1、翻譯的基本技巧語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換譯法語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換譯法1 順譯法 1.1 順譯成被動句1.2 順譯成主動句2 倒譯法 2.1 把by后的賓語倒譯成漢語的主語2.2 把其他介詞后的賓語倒譯成漢語的主語2.3 倒譯成漢語的無主句 3 分譯法 一、順譯法既保留原文的主語，又要使譯文主要成分的順序和原文大體一致的翻譯方法就叫順譯法。1 順譯法 (Translation in Original Order)1. 1 順譯成被動句A. 譯成 “被” 字所謂“被”字句，就是在漢語的動詞前面加上一個“被” 字來表示被動的句子。主要表示這個動作不利于受事者或這個情況有點(diǎn)特殊，或者出乎意料。加上“被”字以引起讀者的注意并表示“被

2、”這一動作動作接受者（受事者）是不樂意或不情愿接受的。例1：Vitamin C is destroyed when it is overheated.【譯文】 維生素C受熱過度就會被破壞。例2：Once the flower has been pollinated and fertilized, the plant provides the newly formed seeds with a reserve of food materials, which will be needed when they themselves germinate.【譯文】花一旦被授了粉并受了精，植株就會對新生

3、種子提供養(yǎng)料貯藏，以備種子未來發(fā)芽之需。例3：She thought all was fair and legal, and never dreamt she was going to be entrapped into a feigned union with a defrauded wretched, already bound to a bad, mad, and imbruted partner! (Charlotte Bront: Jane Eyre)【譯文】她以為一切都是公正合法的，做夢也沒想到過自己竟會被誘入欺詐婚姻的圈套，跟一個騙子、瘋子、十足的壞蛋締結(jié)姻緣。B. 譯成 “挨”

4、 字句 “挨”僅用于翻譯該動作是對動作接受者（受事者）不利或不好的句子。例1：The boy was criticized yesterday. 【譯文】這孩子昨天挨了一頓批評。例2：I was caught in the downpour. 【譯文】我在大雨中挨澆了。C. 譯成 “給” 字句“給”也是用于翻譯該動作對動作接受者（受事者）不愉快或不愿接受的句子。例1：Our clothes were soaked with sweat. 【譯文】我們的衣服給汗水濕透了。例2：The crops were washed away by the flood. 【譯文】莊稼給大水沖跑了。例3：You

5、r car was towed away by a towing truck from Lewis Company. 【譯文】路易斯公司的一輛拖車把你的汽車給拖走了。D. 譯成 “叫、讓、由、受、遭到、受到、予、予以、加、加以、引以、為所、經(jīng)所” 等字句，用以加強(qiáng)說話、表達(dá)語氣。例1：You have been wetted in the rain. 【譯文】你叫雨淋濕了。例2：The -rays are not affected by an electric field.【譯文】射線不受電場影響。例3：A lot of houses and buildings, roads and brid

6、ges were damaged in the seaquake.【譯文】許多房屋建筑、道路橋梁在這次海嘯中遭到破壞。例4：It must be dealt with at the appropriate time with appropriate means.【譯文】這件事必須在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r候用適當(dāng)?shù)氖侄斡枰蕴幚?。課堂互動1： 翻譯下列句子, 順譯成被動句。1Those who perform deeds of merit will be rewarded.【譯文】立功的人將受到獎勵。2A program called a compiler was written by an expert in

7、 machine code and is stored in the computer. 【譯文】編譯程序先由專家用機(jī)器代碼編碼寫好， 然后儲存在計算機(jī)中。3Translation techniques should be paid enough attention to.【譯文】翻譯技巧應(yīng)予以足夠的重視。4The applicants interviewed are required to hand in some necessary material.【譯文】被談過話的申請人，要求交上必要的材料。5Television keeps us informed about current eve

8、nts at home and abroad.【譯文】電視使我們了解國內(nèi)外大事。1. 2 順譯成主動句A. 順譯成形式是主動，意義上是被動的句子把英語句子順譯成主動句，其形式是主動，但從意義和邏輯關(guān)系上看還是被動句。例1：Love can not be forced. 【譯文】愛情不能強(qiáng)求。例2：Love and cough cannot be hidden.【譯文】愛情和咳嗽都無法隱藏。例3：My holidays afternoons were spent in rambling about the surrounding country. (Washington Irving)【譯文】每

9、逢假日的下午，我總要漫步周圍的鄉(xiāng)村。例4：Illness must be correctly diagnosed before they can be treated with medicine.【譯文】疾病必須先確診，再用藥。 B. 改變原文的謂語動詞，順譯成主動句 如果把英語的被動句譯成漢語的被動句，則不符合漢語的語言習(xí)慣，所以?？蓪⒂⒄Z的被動句順譯成漢語的主動句，原文的謂語動詞是被動形式，可轉(zhuǎn)變謂語，順譯成漢語的主動形式。例1：The teacher was satisfied with the answer.【譯文】老師對回答感到滿意。例2：I am told you are care

10、less. 【譯文】聽說你很粗心大意。例3：The long river is originated from that high mountain.【譯文】這條大河發(fā)源于那座山。 C. 順譯成 “是的” 結(jié)構(gòu) 英語句子要著重表示的不是受事者受到了某個行動這樣一個事實(shí)本身，而是與這個行動有關(guān)的一些具體情況，如時間、地點(diǎn)、方式、方法等。也就是說，句子里強(qiáng)調(diào)的是行動的靜態(tài)而不是動態(tài)的含義。這樣就可以順譯成漢語的“是的”的句式。其框架為“受事者是動詞的”。例1：That ridiculous idea was put forward by his brother.【譯文】這個怪念頭是他哥哥想出來的。

11、例2：The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.【譯文】美國的學(xué)分制是1872年在哈佛大學(xué)首先實(shí)施的。例3：Poetry was chanted to the accompaniment of the lyre.【譯文】詩歌吟唱時是由七弦琴伴奏的。例4：The left ear is controlled by the right side of the brain.【譯文】左耳是由大腦的右側(cè)控制的。課堂互動2： 翻譯下列句子, 順譯成主動句1This is a question t

12、o be answered at once.【譯文】這是一個要立即回答的問題。2We are deeply touched by the heros loyalty to the cause.【譯文】我們深為英雄忠于事業(yè)的精神所感動。3The novels of Dickens have already been translated into many languages.【譯文】狄更斯的小說已經(jīng)譯成了好幾種語言。4The discovery is highly appreciated in the circle of agricultural science.【譯文】這一發(fā)現(xiàn)在農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)界得

13、到很高的評價。5Wells and spring are supplied with underground water.【譯文】井水和泉水都是地下水。6I was received by a tall, lithe, vibrant woman in her 70s, white-haired, and still beautiful.【譯文】接見我的是一位高挑輕盈、滿頭銀發(fā)的女人。雖然年逾古稀，卻依然神采奕奕、風(fēng)韻猶存。 2. 倒譯法 (Translation in Reverse Order)倒譯法就是將英語被動句的主語漢譯成賓語的翻譯方法。倒譯法又分完全倒譯法和部分倒譯法。完全倒譯法是

14、把原文by或其他介詞后的賓語倒譯成漢語的主語；部分倒譯法譯出的漢語句子常是無主句。2. 1 把 by 后的賓語倒譯成漢語的主語 例1：Yet, only a part of this energy is used by man. 【譯文】然而，人類只利用了這種能量的一部分。例2：Rivers are controlled by dams. 【譯文】攔河大壩把河流控制住了。例3：We are brought freedom and happiness by socialism.【譯文】社會主義給我們帶來了自由和幸福。例4：Light and heat can be given to us by

15、the sun. 【譯文】太陽供給我們光和熱。例5：At least two quarts of water are required daily by a normal individual.【譯文】一個正常的人每天至少需要兩夸脫的水。 2. 2 把其他介詞后的賓語倒譯成漢語的主語 例1：Heat is removed from the body during sweating. 【譯文】出汗時人體散發(fā)熱量。例2：Abundant exercises and problems are provided in this reference book.【譯文】這本參考書提供了大量的練習(xí)和問題。例

16、3：The same signs and symbols of mathematics are used throughout the world.【譯文】全世界都使用同樣的數(shù)學(xué)記號和符號。例4：50 laboratories have been built in our school.【譯文】我們學(xué)校已建立了50個實(shí)驗(yàn)室。 例5：The compass was invented in China 4 000 years ago.【譯文】4000年前中國發(fā)明了指南針。2. 3 倒譯成漢語的無主句 將原文主語倒譯成漢語的賓語，譯出的漢語句子常是無主句。有時也會譯成動賓詞組作主語的句子，這種譯法更

17、符合漢語習(xí)慣，通順自然。對于原文中未提及動作執(zhí)行者（施事者）的句子?？刹扇∵@種翻譯方法。例1：Quality of products must be guaranteed first.【譯文】首先要確保產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量。例2：The goods are urgently needed.【譯文】急需此貨。例3：Smoking is not allowed here. 【譯文】此處禁止吸煙。例4：Children should be taught to speak the truth. 【譯文】應(yīng)該教育兒童講真話。例5：You are supposed to pay right after the bo

18、oks are delivered.【譯文】書到后應(yīng)立即付款。課堂互動3：運(yùn)用倒譯法翻譯下列句子1Tremendous research work is required to bring about such fantastic speeds.【譯文】要達(dá)到如此神奇的速度，需要進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的研究工作。2Helsinki became a flourishing port, and a university was founded at Turku.【譯文】赫爾辛基變成了一個繁榮的港口，在圖爾庫還建成了一所大學(xué)。3The matter was never mentioned again ever

19、 since.【譯文】從那以后再也沒有提起過那件事。4I am saying that if they are read in a historical order, the effort is rewarded.【譯文】我是說，如果按歷史順序閱讀，則不會徒勞無益。3 分譯法 (Splitting Translation)把原文的主語部分或被動式謂語動詞從原文中分出來，單獨(dú)譯成一個帶主語或不帶主語的分句，放在句首，剩余部分再譯成一句或幾句，跟在其后。3. 1 “It + be + V.-ed + that-cl. ”結(jié)構(gòu)It is asked that 有人會問It is asserted t

20、hat 有人主張It is felt that 有人感到；人們認(rèn)為；It is preferred that有人建議It is recommended that 有人建議；有人推薦It is suggested that 有人建議It is stressed that 有人強(qiáng)調(diào)說It will be said that 有人會說It is believed that 有人相信It is estimated that 有人估計It is announced that 有人通知; 有人宣稱It is pointed out that 有人指出It is claimed that 有人宣稱It is

21、 declared that 有人提出It is described that 有人介紹說It has been objected that 有人反駁說It is thought that 人們認(rèn)為；有人認(rèn)為It is taken that 人們認(rèn)為It is reputed that 人們認(rèn)為It is regarded that 人們認(rèn)為It is noticed that 人們注意到；有人指出It is noted that 人們注意到；有人指出It is sometimes asked that 人們有時會問It was told that 人們曾說It is supposed tha

22、t 人們猜測It is expected that 人們希望It is hoped that 人們希望It is still to be hoped that 我們?nèi)詰?yīng)希望It is generally considered that 大家認(rèn)為It is well known that 眾所周知例1：It is pointed out that there may be as many as 100 000 different sorts of proteins in a mans body. 【譯文】有人指出人體內(nèi)不同種類的蛋白質(zhì)可多達(dá)10萬種。例2：It is well known tha

23、t laughter has a tonic effect on the mind and body, suffusing the body with a feeling of well-being.【譯文】人們知道，笑具有健身作用，身心皆宜，它可以使人體充滿一種愉快的感覺。例3：During the enquiry, it was discovered that her death had not been an accident.【譯文】在調(diào)查中，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)她并非死于意外事故。例4：It is generally assumed that the ascertainment and reco

24、rding of facts is the technique of history, and that the phenomena in the province of this technique are the social phenomena of civilization.【譯文】一般人都認(rèn)為考核和記錄事實(shí)是歷史的方法，在這種方法使用范圍以內(nèi)的現(xiàn)象就是文明的社會現(xiàn)象。3. 2 “S + be + v.-ed + to-v.”結(jié)構(gòu)原句的主語是名詞或人稱代詞，翻譯時添加“有人，人們，大家，我們”等，譯成分句，其余部分分層譯出。此結(jié)構(gòu)如下：S + be known to-V 大家知道， /

25、人們(都)知道，S + be held to-V 人們認(rèn)為，S + be considered to-V 我們認(rèn)為，S + be found to V 人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，S + be thought to-V 有人認(rèn)為，例1：All bodies on the earth are known to possess weight.【譯文】人們（都）知道，地球上的一切物質(zhì)均具有重量。例2：Little Derick was found at his book in the reading room.【譯文】有人看見小德里克在閱覽室看書。例3：The existence of oil wells has b

26、een known for a long time.【譯文】人們很早就知道油井的存在。例4：She was much run after in her youth.【譯文】她年輕時，有許多人追求她。3. 3 譯成 “據(jù)” 字句 原句的主語也是名詞或人稱代詞，翻譯時常把被動的部分譯成“據(jù)”，然后再按主謂順序譯出其余部分。常見于下列句型結(jié)構(gòu)。S + be said to-V 據(jù)說S + be reported to-V 據(jù)報道S + be stated to-V 據(jù)稱S + be known to-V 據(jù)了解例1：She is said to have studied English for three years.【譯文】據(jù)說她已經(jīng)學(xué)了三年英語。例2：The area is known to be rich in natural resources.【譯文】據(jù)了解，這個地區(qū)有豐富的自然資源。例3：The coming physics examination is said to be rather difficult, so we get well prepared for it. 【譯文】即將舉行的物理考試據(jù)說相當(dāng)難，所以我們必須做好充分準(zhǔn)備。例4：The novel is said to be tra