)嵌的tinyML內(nèi)核，偏置不穩(wěn)定性降低了30%，且未增加主控微控制器的計(jì)算負(fù)擔(dān)。PartIVClozeTest(10points)Directions:Fillineachblankwiththemostappropriateword.Writethewordontheanswersheet.Passage:Inaclosed-loopaccelerometer,theproofmassismaintainedatitsnominalpositionbyelectrostaticforce-feedback.Whenanexternalaccelerationisapplied,thedisplacementissensedbyadifferentialcapacitivebridgewhoseoutputis(1)_______byalow-noisechargeamplifier.Theamplifiedvoltageisthen(2)_______toasigma-deltamodulatorthatproducesaone-bitdatastream.Thisstreamdrivesafeedbackvoltagegeneratorwhoseoutputis(3)_______totheproofmassthroughelectrostaticactuationelectrodes,thusbalancingtheinertialforce.Theaveragevalueofthebitstreamis(4)_______proportionaltotheappliedaccelerationandcanbedecimatedtoyielda24-bitdigitalword.Tosuppressthetemperaturedriftofthespringconstant,a(5)_______resistorisintegratedonthesuspensionbeamstosensetemperaturechangesinrealtime.Finally,athird-ordercascaded-of-ma(6)_______filterremovesthehigh-frequencyquantizationnoise,ensuringaneffectiveresolutionbelow10μg/√Hz.Theentiresignalchainis(7)_______byaband-gapreferencewhosetemperaturecoefficientistrimmedto1ppm/°C.Powermanagementishandledbya(8)_______DC-DCconverterthatdelivers1.8Vfroma3Vcoincellwith92%efficiency.Electromagneticinterferenceismitigatedthrough(9)_______shieldinganddifferentialsignaling,whilemechanicalshockisattenuatedby(10)_______stoppersetchedbeneaththeproofmass.Answers:1.detected2.fed3.applied4.directly5.piezoresistive6.modulator7.referenced8.buck9.Faraday10.over-travelPartVErrorCorrection(10points)Directions:Eachlinecontainsoneerror.Identifyandcorrectit.1.Thethermistor’sresistancedecreaseexponentiallywithrisingtemperature.→decreases2.AhighQ-factorisdesirablebecauseitamplifythesignal-to-noiseratio.→amplifies3.TheDSPimplementa512-pointFFTeverymillisecond.→implements4.Anoffsetvoltagebelow1μVarerequiredforneuralrecording.→is5.Thelaserbeamismodulateat50kHztoreduce1/fnoise.→modulated6.PhasenoiseisexpressindBc/Hzatagivenoffset.→expressed7.ThecalibrationcoefficientwasstoreinEEPROM.→stored8.Eachchannelshasitsown24-bitADC.→channel9.Theproofmassaresurroundedbydampingholes.→is10.Oversamplingdonotimprovethesignal-to-noiseratiounlessnoiseshapingisemployed.→doesPartVIWriting(40points)Directions:Writeanessayofnofewerthan300wordsonthefollowingtopic:“Discusshowsoftware-definedinstrumentationreshapestheroleofhardwareinmodernmeasurementsystems.”SampleAnswer:Software-definedinstrumentation(SDI)decouplesmeasurementfunctionalityfromdedicatedhardware,migratingsignalconditioning,dataconversionandevencalibrationalgorithmsintoreprogrammablecode.Byabstractingphysicallayersbehindapplicationprogramminginterfaces(APIs),thesameanalogfront-endcanmorphfroma100MHzoscilloscopeintoa24-bitimpedanceanalyzerwithinmilliseconds.Thisshiftrelegateshardwaretotheroleofanagilesignal-acquisitiongatewaywhoseprimarymetricsbecomedynamicrange,noisedensityandbandwidth,ratherthanfixedmeasurementpersonalities.Consequently,capitalexpendituremigratesfromnumerousspecializedboxestoasingle,high-performancehardwareplatformwhosecapabilitiesevolvethroughover-the-airfirmwareupdates.Moreover,SDIfostersalgorithmicenhancement:nonlineartemperaturedriftsarecorrectedinrealtimebyneuralnetworksrunningonembeddedGPUs,whilesyntheticinstrumentsexploitcompressed-sensingtobreakthetraditionalNyquistsamplingbarrier.Theboundarybetweenmeasurementandcomputationblurs,enablingedgedevicestostreampre-analyzed,metadata-richwaveformsinsteadofrawADCsamples,therebyalleviatingcloudbandwidth.However,thisabstractiondemandsrigorousverification:softwarebugsnowmanifestasmetrologicalerrors,requiringnewstandardsthatquantifycode-induceduncertainty.Ultimately,SDItransformshardwarefromarigidconstraintintoareconfigurablecanvas,empoweringengineerstoiteratemeasurementscienceatthespeedofsoftware.PartVIIIntegratedDesignProblem(50points)Directions:AMEMScapacitiveaccelerometerhasanoisefloorof10μg/√Hzandafull-scalerangeof±2g.Youaretodesigna20-bitdigitaloutputsystem.1.Calculatetheminimumsamplingraterequiredtoachieveaneffectiveresolutionof1μgundera1kHzsignalbandwidth.(10points)Answer:Noisepowerwithin1kHz:(10μg/√Hz)2×1000Hz=0.1(μg)2.Desiredquantizationnoisepower≤0.1(μg)2→q2/12≤0.1→q≤1.095μg.With1μgLSB,oversamplingratio(OSR)mustyield20-bitdynamicrange.DR=6.02×20+1.76=122dB.Noiseshapingof2nd-ordersigma-deltaprovides15dB/decade.RequiredOSR≈10^(122/15)≈15848.Minimumsamplingrate=2×1kHz×√15848≈252kHz.2.Determinethermsvalueofthetotalnoiseattheoutputifthebandwidthislimitedbya5th-orderButterworthfilterwith500Hzcut-off.(10points)Answer:Noisebandwidthof5th-orderButterworth:Bn=1.057×500Hz=528.5Hz.Noisefloor10μg/√Hz→rmsnoise=10μg×√528.5=229.9μg.3.Proposeadigitalcompensationschemefortemperaturedriftofthescalefactor(temperaturecoefficient200ppm/°C)usinga2-pointcalibrationat0°Cand70°C.Providetheformula.(15points)Answer:LetTbecurrenttemperature,S(T)scalefactor.CalibratedS_cal(T)=S(0°C)×[1+α×(T?0)],whereαiscomputedfromα=[S(70°C)?S(0°C)]/[70×S(0°C)].Digitaloutputa_rawiscorrectedviaa_corr=a_raw/[1+α×T].4.EstimatethepowerconsumptionoftheADCifthefigure-of-merit(FoM)is50fJ/conv-stepandtheoutputdatarateis252kHzwith20-bitresolution.(15points)Answer:Conversionstepspersecond=252kHz×22?≈2.64×1011steps/s.Power=FoM×steps/s=50×10?1?J×2.64×1011≈13.2mW.PartVIIIListeningTranscript&Questions(30points)(Note:Intheactualexam,thissectionisdeliveredviaaudio.Thetranscriptisprovidedhereforstudy.)Transcript:Professor:Goodmorning.Todaywe’llexplorethesubtleartofphase-lockedloop(PLL)designforsensorreadout.Consider