1、) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as.as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other 明喻（simile）是以兩種具有相同特

2、征的事物和現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對(duì)比，表明本體和喻體之間的相似關(guān)系，兩者都在對(duì)比中出現(xiàn)。常用比喻詞like, as, as if, as though等 For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country./ This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. 2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but un

3、like a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. 隱喻（metaphor）這種比喻不通過(guò)比喻詞進(jìn)行，而是直接將用事物當(dāng)作乙事物來(lái)描寫(xiě)，甲乙兩事物之間的聯(lián)系和相似之處是暗含的。 For example, the world is a stage./ The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 3) Analogy: (類比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metapho

4、r which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance. 4) Personification: (擬人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(賦予) to inanimate(無(wú)生命的) obje

5、cts, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象).擬人（personification）這種修辭方法是把人類的特點(diǎn)、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物擬人，以達(dá)到彼此交融，合二為一。 1、She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer.(From“ Watching Ants”) 一個(gè)夏天她可能生育成千上萬(wàn)個(gè)孩子。 這里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人類婦女的生育。 For example, the wind whistled through the trees. 5) Hyperbole: (

6、夸張） It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. 夸張（hyperbole）這是運(yùn)用豐富的想象，過(guò)激的言詞，渲染和裝飾客觀事物，以達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。 1、My blood froze. 我的血液都凝固了。For instance, he almost died laughing. 6) Understatement: (含蓄陳述） It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of

7、 emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter. 7) Euphemism: (委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(無(wú)冒犯) expression for on

8、e that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to die as” pass away. 8) Metonymy (轉(zhuǎn)喻） It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces). 借代（metonymy）

9、是指兩種不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一種事物名稱代替另一種。 1、Several years later, word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them. 幾年以后，他們聽(tīng)說(shuō)拿破侖要親自來(lái)視察他們。 “word”在這里代替了“news, information”（消息、信息） 2、Al spoke with his eyes,“yes”. 艾爾用眼睛說(shuō)，“是的”。 “說(shuō)”應(yīng)該是嘴的功能，這里實(shí)際上是用眼神表達(dá)了“說(shuō)話的意思”。 9) Synecdoche (提喻） It is involves the

10、substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. 提喻（synecdoche）又稱舉隅法，主要特點(diǎn)是局部代表全體，或以全體喻指部分，或以抽象代具體，或以具體代抽象。1、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men. 長(zhǎng)城不僅是用石頭和土建造的，而且是用幾百萬(wàn)人的血和肉建成的。 句中的“the flesh and blood”喻為“the great sacri

11、fice”（巨大的犧牲） For instance, they say theres bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks. 10) Antonomasia (換喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a

12、traitor. 11) Pun: (雙關(guān)語(yǔ)） It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. 雙關(guān)語(yǔ)（pun）是以一個(gè)詞或詞組，用巧妙的辦法同時(shí)把互不關(guān)聯(lián)的兩種含義結(jié)合起來(lái)，以取得一種詼諧有趣的效果。 Napoleon was astonished.”Either you are mad, or I am,”he declared. “Both，sir!”cried the Swede proudly. “Both”一詞一語(yǔ)雙關(guān)，既指拿破侖和這位士兵都是瘋子，又指這位戰(zhàn)士參加過(guò)拿破侖指揮的兩次

13、戰(zhàn)役。 For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here arms has two meanings: a persons body; weapons carried by a soldier.)/ Napoleon was astonished.”Either you are mad, or I am,”he declared. “Both，sir!”cried the Swede proudly. “Both”一詞一語(yǔ)雙關(guān)，既指拿破侖和這位士兵都是瘋子，又指這位戰(zhàn)士參加過(guò)拿破侖指揮的

14、兩次戰(zhàn)役 12) Syllepsis: (一語(yǔ)雙敘） It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He

15、 addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.) In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and car

16、eer. (Here to losing ones limbs in literal; to lose ones mind is figurative, and means to go mad.) 13) Zeugma: (軛式搭配） It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in differe

17、nt senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn) 14) Irony: (反語(yǔ)） It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sens

18、e.反語(yǔ)（irony）是指用含蓄的褒義詞語(yǔ)來(lái)表示其反面的意義，從而達(dá)到使本義更加幽默，更加諷刺的效果。 Well, of course, I knew that gentlemen like you carry only large notes. 啊，當(dāng)然，我知道像你這樣的先生只帶大票子。 店員這句話意在諷刺這位穿破衣的顧客：像你這樣的人怎么會(huì)有大票子呢？名為“gentlemen”實(shí)則“beggar”而已。 For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good. 15) Innuendo: (暗諷） It is a

19、mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不贊美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom. 16) Sarcasm: (諷刺） It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It

20、attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through. 17) Paradox: (似非而是的雋語(yǔ)） It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or pr

21、oposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more haste, less speed. 18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修飾） It is a compresse

22、d paradox, formed by the conjoining(結(jié)合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不協(xié)調(diào)) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混亂) and proud humility(侮辱). 19) Antithesis: (對(duì)照） It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve empha

23、sis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden. 20) Epigram: (警句） It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(強(qiáng)烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for t

24、he poor. 21) Climax: (漸進(jìn)） It is derived from the Greek word for ladder and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered. 22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降）It is t

25、he opposite of Climax. It involves stating ones thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(賦予) a college, or a cat. 23) Apostrophe： (頓呼） In this figure

26、of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. For instance, England! awake! awake! awake! 24) Transferred Epithet: (轉(zhuǎn)類形容詞） It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transf

27、erred from the noun it should rightly modify(修飾) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleepless nights on my project. 25) Alliteration: (頭韻） It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at f

28、requent intervals(間隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called front rhyme. For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free. 頭韻法（alliteration）在文句中有兩個(gè)以上連結(jié)在一起的詞或詞組，其開(kāi)頭的音節(jié)有同樣的字母或聲音，以增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言的節(jié)奏感。 How and why he had come to Prin

29、ceton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness.26) Onomatopoeia: (擬聲） It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement. 擬聲（onomatcpocia）是摹仿自然界中非語(yǔ)言的聲音，其發(fā)音和所描寫(xiě)的事物

30、的聲音很相似，使語(yǔ)言顯得生動(dòng)，富有表現(xiàn)力。 1、On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing. 在學(xué)校房屋的屋頂上一些鴿子正輕輕地咕咕叫著。 2、She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or feltsunlight, the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one. 她使我接觸到所有夠得著的或者感覺(jué)得到的東西，如陽(yáng)光呀，絲綢擺動(dòng)時(shí)的沙