1、Unit 4一、授課時間：第8、9周二授課類型：理論課9課時；實踐課3課時三授課題目：Diogenes and Alexander四授課時數(shù)：12五教學(xué)目的和要求：通過講授課文使大學(xué)生了解有關(guān)犬儒哲學(xué)的有關(guān)知識，學(xué)會用英語解釋句子以達(dá)到學(xué)以致用的目的。要求學(xué)生主動地預(yù)習(xí)課文，課前準(zhǔn)備練習(xí)，學(xué)會分析文章體裁和進行段落劃分。六教學(xué)重點和難點：1）背景知識的傳授：Diogenes and Cynicism (doggishness)；2）文章的體裁分析及段落劃分；3）語言點的理解：Word study: account; possess; form; roll; elaborateGrammar F

2、ocus: The function of adverbial modifier in different sentences; Patterns: the first/second, ect./the next/last+to-infinitive; the first, ect. + who/that clause七教學(xué)基本內(nèi)容和綱要Part One Warm up1.1 Warm-up Questions1.2 Define the following words and phrasesPart Two Background Information2.1 Differences and

3、similarities between Diogenes and AlexanderPart Three Text Appreciation3.1 Text Analysis3.1.1 Theme of the text 3.1.2 Structure of the text3.2 Writing Devices3.2.1 Contrast3.2.2 Developing paragraphs by examples3.2.3 Other ways of developing paragraphs?3.3 Sentence ParaphrasePart Four Language Study

4、4.1 Phrases and Expressions 4.1.1 Word list:4.1.2 Phrases and expressions list: 4.1.3 Word Building4.2 Grammar 4.2.1 Object Part Five Extension5.1 Group discussion八、教學(xué)方法和措施本單元將運用黑板、粉筆、多媒體網(wǎng)絡(luò)輔助教學(xué)設(shè)備等教學(xué)手段，主要采用以學(xué)生為主體、教師為主導(dǎo)的任務(wù)型、合作型等教學(xué)模式，具體運用教師講授法、師生討論、生生討論等方法進行教學(xué)。九作業(yè)，討論題，思考題完成課后練習(xí)；多看英語報刊雜志及英語經(jīng)典小說，擴大閱讀量；精聽

5、與泛聽相結(jié)合，逐步提高自己的聽力水平；積極參加英語角等有助于提高英語口語的活動；堅持用英語寫日記；做一些專四相關(guān)練習(xí)；十參考資料：1) 楊立民主編,現(xiàn)代大學(xué)英語精讀（3）第二版，學(xué)生用書。北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社,2012。2) 楊立民主編,現(xiàn)代大學(xué)英語精讀（3）第二版，教師用書。北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社,2012。3) 李觀儀主編，新編英語教程（第三、四冊）。上海:上海外語教學(xué)研究出版, 1999。4) 黃源深，虞蘇美等主編，綜合英語教程（1-4冊）。北京：高等教育出版社，1998。 5) 高等學(xué)校英語專業(yè)英語教學(xué)大綱，北京：外語教學(xué)研究出版社，2000。6) Judy Pearsall

6、主編，新牛津英語詞典。上海：上海外語教育出版社，1998。7) 丁往道、吳冰等編著，英語寫作手冊。北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社。8) 張道真，現(xiàn)代英語用法詞典（重排本）。北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，1994。9) 張道真，溫志達(dá), 英語語法大全上、下卷。北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，1998。十一、課后小結(jié)Unit 4 Diogenes and AlexanderPart One Warm up1.1 Warm-up Questions1. What does the author tell us about Diogenes? Who was he? What was his philosoph

7、y? What did he think was the problem with people? How did he intend to help them? What were the key values he promoted? How, in his opinion, could we find true happiness?2. What does the author tell us about Alexander? What did this king have in common with Diogenes, the beggar? Why was Alexander co

8、nsidered a man of destiny?3. How would you contrast the two characters? Why did Alexander decide to visit Diogenes? What did Diogenes really mean when he said that Alexander was blocking the sunlight?1.2 Define the following words and phrases1. a mischievous pebble 2. elaborate3. by design 4. restra

9、ined5. chivalrousPart Two Background Information2.1 Differences and similarities between Diogenes and Alexander1. Who was Diogenes? A beggarA philosopherA missionary2. Doctrine: Cynicism the doctrine that scorned worldly needs and pleasures and held that virtue was the key to the only good3. Cynicis

10、m in modern sense: the belief of a cynic, who maintains that people are all motivated by selfishness, that no one will help others for good and sincere reasons4. What are the major tenets (principles) of Cynicism? Do you find any expressions of these principles in the text?self-sufficiencyshamelessn

11、essoutspokennessperfection of virtue5. AlexanderMacedonian King: son of PhilipThe Thinker: student of AristotleThe Conqueror: Greece, Asia, EgyptWhy do you think he wanted to bring so many regions under his rule?the Great Empire Part Three Text Appreciation3.1 Text Analysis3.1.1 Character AnalysisDi

12、ogenes: the beggar (paras. 1-3)Diogenes: a free manOther people: half-menSheltercask, a storage jar made of earthenwarea house (big, with many rooms)Furniturenonebeds, chairs, etc. (elaborate)Dressblanket (half-naked)clothes (expensive)Foodbits of food begged from others, drinking from his hollowed

13、handselaboratePossessionsnonehorses, servants, bank accounts (anxious)Nature of the lifea life by choice, out of principle natural, healthy, independent a life as slaves of their possessions artificial, anxious, loss of virtueThere are contrasts within the broad contrast. How did Diogenes contrast w

14、ith ordinary homeless people?Diogenes: the philosopher (para. 4)“A Socrates gone mad”: repositioning of convention below nature and reasonThree key principles:living in accord with naturetotal disregard of conventionindependence (freedom) being the only true, lasting goodDiogenes: the missionary (pa

15、ra. 5)Comparison with ordinary hermitsSimilarities: Both grew tired of human society with its complications and wanted to live simply.Differences:hermitswent away to live simplyon a small farm, in a quiet village or a caveDiogeneshad a sense of mission, deliberately chose to live in the busy streets

16、 in Athens or Corinth, in order to convert people What was his mission?“to restamp the currency”call people back to the natural way of lifetrue lifeDiogenes: ways of teaching (para. 6)How did Diogenes differ from other philosophers of his time?Plato: taught his private pupils in his Academy, which h

17、e founded as one of the earliest centers of advanced learning in the world. Aristotle: taught his own private pupils by the use of laboratory, instruments, and specimens.Diogenes: taught all those who would care to listen by his own example or by taking people around him for examples. He carried a l

18、ighted lamp in broad daylight and inspected the face of everyone he met.“When you are all so busy, I feel I ought to do something!”Alexander: citizen of the world (paras. 11-13)1. King: different from other Macedonians drinking?women?fighting?2. Thinker: Aristotles pupil, he learned culturephilosoph

19、yprinciples of scientific research3. Conquerortook command of the League of Greek Statescommander-in-chief of a new expedition against old, rich, corrupt AsiaThe Dramatic Encounter (paras. 14-17)The differences and similarities between the two historical characters. DifferencesDiogenes Alexander Phy

20、sical appearancelying on the bare earth, shoeless, bearded, half-naked, like a beggar, a doghandsome face, fiery glance, strong body, purple and gold cloak, air of destinyIdentificationphilosopher, missionarygreat monarch, conquerorStatuslow, treated with contempt and disapproval high, treated with

21、respect, greeted with a bow and acclamationPossessions & Powernone, rejecting possession or powerland and absolute powerMission“restamp the currency”: to call people back to the simple and natural lifetrue valuebring people of the whole world to the light of civilizationSimilarities 1. Both were gre

22、at thinkers.2. Both had a sense of mission.3. Both were “citizens of the world,” admiring the heroic figure of Hercules, who labored for mankind.4. Both were free. 3.1.2 Structure of the textParas. 1-10Diogenes (life, philosophy, mission, ways of teaching)Paras. 11-13Alexander (a philosopher king wi

23、th an inquiring, noble mind)Paras. 14-17their dramatic encounterRelevant questions:1. Question: What do you know about the historical background of the people discussed in the essay?2. Question: What does the essay tell us about Diogenes and Alexander?3. Question: What is a possible reason for an au

24、thor to take the time to write an essay like this describing people who are long dead and gone?4.Question: How is the essay structured?5. Question: Try to find more information about these two historical figures to share with your classmates.6. Question: Underline the parts of the text that you find

25、 particularly well-put and interesting.7. Question: Be ready to give comments on the essay.3.2 Writing Devices1 Comparison & Contrast examplesuse transitional words or expressions to make comparison and achieve unity: not so (para. 5), the otherbut for (para. 6)He was one, but not the other. (para.1

26、)Not so Diogenes. (para. 5)But for Diogenes, (para.6)Alexander was far older and wiser than his years. (para. 12)Like all Macedonians he loved (para. 12)he was a magnificent commander, but he was not merely a military automaton. (para.12)Only Diogenes, although he lived in Corinth, did not visit the

27、 new monarch. (para.13)Diogenes merely sat upDiogenes said nothing. (para. 14)He understood Cynicism as the others could not. (para. 17)Like Diogenes, he admired (para. 17)who labored to help mankind while all others toiled (para.17)use transitional paragraph to achieve coherence2. Parallelism achie

28、ve increased strength, sounding more powerful, more effective, e.g. para. 143. Euphemism e.g. done his business, natural acts4. Transferred Epitheta figure of speech that carries the modifier across and puts it on to another word which is not normally modified by it, so as to stress the emotions or

29、feelingse.g. a mischievous pebble (para. 1) (It is Diogenes, not the pebble, that is mischievous.); amazed silence (para. 17) (It is the crowd, not the silence, that is amazed.)5. Analogye.g. drawing a parallel between “change the values” and “restamp the currency” (para. 5)3.3 Sentence Paraphrase1.

30、 Sometimes they threw bits of food, and got scant thanks; sometimes a mischievous pebble, and got a shower of stones and abuse. (para. 1)Sometimes people would throw bits of food to him, but he hardly thanked them at all. Sometimes they would throw a pebble at him for fun, but get a shower of stones

31、 and a stream of abuse in return. 2. His lifes aim was clear to him: it was “to restamp the currency”: to take the clean metal of human life, to erase the old false conventional markings, and to imprint it with its true values. (para. 5)His purpose in life was clear to him: it was “to reprint the co

32、ins.” Human life can be taken as the clean coins which are imprinted with false markings. He was to remove the false markings and print the true values on it. In other words, his aim in life was to call on people to reject the false, conventional way of life and return to the simple and natural life

33、. 3. He had done his business like a dog at the roadside.He had emptied his bowels or passed water like a dog at the roadside.4. He was not the first to inhabit such a thing. But he was the first who ever did so by choice, out of principle.He was not the first to live in a cask. But he was the first

34、 who ever did so because he wanted to,not by necessity, not being forced to. He based it on a principle.5. But he taught chiefly by examplesDiogenes also taught by talking to people, but he mainly taught by setting an example for others to learn from.6. In order to procure a quantity of false, peris

35、hable goods he has sold the only true, lasting good, his own independence.In order to get a certain amount of material property or worldly possessions which actually have no value and will not last, he has allowed himself to be controlled by these things and has given away his own independence which

36、 is the only thing that is true and can last.7. Only twenty, Alexander was far older and wiser than his years.Alexander looked far older than a man of his age normally does, and was much wiser than a manof his age normally is.8. Live without conventions, which are artificial and false; escape comple

37、xities and extravagances(para. 4)Live simply and freely. Pay no attention to conventions, which are unnatural and useless. Avoid or get rid of all those unnecessary things that make our life complicated and wasteful9. They possess him. He is their slave. In order to procure a quantity of false, peri

38、shable goods he has sold the only true, lasting good, his own independence. (para. 4)They own and control him. He is their slave. In order to get some goods that have no true value and will be useless very soon, he has sold the only true, lasting good, his own independence.10. His lifes aim was clea

39、r to him: it was “to restamp the currency”(para. 5)He knew very well what he lived for: it was to change peoples values, to make them know the true meaning of life12. He was the man of the hour, of the century(para. 13)He was the most popular/important/successful person at this particular moment or

40、this centuryPart Four Language Study4.1 Phrases and Expressions 1. Having no work to go to and no family to provide _, he was free. (para. 1) provide for: give sb the things that they need to live, such as food, clothingTranslation他要供養(yǎng)他年邁的父母以及兩個正在上學(xué)的妹妹。 He has to provide for his aged parents and two

41、 sister who are still at school.道路被切斷，無法給部隊提供給養(yǎng)。 The road was cut off and supplies could not be provided for the troops.2. As the market place _ up with shoppers and merchants and slaves and foreigners, he had _ through it for an hour or two. (para. 1) Cf. wander, roam, ramble, strollTranslation中間還有

42、兩個小時，因此她逛了一趟商業(yè)中心。 There were still two hours to go, so she strolled through the shopping mall.漫步海邊，感覺太好了。Its wonderful to take a stroll along the seaside. 3. He thought everybody lived far too _, expensively, anxiously. What good is a house? (para. 2) Translation彼得制定了一個非常詳盡的計劃來籌措資金。Peter worked out

43、an elaborate scheme for raising the fund.他們?yōu)榫珠L準(zhǔn)備了一桌精美的飯菜，結(jié)果被狠狠批評了一頓。They prepared a very elaborate meal for the bureau head only to be severely criticized. 4. No one needs beds and chairs and such furniture: the animals _ and sleep on the ground. All we require, since nature did not dress us properl

44、y, is one garment to keep us warm, and some shelter from rain and wind. (para. 2) Translation這名警察死時很年輕，但他的一生過得很有意義。The policeman died young, but he lived a meaningful life.作為一個探險者，他的一生充滿了冒險。As an explorer, he lived an adventurous life.5. he spent much of his life inCorinth, mocking and satirizing it

45、s people, and occasionally _ one of them. (para. 2) convert: to make sb change from one religion or belief to another Ann has converted to Islam recently. Marxist literature converted him into a staunch revolutionary. Cf. to make sth change from one form, system to a different one This is part of th

46、e process of converting iron into steel. to change from one object into another I cant see how this plastic sheet converts into a tent. 6. He was not the first to _ such a thing. But he was the first who ever did so _ choice, _ principle. (para. 3) inhabit Some of the rare species inhabit the area.b

47、y choice She took the job in the West by choice. out of Just out of curiosity, why did you take that job?7. They _ him. He is their slave. In order to procure a quantity of false, perishable goods he has sold the only true, lasting good, his own independence. (para. 4) Cf.What possessed him to say a

48、 stupid thing like that?She seemed possessed. Nobody could talk her out of it. 8. Therefore, he chose to live in Athens or Corinth, where travelers from all over the Mediterranean world constantly came and went. And, design, he publicly behaved in such ways as to show people what real life was. (par

49、a. 6) Translation世界是有意締造的呢，還是偶然形成的呢？ Was the world made by design or did it come into existence by chance?9. The little square began to fill with peoplepage boys, soldiersthey all gradually formed a circle around Diogenes. He looked them _, as a sober man looks at a crowd of tottering drunks, and sh

50、ook his head. (para. 11) look over: (here) examine, scrutinizeMore examples with “over”: think over, talk over, read over, go over10. With his handsome face, his f_ glance, his strong body, his purple and gold cloak, and his air of d_, he moved through the parting crowd toward the Dogs k_. (para. 14

51、) 11. Looking at the poor broken cask, the single r_ garment, and the rough figure lying on the ground, he said: “Is there anything I can do for you, Diogenes?” (para. 15) more examples: beloved wife, blessed morning, a wicked man, my aged parents, a rugged coastline12. The Macedonian officers, afte

52、r deciding that Diogenes was not _ the trouble of kicking, were starting to _ and nudge one another. (para. 17) Cf. worth, worthwhile, worthya worthwhile cause/discussion/jobHigh prices in the UK make it worthwhile for buyers to look abroad.be worthy of attention/consideration/mentionA number of the

53、 findings are worthy of note.a worthy champion/winner/sonCf. grin, guffaw, titter, chuckle, gigglegrin: to make a wide smileguffaw: to laugh loudlytitter: to laugh in a suppressed waychuckle: to laugh softly in a low tonegiggle: to laugh quietly in a silly, childish, uncontrolled way4.2 Grammar 4.2.

54、1 Recognize and learn to use present participles as adverbial modifiers.4.2.1.1 Recognize the type of adverbial modifier in these sentences.Pattern 1Indicating reason/causeHaving no work to go to and no family to provide for, he was free.Pattern 2Indicating simultaneous eventsReading through Vernes

55、books, one finds it hard to believe that they were written almost 100 years ago.Pattern 3Indicating an action immediately after anotherOpening it the package, she set the button unit on the table.1. Being the only child, the boy keenly feels the pressure to live up to his familys expectations. indic

56、ating reason/cause2. Lighting a torch, the wool merchant led his family out into the nightmare of the streets. indicating an action immediately followed by another3. Slashing off green branches with his knife, the boy cut his hand. indicating simultaneous events4. Seeing that camping cost $12, I replied, “No, that all right. Ill try something else.”indicating reason/cause 5. Then, hurrying downstairs, I burst through the front door and ran to the woods. indicating an action immediately followed 6. Having admitted he was wrong, he felt all the better. indicating r