1、GRE ISSUE題目分類第二類 行為類/教育類12Peoples attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic.18. “Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea.”只有通過被迫對(duì)某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)

2、的質(zhì)疑進(jìn)行反駁，并把它與其他觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較/排除異己，人們才能真正理解那個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的價(jià)值。同意與異議?？茖W(xué)的每次進(jìn)步以及社會(huì)的每次進(jìn)步幾乎都是在質(zhì)疑中進(jìn)行的。如，哈維William Harvey敢于質(zhì)疑蓋倫，使得醫(yī)學(xué)又一次進(jìn)步。William Harvey (1 April 1578 3 June 1657) was an English physician who was the first in the Western world to describe correctly and in exact detail the systemic circulation and properties o

3、f blood being pumped around the body by the heart. 又如Vesalius維薩里, Michael Servetus塞爾維特是肺循環(huán)的發(fā)現(xiàn)人。靜脈血液只能朝著心臟方向運(yùn)行的論證，成為生理學(xué)由蒙昧走向科學(xué)的例子。只有當(dāng)出現(xiàn)相反觀點(diǎn)的時(shí)候我們才有動(dòng)力去繼續(xù)深入研究，同時(shí)也豐富了觀察角度。同時(shí)防止懶惰的思想統(tǒng)治思維，不再滿足于對(duì)某一想象以往的單一認(rèn)識(shí)。分歧是指合理的質(zhì)疑精神，最重要的人文精神：是科技創(chuàng)新發(fā)展的前提；市政官員施政的本質(zhì)，學(xué)生求得真知的動(dòng)力。質(zhì)疑精神并不是排除異己，其實(shí)是思想交流而非排斥。過分質(zhì)疑導(dǎo)致的非此即彼會(huì)阻礙科學(xué)的進(jìn)步和發(fā)展。21R

4、eform is seldom brought about by people who are concerned with their own reputation and social standing. Those who are really in earnest about reforming a government, an educational system, or any other institution must be willing to be viewed with disdain by the rest of the world.25Anyone can make

5、things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite directionin other words, to make things as simple as possible.27. “No one can possibly achieve success in the world by conforming to conventional practices and conventional ways of thinking.”這個(gè)世界上，在行動(dòng)或思維

6、上墨守成規(guī)的人是不會(huì)獲得成功的。新手和老手之墨守成規(guī)和成功不能一概吸收也不能一概批判。一個(gè)人如果一味墨守陳規(guī)，就很難突破前任對(duì)他的束縛，很難取得真正的成功。政治上的墨守成規(guī)會(huì)導(dǎo)致政治制度的僵化Rigid political system，經(jīng)濟(jì)上會(huì)導(dǎo)致發(fā)展死水backwater，學(xué)科上會(huì)讓人變成井底之蛙。創(chuàng)新意識(shí)的重要性。一個(gè)真正獲得偉大成功尤其是成就卓越的人都會(huì)具有創(chuàng)新精神、敢于擺脫傳統(tǒng)束縛的人。如：著名化學(xué)家戴維一生在探索化學(xué)元素，最終成為世界上發(fā)現(xiàn)化學(xué)元素最多的人，同時(shí)還開創(chuàng)了許多真空地帶，同時(shí)也是利用電解法得到堿金屬元素的化學(xué)家，提拔了助手法拉第。Sir Humphry Davy, 1s

7、t Baronet FRS MRIA (17 December 1778 29 May 1829) was a British chemist and inventor.1 He is probably best remembered today for his discoveries of several alkali and alkaline earth elements, as well as contributions to the discoveries of the elemental nature of chlorine and iodine. He invented the D

8、avy lamp, which allowed miners to enter gassy workings. Berzelius called Davys 1806 Bakerian Lecture On Some Chemical Agencies of Electricity2 one of the best memoirs which has ever enriched the theory of chemistry.3 This paper was central to any chemical affinity theory in the first half of the nin

9、eteenth century.Michael Faraday, FRS (22 September 1791 25 August 1867) was an English chemist and physicist (or natural philosopher, in the terminology of the time) who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry.Harold Clayton Urey (April 29, 1893 January 5, 1981) was an Ame

10、rican physical chemist whose pioneering work on isotopes earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934 and later led him to theories of planetary evolution.第三段：但是我們對(duì)于某一領(lǐng)域已有的成就要有批判地吸收。如哥白尼、開普勒J(rèn)ohannes Kepler和牛頓。establish , which laid a foundation of Law of Gravity31Money spent on research is almost

11、 always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial.35No matter what the situation, it is more harmful to compromise ones beliefs than to adhere to them.37In most societies, competition generally has more of a negative than a positive effect.62The widespread idea that

12、 people should make self-improvement a primary goal in their lives is problematic because it assumes that people are intrinsically deficient.64Many people know how to attain success, but few know how to make the best use of it.68People make the mistake of treating experts with suspicion and mistrust

13、, no matter how valuable their contributions might be.71Spending time alone makes one a better companion to others.74The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language.75The people who make important contributions to society ar

14、e generally not those who develop their own new ideas, but those who are most gifted at perceiving and coordinating the talents and skills of others.81. “Patriotic reverence for the history of a nation often does more to impede than to encourage progress.”對(duì)國(guó)家歷史的熱愛和崇敬往往對(duì)國(guó)家發(fā)展起阻礙作用，而不是推動(dòng)作用。沙文主義關(guān)于改革。適度的

15、愛國(guó)主義是促進(jìn)。墨守成規(guī)。過度地愛國(guó)導(dǎo)致沙文主義Chauvinism / jingoism。對(duì)于國(guó)家光輝歷史的熱愛，有助于激發(fā)愛國(guó)熱情。它是國(guó)家民族凝聚力的原動(dòng)力，通過了解一個(gè)國(guó)家的歷史能夠激發(fā)民族自豪感。同時(shí)，通過了解民族和國(guó)家的血淚史也能夠提高全體公民的動(dòng)力。歷史是過去真實(shí)而客觀的寫照?；仡櫄v史有助于解決現(xiàn)在很多問題，大量參考經(jīng)驗(yàn)和失敗教訓(xùn)。但是，任何事物都不宜過火。如：過度愛國(guó)導(dǎo)致沙文主義對(duì)社會(huì)發(fā)展有害impede。文化單邊主義Unilateralism。在全球化背景下，重蹈文化優(yōu)劣比較的覆轍。19911992年的克羅地亞內(nèi)戰(zhàn)，波黑內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。84. “In any field of ende

16、avor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field.”在任何領(lǐng)域中，如果不首先接受該領(lǐng)域中過去研究成果的影響，就不可能會(huì)有意義重大的成功現(xiàn)在和過去任何現(xiàn)在事物都受到過去重大成就和失敗的影響。正如牛頓所說，我所取得的成就是因?yàn)闊o數(shù)先輩的肩膀上。What Des-Cartes did was a good step. You have added much several way

17、s, and especially in taking the colours of thin plates into philosophical consideration. If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants.自然科學(xué)領(lǐng)域中巴斯德對(duì)李斯特Joseph Lister的影響。路易斯巴斯德（Louis Pasteur） (1821-1895.9.25) 法國(guó)微生物學(xué)家、化學(xué)家，近代微生物學(xué)的奠基人。像牛頓開辟出經(jīng)典力學(xué)一樣，巴斯德開辟了微生物領(lǐng)域，他也是一位科學(xué)巨人。巴氏消毒法pasteuriza

18、tion，李斯特碳酸消毒法listerize社會(huì)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，蘇格拉底、柏拉圖、亞里士多德的師承關(guān)系；哲學(xué)領(lǐng)域：柏拉圖、康德、奧古斯丁永不休止的哲學(xué)奠基人。藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域：巴赫、貝多芬和勃拉姆斯（第一交響曲被譽(yù)為貝多芬第十交響曲）。雖然前人經(jīng)驗(yàn)值得參考，但想取得更大成功，離不開自身的創(chuàng)新精神培養(yǎng)，要在前人基礎(chǔ)上不斷創(chuàng)新和改善，才能使得該領(lǐng)域不斷前行。86Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition.87In any

19、 field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries.91Most people think that their deeply held values are the result of rational choice, but reason often has little to do with the way people form values.95People work more productively in teams than individual

20、ly. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does.99In any realm of lifewhether academic, social, business, or politicalthe only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival,

21、 whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options.118In any field of endeavorthe sciences, the humanities, the social sciences, industry, etc.it is not the attainment of a goal that matters, but rather the ideas and discoveries that are encountered on the way to the

22、goal.121At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species.127Facts are stu

23、bborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions.136. “The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare.”沒有選擇的情況少之又少。獨(dú)立題目不是沒有選擇，而是不愿意選擇。137What we call progress is a matter of exchanging one problem for another.139Every new generati

24、on needs to redefine right and wrong in its own terms and according to the conditions of its own time.141Most people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that personal economic success requires conformity.145A crucial test of character is whether one is able to adapt to changing

25、social conventions without sacrificing ones principles.146People who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are the most critical of it.148Many people admire idealism, but it usually leads to disappointment or trouble.156Choice is an illusion. In reality, our lives are controlled by the

26、society in which we live.157There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observers expectations or desires.162One often hears about the need for individuals to take responsibility for their own lives. However, the conditions in whi

27、ch people find themselves have been largely established long before people become aware of them. Thus, the concept of personal responsibility is much more complicated and unrealistic than is often assumed.163Most people live, whether physically or morally, in a very restricted circle. They make use

28、of a very limited portion of the resources available to them until they face a great problem or crisis.165In any given field, the leading voices come from people who are motivated not by conviction but by the desire to present opinions and ideas that differ from those held by the majority.168Critica

29、l judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.175It is always an individual who is the impetus for innovation; the details may be worked out by a team, but true innovation results from the enterprise and unique perception of an ind

30、ividual.182It is dangerous to trust only intelligence.184It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data.186Practicality is now our great idol, which all powers and talents must serve. Anything that is not obviously practical has little value in todays world.187It is easy to welcome innovation

31、 and accept new ideas. What most people find difficult, however, is accepting the way these new ideas are put into practice.188Success, whether academic or professional, involves an ability to survive in a new environment and, eventually, to change it.192Success in any realm of life comes more often

32、 from taking chances or risks than from careful and cautious planning.194The best preparation for life or a career is not learning to be competitive, but learning to be cooperative.199Truly innovative ideas do not arise from groups of people, but from individuals. When groups try to be creative, the

33、 members force each other to compromise and, as a result, creative ideas tend to be weakened and made more conventional. Most original ideas arise from individuals working alone.206People are too quick to take action; instead they should stop to think of the possible consequences of what they might

34、do.208. “The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a societys ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people.”人們的眼神、衣著和行動(dòng)表現(xiàn)了他們的態(tài)度和興趣。你可以通過觀察人們的外表和行為來獲知這個(gè)社會(huì)的想法和價(jià)值觀。社會(huì)、價(jià)值觀論證分析：價(jià)值觀是指一個(gè)人對(duì)周圍客觀事物（包括他人）的意義、重要性的總體評(píng)價(jià)和看法。這種對(duì)事物的看

35、法和評(píng)價(jià)在心目中的主次、輕重的排列次序，就是價(jià)值觀體系。提綱：A 對(duì)部分人，他們的外表和著裝的確能揭示一部分態(tài)度和愛好，而且通常情況下同一群體的人的裝束有某些共同特點(diǎn)。例如大學(xué)教授大多穿著樸素，而搖滾歌星則穿著華麗，兩者很少相似。人們的著裝或多或少會(huì)反映一個(gè)人的生活態(tài)度和興趣愛好。A general preference for ready-made, inexpensive clothing might indicate a preference for practicality or for saving rather than spending. And a society whose

36、members prefer to wear clothing that is traditional and distinct may be one that values tradition over modernization.B 然而，正如中國(guó)古語所說人不可貌相，不能完全通過一個(gè)人外表衣著準(zhǔn)確判斷一個(gè)人的內(nèi)在。首先，有一部分人并不十分在意自己的衣著和外貌，另外有些人受到各種客觀條件限制而無法張揚(yáng)個(gè)性，例如一些大企業(yè)要求員工統(tǒng)一著裝。C 價(jià)值觀內(nèi)在、內(nèi)心深層次的想法?？梢酝ㄟ^許多其他方式來獲得，電視、書籍報(bào)刊、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。209Progress is best made through di

37、scussion among people who have contrasting points of view.210Most people choose a career on the basis of such pragmatic considerations as the needs of the economy, the relative ease of finding a job, and the salary they can expect to make. Hardly anyone is free to choose a career based on his or her

38、 natural talents or interest in a particular kind of work.211Any decision-whether made by government, by a corporation, or by an individual person-must take into account future conditions more than present conditions.212. “If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable.“只要一個(gè)目標(biāo)

39、是值得去實(shí)現(xiàn)的，那么任何努力都是有理由的。不擇手段達(dá)到目的是合理的。手段與目的A. 目標(biāo)有價(jià)值，的確值得付諸努力去實(shí)現(xiàn)。通過實(shí)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)又一個(gè)有價(jià)值的目標(biāo)而得以不斷延續(xù)和發(fā)展的。B. 但不能不擇手段，不能單純?yōu)榱藢?shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)而不講方法、不講“游戲規(guī)則”。人類任何行為活動(dòng)必須在“游戲規(guī)則”下合理進(jìn)行，也只有這樣，努力才更有價(jià)值。例如：商業(yè)領(lǐng)域中，商家為了最大程度追逐利潤(rùn)、減小成本而采取一些違法行為。However, although these goals are worthy indeed, it does not mean that one can attain it by any means.

40、In the process of attaining these goals, people such as political leaders and other public officials should root in their minds that they can do nothing to harm the welfare of others. In business, the goals of maximizing profits and minimizing costs and expenses cannot be attained by illegal means o

41、r at the expense of social well beings. For example, it is unjustifiable for an enterprise to improve its profitability by releasing poisonous water into rivers.C. 要全面考慮正負(fù)得失，對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)而采取的活動(dòng)和手段必須加以限制和規(guī)定，符合這個(gè)社會(huì)的思想和價(jià)值觀。The means taken should be consistent with the ends in view. In the realm of politics, it

42、 is justifiable to free Iraq from Saddams autocracy, but would the justification of the goal automatically justify any means to attain this goal such as launching a large-scale war? When it comes to reducing pollution of air and water, would it be justifiable to dismiss the entire industries that ar

43、e mainly responsible for the pollution? In fact, such a public policy would lead to widespread unemployment and endanger the social stability. In the realm of edu, the goal of finishing a treatise is worthy, however nobody could justify the means of plagiarism, cheating or fabrication to achieve the

44、 goal.216Most important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually while seeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer to another.225People often look for similarities, even between very different things, and even when it is unhelpful or harmful to do so. Instead, a t

45、hing should be considered on its own terms; we should avoid the tendency to compare it to something else.226People are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront are more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their predecessors. This illusion is eventually dispelled with

46、increased knowledge and experience.231 Moderation in all things is ill-considered advice. Rather, one should say, Moderation in most things, since many areas of human concern require or at least profit from intense focus.234Most people prefer restrictions and regulations to absolute freedom of choic

47、e, although they would probably deny such a preference.235Most people are taught that loyalty is a virtue. But loyaltywhether to ones friends, to ones school or place of employment, or to any institutionis all too often a destructive rather than a positive force.236Encouraging young people to believ

48、e that they can accomplish great things if they try hard enough is both misleading and potentially harmful.238Conformity almost always leads to a deadening of individual creativity and energy.239Much of the information that people assume is factual actually turns out to be inaccurate. Thus, any piec

49、e of information referred to as a fact should be mistrusted since it may well be proven false in the future.240Although it is easy to respond positively to the work of another person or group, it is far more worthwhile to give negative feedback.第三類 教育5A nation should require all its students to stud

50、y the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer.32A school or college should pay its teachers at the same rate in all disciplines, regardless of differences in salaries for related fields

51、in the world outside of school. For example, entry-level teachers in mathematics and in the arts should receive the same pay, even if outside of school, math specialists earn a much higher salary on average than do specialists in the arts.34Instead of requiring students to take courses in a variety

52、of disciplinesthat is, courses ranging from the arts and the humanities to the physical and biological sciencescolleges and universities should allow students to enroll only in those courses that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields. Such concentration is necessary in todays increa

53、singly work-oriented society.39The intellectual benefits of attending a university or college are vastly overrated: most people could learn more by studying and reading on their own for four years than by pursuing a university or college degree.50. In order to improve the quality of instruction at t

54、he college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach.為了提高大學(xué)的教學(xué)質(zhì)量，所有的教職員工應(yīng)該在與自己所教授學(xué)科相關(guān)的非學(xué)術(shù)性職業(yè)里工作一段時(shí)間。教育同意， A. 世界發(fā)展太快，以至于書本里的知識(shí)常常落后于時(shí)代。The pace of technological advancement, social changes and

55、 academic progress is so quick that knowledge contained in recently published textbooks often lags current developments.B. 這些相關(guān)非學(xué)術(shù)職業(yè)里的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和經(jīng)歷有助于老師本專業(yè)的教學(xué)。理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際有助于完善教學(xué)體系。Practical working exp in the non-academic world relevant to their major will improve the facultys understanding of the courses they t

56、each.研究類，如數(shù)學(xué)，物理：理論與實(shí)際結(jié)合，去外面看可以知道現(xiàn)在的發(fā)展，和人們的需要。 技術(shù)需要跟上時(shí)代。如：電子electronics 最新手機(jī)的技術(shù)，最新網(wǎng)絡(luò)的程序，up-to-date，編程programC. 從學(xué)生層面說來，擁有職業(yè)經(jīng)歷的老師能夠幫助學(xué)生規(guī)劃一個(gè)更加切合實(shí)際的職業(yè)生涯，讓他們不僅學(xué)到知識(shí)，還可以分享老師的職業(yè)經(jīng)歷。Working exp in relevant professions puts college faculty in a better position to help students adjust from campus to the job mar

57、ket.藝術(shù)類：本身就是。比如：畫畫， 個(gè)人創(chuàng)作類sparking interest, and even motivating some students to pursue the field as a career. Secondly, by keeping abreast of the changing demands of work as a professional, professors can help students who are serious about pursuing a career in that field to make more informed care

58、er decisions.商學(xué)院commercial college絕對(duì)需要教授有從商經(jīng)歷：很多細(xì)節(jié)的信息，對(duì)市場(chǎng)的把握，案例的分析，消費(fèi)者的心理。還需要鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生，從家教tutor做起；或者買賣D.但不同的領(lǐng)域：有的領(lǐng)域與時(shí)代無關(guān)，如哲學(xué)藝術(shù)；文學(xué)類如哲學(xué)：沒有應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，如：研究莎翁詩集。而且過猶不及，過度的校外工作會(huì)影響老師的教學(xué)質(zhì)量。Going too far is as bad as not going far enough, meaning redundant outside work may do harm in instruction.51. “Education will be truly effective only when