1、商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯 之 文體與語(yǔ)篇,商號(hào)與名片 商務(wù)廣告 商標(biāo)與品牌 商務(wù)信函 商品說(shuō)明書(shū) 商務(wù)合同,.,詞義的選擇（Choice of Meaning）,變化中的詞義（熱身）,The expansion or generalization of meaning The narrowing or specialization of meaning The shift of meaning,倒計(jì)時(shí) 放射性塵埃 家庭料理 東方 藥片 液體,.,countdown fallout economy orientation pill liquor,詞義的選擇（Choice of Meaning）,擴(kuò)展為: 十

2、分危急的情況 擴(kuò)展為:（不良的）后果 轉(zhuǎn)化為: 經(jīng)濟(jì) 轉(zhuǎn)化為: 方向 縮小為: contraceptive (pills) 縮小為:白酒,變化中的詞義（舉例）,（一）根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣確定詞義,（二）根據(jù)詞性確定詞義,（三）根據(jù)專(zhuān)業(yè)來(lái)確定詞義,（四）根據(jù)詞的搭配關(guān)系和上下文 來(lái)確定詞義,詞義的選擇,凈收入 純利潤(rùn) 最終結(jié)論,net income net profit net conclusion,1. a low figure 2. workers on low incomes,3. The simplest way to succeed in business is to buy low a

3、nd sell high.,4. The value of the pound has fallen to a new low against the dollar.,生意成功最簡(jiǎn)單的途徑就是賤買(mǎi)貴賣(mài)。,小數(shù)目 收入低的工人,英鎊兌換美元的比值已跌到新的（最）低點(diǎn)。,（一）根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣確定詞義,商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯不同于文藝作品的翻譯，一般不講求文采、韻味、修辭等，而要求把“準(zhǔn)確嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)”的原則置于首位；在翻譯專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)和關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)時(shí)，一定要在透徹地理解原文的精神實(shí)質(zhì)的基礎(chǔ)上，準(zhǔn)確地用符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣的說(shuō)法表達(dá)出來(lái)。,（二）根據(jù)詞性確定詞義,The price quoted include a prog

4、ressive commission to be calculated on FOB basis of 2% for a single order for 10 dozen or up, 3% for 30 dozen or up.,2. Party B is commissioned by the manufactures to buy steel plates and this contract shall supersede all previous commitments.,所報(bào)價(jià)格包括累進(jìn)傭金，按FOB價(jià)為基礎(chǔ)計(jì)算，每定單在10打及以上時(shí)傭金為2%，30打及以上為3%。,乙方受制造廠

5、家的委托購(gòu)買(mǎi)鋼板，因此本合同將取代以前的一切承諾。,由于詞性不同，以上兩句中的commission的詞義有很大差別。在前一句中名詞，意思是“傭金”；在后一句中卻是動(dòng)詞，意為“委托”或“代理”。稍作引申：,1. Regressive 累退的; 2. The Contractor shall be responsible for and shall carry out all maintenance work during commissioning period.（在試運(yùn)行期間，承包方應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)進(jìn)行一切維修工作。）,1. Arbitration of all questions in dispute

6、 under this contract shall be at the choice of either party and shall be in accordance with the International Arbitration Rules of American Arbitration Association.,2. Our products are manufactured from the choice grades of material and will satisfy you in every respect.,我方的產(chǎn)品均用上等材料制成，因此，在各方面都會(huì)使貴方滿意

7、。,對(duì)在合同中一切有爭(zhēng)議的問(wèn)題是否付諸仲裁將由任何一方做出選擇，并須按照美國(guó)仲裁協(xié)會(huì)的國(guó)際仲裁規(guī)則進(jìn)行仲裁。,由于以上兩句中的choice的詞性不同，在詞義的確定上也有所不同。第一句中的Choice是名詞，意思為“選擇”（Act of choosing between two or more possibilities)；第二句中的Choice是形容詞，意思為“優(yōu)質(zhì)的”（of very good quality）。 當(dāng)然，必要時(shí)，還可以轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯的詞性：例如將副詞轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞或介詞，名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞等等。同時(shí)，詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換也存在著一定的規(guī)律。一般而言，英語(yǔ)中多用名詞和介詞，而中文里多用動(dòng)詞和副詞。以

8、后將對(duì)此進(jìn)行詳細(xì)講解。,（三）根據(jù)專(zhuān)業(yè)來(lái)確定詞義,The premium rates vary with differed interests insured. If the buyer fails to pay any account when due, the buyer shall be liable to pay the seller overdue interest on such unpaid amount from the due date until the actual date of payment at the rate of five percent per annum

9、, such overdue interest shall be paid upon demand of the seller. The articles of our immediate interest are your “CHON-HOI” brand Agricultural Washing Machines.,以上三句出自三個(gè)不同的行業(yè)，第一個(gè)句子出自保險(xiǎn)業(yè)，“interest”一詞在句中的意思是“被保險(xiǎn)的貨物”；第二個(gè)句子的背景是國(guó)際貿(mào)易，“interest”的意思是“一方由于未能支付到期的應(yīng)付款項(xiàng)而向另一方支付的利息”；而第三句屬于營(yíng)銷(xiāo)業(yè)，此時(shí)的“interest”則應(yīng)譯成“對(duì)什

10、么產(chǎn)品、品牌感興趣”。,In order to be eligible to attend and vote at the SGM of the Company, all transfers of shares (with the relevant share certificates) must be lodged with the branch share registrar of the Company in Hong Kong by 4: 00 p.m. on Friday, 29 November 2005.,原文中transfers 并非單指“過(guò)戶”或“過(guò)戶手續(xù)”，而是引申為“過(guò)戶

11、文件”，與其后的share Certificates（業(yè)內(nèi)通常譯作“股份證書(shū)”或“股票”）同屬實(shí)物，事實(shí)上也只是實(shí)物才可交回股份過(guò)戶分處。文中的SGM是 Special General Meeting的縮寫(xiě)，即“股東特別大會(huì)”，業(yè)內(nèi)也稱(chēng)為EGM 即Extraordinary General Meeting。一個(gè)不了解股票等專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)的譯者很難在這些詞上做到翻譯準(zhǔn)確。,凡欲享有資格出席本公司的股東大會(huì)并于會(huì)上投票(的各股票持有者)，所有股份過(guò)戶文件（連同有關(guān)股份證書(shū)）必須于2005年11月29日星期五下午四點(diǎn)前送達(dá)本公司的股份過(guò)戶分處。,It has raised its JV equity to

12、 70% to gain management control. It has trebled its initial investment and is now expanding its product range and manufacturing capacity to meet growing demands.,equity 通常指“公正、公平”的意思，而在金融市場(chǎng)上指的是企業(yè)資產(chǎn)中所占的股份。initial investment是商貿(mào)中常用的術(shù)語(yǔ)，通常譯為“先期投資”或“預(yù)付款”，而不是“一開(kāi)始的投資”。,公司將其在合資公司的股份增至70%，以獲得管理控制權(quán)。這使它的先期投資增加了

13、兩倍，而且現(xiàn)在正在擴(kuò)大產(chǎn)品范圍和生產(chǎn)能力來(lái)滿足不斷增長(zhǎng)的需求。,Due diligence should be done before finalizing any large investment or acquisition. The terms of the transaction have been negotiated on an arms length basis.,Due diligence 按字面的意思就是“應(yīng)有的勤奮”，而在企業(yè)融資領(lǐng)域里，是指律師、會(huì)計(jì)師等專(zhuān)業(yè)人員以專(zhuān)業(yè)身份和知識(shí)審核有關(guān)資料是否準(zhǔn)備齊全的一個(gè)過(guò)程，業(yè)內(nèi)通常譯為“盡職調(diào)查”或“審慎調(diào)查”。 如果涉及到商務(wù)合同

14、，比如具有法律約束力的企業(yè)融資文件，這就涉及到法律文件。而法律文字的特色就是用詞力求精確，意旨清晰，尊重傳統(tǒng)習(xí)慣。on an arms length basis一詞在法律上并非按一般英漢字典上的解釋“同對(duì)方保持一定距離”，而是引申作“正常、公平的交易”。,6.在確定大筆投資或并購(gòu)前需要進(jìn)行盡職調(diào)查。 7.交易條款按照公平原則商訂。,（四）根據(jù)詞的搭配關(guān)系和上下文來(lái)確定詞義,盡管每個(gè)句子中都含有“case”這個(gè)詞，但它在以上三個(gè)句子中都由于其搭配形式不同而具有不同的意義。第一句中的短語(yǔ)“in case of”用于引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)，意思為“假使、如果”；第二句中“in no case”相當(dāng)于一個(gè)副詞，意思

15、為“決不”；而第三句中的“in the case of”雖然在結(jié)構(gòu)上與“in case of”類(lèi)似，但意義卻不大相同，意思為“至于，就來(lái)說(shuō)”。,In case of any request by either party, the party having possession of the desired record may deliver the appropriate records to the requesting party. The price difference should in no case be as big as USD 25 per metric ton. In

16、 the case of an order for more than 6 000 pieces, Party B allows a special discount of 6 percent.,再以一個(gè)常見(jiàn)的詞為例：account，可指“賬戶、客戶、生意往來(lái)關(guān)系”，復(fù)數(shù)則可指“賬目、會(huì)計(jì)部門(mén)、賬款”等，它在不同搭配或上下文中可有不同的含義：,When the debt is clearedas it must be by the time the customer retiresand the account goes into credit, it will attract interes

17、t at about 5 percent.,The company is one of our major accounts, so we should do our best to satisfy their needs.,顧客退休時(shí)，必須結(jié)清欠款，隨后賬戶可轉(zhuǎn)為信用貨款，收取約百分之五的利息。,那家公司是我們的主要客戶之一，因此我們得盡可能滿足他們的需求。,3. The CFO was accused of falsifying the company accounts.,4. She works in accounts.,5. Accounts payable is created wh

18、en a firm deals with suppliers who extend credit.,總之，一個(gè)詞會(huì)因其搭配形式的差異而具有不同意義，這在商務(wù)合同中出現(xiàn)得尤其頻繁。在此，在翻譯實(shí)踐中，譯者需要運(yùn)用語(yǔ)篇理論，通過(guò)詞語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)篇中的運(yùn)用來(lái)確定其真正含義。正因?yàn)槿绱?，譯者有必要將多義詞放到全文中去理解，而無(wú)論從哪方面斟酌考慮，詞義、專(zhuān)業(yè)或詞的搭配，無(wú)一不與語(yǔ)篇緊密相聯(lián)。,財(cái)務(wù)總監(jiān)被控偽造公司賬目。,她在會(huì)計(jì)部門(mén)任職。,公司與供貨商交易時(shí)因其延長(zhǎng)信貨而產(chǎn)生應(yīng)付賬款。,（一）詞義的轉(zhuǎn)化,（二）詞義的具體化,（三）詞義的抽象化,詞義的引申（Extension）,詞義的引申指的是在一個(gè)詞所具有的原

19、始意義的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)一步加以引申，選擇適當(dāng)確切的譯語(yǔ)詞匯來(lái)表達(dá)，避免生搬硬套地逐字死譯，這樣才能使譯語(yǔ)更加通順流暢。正如前文所述，英語(yǔ)詞義對(duì)上下文的依賴(lài)性強(qiáng)，可變性大，因此詞義引申在英譯漢中尤為重要。,1. Every life has its roses and thorns. 2. sleep deficit,每個(gè)人的生活都有甜有苦。,睡眠不足,（一）詞義的轉(zhuǎn)化,1. These days, the U.S. economy isnt “graduating enough scientists to fill the need of the coming decades,

20、” frets Charles C. Leighton, “Thats a real concern.”,2. The factors which are likely to influence investment spending do not stop here.,近來(lái)，美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)“未培養(yǎng)出足夠的科學(xué)家來(lái)滿足今后幾十年發(fā)展的需要，”查爾斯C萊頓抱怨說(shuō)，“這才是真正需要關(guān)注的問(wèn)題。” （graduating 由“畢業(yè)”轉(zhuǎn)化為“培養(yǎng)” 。）,可能影響投資開(kāi)支的因素并不止這些。 （在此，do not stop here由“不停留在這里”轉(zhuǎn)化趁“并不止這些”。 ）,3. Our products,

21、 if maintained properly and regularly, can at least see twenty years service.,Cloud在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)里可以表示“使人產(chǎn)生未曾想到的傷心或不愉快”。故本句如此引申。Cloud作動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，有“含混不清”、“不易看懂或理解”、“變得難以判別”、“玷污”之義，比如：Scandals clouded the popular presidents reputation. （丑聞玷污了深得民心的總統(tǒng)的聲譽(yù)）。,20世紀(jì)70年代石油價(jià)格猛漲，曾對(duì)許多發(fā)展中國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展計(jì)劃投下一抹陰影。,我們的產(chǎn)品如果適當(dāng)?shù)囟ㄆ跈z修，至少可以使用二十

22、年。,4. The huge increase in oil prices in the 1970s cast a cloud over the development plans of many developing nations.,1. Now that the merger of “dot” and “com” has created so many young millionaires, theres a new topic: venture capital.,2. All the wit and learning in the economic circle will be pre

23、sent at the seminar.,既然網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司的兼并造就了如此多的百萬(wàn)富翁，我們面臨一個(gè)新話題：風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本。 （一般公司網(wǎng)址都有“dot and com”，所以此處具體引申為“網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司” ）,經(jīng)濟(jì)界的所有專(zhuān)家學(xué)者將出席這次研討會(huì)。 （wit and learning由抽象的“智慧與學(xué)識(shí)”引申為具體的“專(zhuān)家學(xué) 者” ）,（二）詞義的具體化,For the average consumer, voice-activated devices are a convenience; for the elderly and the handicapped, they may become indis

24、pensable for a wide variety of chores in the home.,There is more to their life than political and social and economic problems, more than transient everydayness.,對(duì)普通消費(fèi)者來(lái)說(shuō)，聲觸發(fā)裝置能提供方便，對(duì)老年人和殘疾人來(lái)說(shuō)，它可能成為從事各種家庭雜務(wù)事不可或缺的幫手。,他們的生活遠(yuǎn)不止那些政治的、社會(huì)的和經(jīng)濟(jì)的問(wèn)題，遠(yuǎn)不止一時(shí)的柴米油鹽問(wèn)題。,The Board tried its best to improve the balanc

25、e sheet of the company.,董事會(huì)已盡最大努力改善本公司的整體財(cái)務(wù)狀況。（balance sheet在會(huì)計(jì)上固然可解作“資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表”，但是這個(gè)詞還可引申為公司的“整體財(cái)務(wù)狀況”。),The interest rates have see-sawed between 10 and 15 per cent.,Everyone knows that John lost his shirt when the business he had invested failed.,利率一直在 10到15之間不斷波動(dòng)。 （See-saw 由“蹺蹺板一上一下的交替擺動(dòng)”抽象化為“波動(dòng)”。）,大

26、家都知道，約翰生意失敗后就傾家蕩產(chǎn)了。 (lose his shirt 由“丟了一件襯衫”引申為“失去一切”，相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)中常說(shuō)的“連短褲都輸沒(méi)了”。）,（三）詞義的抽象化,CED Finklestein: He needs to pull a rabbit out of his hat to save the company.,總經(jīng)理芬克爾斯坦說(shuō)：他需要拿出一個(gè)絕招來(lái)挽救公司。 （pull a rabbit out of his hat 原義為“從自己的帽子里抓出一只兔子來(lái)”，在此引申為“像耍魔術(shù)一樣拿出一種不同凡響的解決辦法”。譯文簡(jiǎn)潔明晰地把總經(jīng)理?yè)?dān)心的心情表達(dá)了出來(lái)。）,The owne

27、rs son has the inside track for the job.,The EECs common agricultural policy is a dinosaur which is adding 13.50 week to the food bill of the average British family.,老板的兒子有優(yōu)先獲得這項(xiàng)職務(wù)的權(quán)利。inside track 原義為“內(nèi)圈跑道”，在此引申為“優(yōu)先的權(quán)利”。,歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體的農(nóng)業(yè)共同政策早已不合時(shí)宜，它要使英國(guó)家庭平均每周在食品開(kāi)銷(xiāo)上多支出13.50英鎊。,Dinosaur的詞典釋義是“恐龍”，在現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)里，它又常

28、被引申為“要被廢棄的落后的龐然大物”，如the countrys industrial dinosaur指“該國(guó)龐大而陳舊的工業(yè)體系”。落后而要被廢棄的東西當(dāng)然也是過(guò)時(shí)的或不合時(shí)宜的，故此處作這樣的引申。,2. He is a good observer.,3. Access to the Internet is very simple.,詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換法 （Conversion of Part of Speech ）,詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換指的是商務(wù)英語(yǔ)中語(yǔ)言的詞性和表現(xiàn)方法的改變。由于英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣、句子結(jié)構(gòu)和詞的搭配關(guān)系均有差異，在翻譯中往往很難做到詞性和表現(xiàn)手法一致。為了適應(yīng)譯文語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)習(xí)慣和語(yǔ)法

29、規(guī)則，在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯中必須運(yùn)用詞性轉(zhuǎn)換技巧。同樣一個(gè)意思，英漢語(yǔ)常用互不相同的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)，因而可以說(shuō)，詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換是隨著句子結(jié)構(gòu)改變而產(chǎn)生的。詞性轉(zhuǎn)換技巧是一種較靈活的翻譯技巧，我們不能一味追求詞性的對(duì)等，而應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文作恰到好處的調(diào)整處理，使譯文貼切，以求達(dá)到最佳的翻譯效果。,Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.,火箭已經(jīng)用來(lái)探索宇宙。,他善于觀察。,上互聯(lián)網(wǎng)很簡(jiǎn)單。,Nylon is nearly twice as strong as natural silk.,尼龍的強(qiáng)度,將英語(yǔ)名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)

30、動(dòng)詞，譯文更符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。因?yàn)榕c英語(yǔ)相比，漢語(yǔ)句子中動(dòng)詞用得多，除了大量的動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)外，還有很多連動(dòng)式、兼語(yǔ)式等兩個(gè)以上動(dòng)詞連用的現(xiàn)象。因此，英語(yǔ)中不少詞類(lèi)，如名詞、動(dòng)名詞、介詞、形容詞、副詞等在英譯漢時(shí)往往需要進(jìn)行一定的調(diào)整，轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。當(dāng)然，英語(yǔ)的名詞化和漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞化并不排除在英譯漢時(shí)把英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化成漢語(yǔ)的名詞，再如：,美國(guó)與德國(guó)汽車(chē)制造商在歐洲市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)得異常激烈，迫使我們不得不改變投資計(jì)劃。（英語(yǔ)名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）,Extremely keen competition between American and German vehicle manufacturers in th

31、e European market has compelled us to change our investment plan.,A government report targets earnings from industry at US $ 200 billion by 2008.,The cost of making goods can be drastically lowered by means of mass-production.,政府的一份報(bào)告提出一個(gè)指標(biāo)：到2008年，要使工業(yè)收入達(dá)到 2 000 億美元。（英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)名詞）,通過(guò)批量生產(chǎn)可以大幅度降低生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的成

32、本。（英語(yǔ)介詞轉(zhuǎn)化成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）,Before World War II the most successful attempt to reduce tariffs by reciprocal bargaining was the trade agreements program of the United States, which was limited, however, by its bilateral nature.,第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之前，通過(guò)互相談判降低關(guān)稅的最成功的努力是美國(guó)的貿(mào)易協(xié)定計(jì)劃，但是這一計(jì)劃受其雙邊性質(zhì)的限制。（英語(yǔ)代詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)名詞）,Advertising affec

33、ts tremendously every sphere of modern life.,The fair price connected with the superiority of varieties of our products will be able to guarantee our competitive edge in the international market.,廣告對(duì)現(xiàn)代生活的方方面面產(chǎn)生極大的影響。（英語(yǔ)副詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)形容詞）,我方各種各樣的產(chǎn)品價(jià)格公平，品質(zhì)優(yōu)良，能夠確保在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。（英語(yǔ)名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)形容詞）。,可以看出，經(jīng)過(guò)詞性轉(zhuǎn)換后譯出的句子明顯

34、通順達(dá)意，節(jié)奏感強(qiáng)，符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。另外，語(yǔ)言是個(gè)無(wú)限生成的系統(tǒng)，詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換也是千變?nèi)f化的，在翻譯實(shí)踐中需要靈活運(yùn)用。比如英語(yǔ)名詞可以轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語(yǔ)副詞，副詞可以轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞。有時(shí)翻譯一個(gè)句子需要進(jìn)行幾個(gè)不同的詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換。再舉例：,He is physically weak, but mentally swift.,I have the honor to inform you that the new products of yours have entered the international markets.,他身體雖弱，但思維敏捷。（副詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞）,我榮幸地告訴你，貴公司的新產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)打入了

35、國(guó)際市場(chǎng)。 （名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞）,Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of the trade in opium must be preceded by the destruction of the drug itself.,林則徐認(rèn)為，要成功地禁止鴉片，就得首先把鴉片焚毀。 （形容詞+名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為副詞 +動(dòng)詞，名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞）,Males and females are equal in their right to inheritance.,There must be less empty talk and more hard work.,For 2

36、0 years we were passive witnesses to the deterioration of prices of our raw materials and an excessive increase of the prices of manufactured goods.,（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞；介詞轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞）,繼承權(quán)男女平等。,（名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞）,一定要少說(shuō)空話，多做工作。,（形容詞名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為副詞動(dòng)詞）,二十年來(lái)我們坐視原材料價(jià)格下跌與工業(yè)品價(jià)格暴漲（的情況）。,A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an Amer

37、ican, got into the car.,一個(gè)穿著講究的人上了車(chē)。他的外表和談吐都像個(gè)美國(guó)人。,Homework,He was a regular visitor. He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker. An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs. Talking with the his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong do

38、ings.,2. crisis law,3. Students are still arriving.,視角轉(zhuǎn)化法 （Shift of Perspective）,1. riot police,防暴警察,反危機(jī)法,學(xué)生還沒(méi)有到齊。,5. Inflation is Target of Banks New Policy （China Daily 標(biāo)題）,4. Dont stop running.,繼續(xù)跑。,反通貨膨脹是銀行新政的目標(biāo)。,6.arms conference,裁軍會(huì)議,7. I must confess,不瞞您說(shuō)，,8.People will be long forgetting her

39、.,人們會(huì)長(zhǎng)久記住她的。,在英譯漢過(guò)程中，我們常常遇到這樣一種情況，即原詞所表達(dá)的并不是其字面意義，而是其字面意義的反義，或者說(shuō)是對(duì)其字面意義的否定，可這種否定又往往不出現(xiàn)否定詞，這種情況并不少見(jiàn)，需要用到視角轉(zhuǎn)化法。 作為翻譯中的一種變通手段，視點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)換指譯者在不涉及特殊文化背景因素的情況下，用譯語(yǔ)意義替代原語(yǔ)意義，重組原語(yǔ)信息的表層形式，轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)角度，使譯文更符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣，更易于被讀者接受，更有利于譯文預(yù)期功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)。如下面這句話常出現(xiàn)在香港的電車(chē)門(mén)上： Please tender extra fare.（恕不找贖。）“找贖”乃粵語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于普通話中的“找零、找錢(qián)”。如果順譯則為：“請(qǐng)如數(shù)繳費(fèi)

40、?！钡鳛闊o(wú)人售票車(chē)上的提示語(yǔ)，如果從反面著筆效果會(huì)更好。例如，自學(xué)teach oneself；遠(yuǎn)程教育distance learning。視點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)換技巧除了包括肯定句與否定句之間的相互轉(zhuǎn)換，還包括其他與原文不同或相反的表達(dá)角度。,With the winter coming in, many fashion stores start to sell warm clothes.,Party A shall have a right of first refusal whenever party B wishes to sell any of its shares in the Group.,冬天

41、即將來(lái)臨，許多商店開(kāi)始銷(xiāo)售寒衣了。 （此處 warm clothes 不譯為“暖和的衣服”，經(jīng)視角轉(zhuǎn)換后譯為“寒衣”，剛好符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，且更簡(jiǎn)練。）,乙方任何時(shí)候有意出售其持有之本集團(tuán)任何股份，甲方一律擁有優(yōu)先購(gòu)買(mǎi)權(quán)。 （如果把 right of first refusal 刻譯成“優(yōu)先拒絕權(quán)”，則有失準(zhǔn)確，必須經(jīng)過(guò)視角轉(zhuǎn)換把它譯成“優(yōu)先購(gòu)買(mǎi)權(quán)”才符合行業(yè)規(guī)范。）,We offer to take ten percent off if your order is big enough.,The supermarket designated quite a few pick-up poin

42、ts in some comparatively densely populated communities in suburban areas.,如果您的訂貨量足夠大的話，我們會(huì)給您打九折。 （ take ten percent off 本義為“把價(jià)格扣除百分之十”，利用視點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)換法可翻譯成“打九折”。）,該超市在郊區(qū)人口相對(duì)密集的社區(qū)設(shè)立了好幾個(gè)上車(chē)地點(diǎn)。 （Pick-up points 原義為“接（顧客）的地點(diǎn)”，現(xiàn)在經(jīng)過(guò)視點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)換則變?yōu)椤吧宪?chē)地點(diǎn)”了。）,The seller determines to sell it at one price.,In his 1776 work The

43、Wealth of Nations, Scottish economist Adam Smith proposed that specialization in production leads to increased output.,商家決定該產(chǎn)品以不二價(jià)銷(xiāo)售。 （ at one price 為“只以一種價(jià)格”，這樣的表達(dá)不符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，而用“不二價(jià)”則表示出商家不愿同顧客討價(jià)還價(jià)的決心。）,蘇格蘭經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家亞當(dāng)斯密在其1776年所著的國(guó)富論中認(rèn)為，專(zhuān)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)會(huì)引起產(chǎn)出增加。 （這里，把“生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)業(yè)化”轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤皩?zhuān)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)”，把“增加的產(chǎn)出”轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤爱a(chǎn)出增加”。）,1. With Sil

44、icon Valleys unbelievable housing prices in mind, I expected to see a much worse house.,由于對(duì)硅谷出奇高的房?jī)r(jià)早有所聞，所以看到房子還過(guò)得去，真是出乎我的意料。,2. Urban clearway.,市區(qū)通道，不準(zhǔn)停車(chē)。,3. Keep upright.,切勿倒置。,4. Yet they could only get the blood if one of the frightened children would agree to give it.,然而，如果這些受驚嚇的孩子中無(wú)人自愿獻(xiàn)血，他們就無(wú)法得

45、到血。,5. You couldnt kill any more.,你已經(jīng)惡貫滿盈了。,6. The bill was defeated, but during the next 25 years more than 100 food and drug bills were introduced in Congress.,雖然議案未獲通過(guò)，但在隨后的25年中，有100多個(gè)食品和藥品法案被提交到國(guó)會(huì)。,7. This book could not have been written or published without the help of dozens of people, and I

46、am deeply grateful to all of them.,這本書(shū)的寫(xiě)作和出版曾得到許多位友人的各種幫助,謹(jǐn)此一并深表謝意。,增減法（Amplification conference a ready man; writing an exact man.,讀書(shū)使人充實(shí)，討論使人機(jī)智，寫(xiě)作使人準(zhǔn)確。,熱身練習(xí),（一）增補(bǔ)同義詞,The innovation of products is one of the reform measures of the SOEs because it can decrease loss, cost and budget.,產(chǎn)品的革新是國(guó)企改革措施之一，因

47、為它可以減少損失、降低成本并削減預(yù)算。 如果直譯成：“產(chǎn)品的革新是國(guó)企改革措施之一，因?yàn)樗梢詼p少損失、成本和預(yù)算。”那么，句中的“減少”和“成本”的搭配就不妥當(dāng)，所以有必要增補(bǔ)相應(yīng)的漢語(yǔ)詞匯。,增詞法,詞義英語(yǔ)有一詞多義的特點(diǎn)，同一個(gè)詞可以同時(shí)與若干個(gè)詞進(jìn)行搭配，相互修飾、制約，語(yǔ)言仍自然流暢。但漢語(yǔ)在詞的搭配方面相對(duì)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，同一個(gè)詞通常不能同時(shí)與多個(gè)詞搭配。根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)詞的搭配習(xí)慣和英語(yǔ)詞匯的一詞多義的特點(diǎn)，我們應(yīng)采用文字增補(bǔ)的技巧，這樣才能使譯文既準(zhǔn)確達(dá)意，又照顧到漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣。,Investor confidence is crucial to the success of our eco

48、nomic system.,Both the buyer and the seller are busy at negotiations of business, contract and draft.,投資者的信心對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)體系的成功運(yùn)行至關(guān)重要。,買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方正忙于交易磋商，合約談判和匯票議付。,如果直譯為：“買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方正忙于交易，合約和匯票的磋商?！蹦敲矗按枭獭焙汀昂霞s”及“匯票”的搭配也不準(zhǔn)確，因此，需要譯者根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的搭配習(xí)慣做出增補(bǔ)。,（二）增補(bǔ)范疇詞,如果直譯就是：影響市場(chǎng)對(duì)商品需求的變化有內(nèi)因和外因兩方面。但若添加范疇詞“情況”、“方面”等來(lái)修飾相應(yīng)的抽象名詞，changes和 fac

49、tors 更加具體、明確，符合漢語(yǔ)的修辭需要。,增詞法,在英譯漢過(guò)程中考慮到漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，經(jīng)常增加的范疇詞有：方法、措施、情況、情緒、狀態(tài)、現(xiàn)象、方面、問(wèn)題、關(guān)系、工作等。例如： The changes of requirements for the commodities in the market are affected by the internal and external factors.,影響市場(chǎng)對(duì)商品需求的變化情況有內(nèi)因和外因兩方面的因素。,The tension in the Middle East has attracted much attention.,The ter

50、ms of the contract must be clear, definite, certain and complete.,中東的緊張局勢(shì)已引起了全世界的廣泛關(guān)注。,合同條款必須書(shū)寫(xiě)清楚、意思明確、語(yǔ)氣肯定、內(nèi)容完備。,Unless these issues are addressed as a matter of urgency, the consequent de-motivation of staff will undoubtedly have a negative impact on the performance of the company.,除非這些問(wèn)題作為當(dāng)務(wù)之急得到及

51、時(shí)解決，否則員工中隨之出現(xiàn)的消極怠工情緒無(wú)疑將對(duì)公司的整個(gè)運(yùn)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。,混亂局面 飽和狀態(tài) 廢物回收利用 準(zhǔn)備工作 管理部門(mén) 冗員，多余信息 補(bǔ)救措施 解決方案 修改方案 有利地位 落后狀態(tài),.,confusion saturation recycling preparation management redundancy remedies solution modification advantage backwardness,社會(huì)為競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法則付出的代價(jià)，猶如它為便宜的舒適家用商品和高檔消費(fèi)品的代價(jià)一樣巨大。,comfort 和 luxury 都是抽象名詞，但在構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)后，詞義就具體

52、化了。否則該句就會(huì)產(chǎn)生這樣的誤譯：社會(huì)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法則付出的代價(jià)猶如它為便宜的舒適和奢侈付出的代價(jià)一樣巨大。,（三）增補(bǔ)產(chǎn)品名稱(chēng),增詞法,詞義對(duì)于英文中缺失的產(chǎn)品名稱(chēng)，翻譯時(shí)有時(shí)要根據(jù)具體情況增補(bǔ)出來(lái)。如： The price which society pays for the law of competition, like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries, is also great.,原文中Toyota，Hitachi，Xerox都為世界知名品牌，在翻譯時(shí)要按漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣用法把他們的產(chǎn)品名稱(chēng)補(bǔ)充完整，才能使譯文具體明了。,5輛

53、豐田牌汽車(chē)，20臺(tái)日立拍電視機(jī)和30臺(tái)施樂(lè)牌復(fù)印機(jī)早已備妥待運(yùn)，但因你放信用證延遲到達(dá)，貨物不能按期裝運(yùn)。,The five Toyota, twenty Hitachi and thirty Xerox have long been ready for shipment, but shipment cannot be effected because of the late arrival of your L/C.,減詞法,冬天來(lái)了，春天還會(huì)遠(yuǎn)嗎？ 這些文獻(xiàn)很有價(jià)值。,英減詞是指將原文中需要、而譯文中又不需要的詞語(yǔ)省去。減省的詞語(yǔ)應(yīng)是那些在譯文中保留下來(lái)反而使行文累贅嚕嗦、且不合漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)

54、習(xí)慣的詞語(yǔ)。減詞一般用于以下兩種情況：一是從語(yǔ)法角度進(jìn)行減??；二是從修飾角度進(jìn)行減省，但總體效果無(wú)非是在更透徹地理解原文基礎(chǔ)上更流暢地表達(dá)出來(lái)。,If winter comes, can spring be far behind? These references are valuable.,A teacher should have patience in his work.,The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory.,I framed the words in my

55、 mind, “Pardon me, but have I done something to offend you?”,（省略冠詞）,當(dāng)老師的應(yīng)當(dāng)有耐心。,（省略冠詞）,產(chǎn)品出廠前應(yīng)該進(jìn)行抽樣檢查。,（省略介詞和名詞）,我心里在嘀咕：“對(duì)不起，我有什么舉止行為冒犯你了嗎？”,With the weather so stuffy, ten to one itll rain presently.,天這樣悶，很可能就要下雨了。,University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who

56、had not.,（省略介詞）,報(bào)考大學(xué)的人，有工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的優(yōu)先錄取。,We should learn how to analyze and solve problems.,The big company has its disadvantages.,我們應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)如何分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)題。,大企業(yè)有大企業(yè)的難處。,雖然有不少人把重復(fù)法單列為一種主要的翻譯方法，但重復(fù)法實(shí)際上也是一種增詞法，只不過(guò)所增加的是上下文中出現(xiàn)過(guò)的詞而已。為了避免文章的單調(diào)乏味，英文中往往盡量要避免用詞重復(fù)。除了使用代詞外，同一件事物常用拼寫(xiě)不同而意義相近的詞來(lái)表示。漢語(yǔ)的重復(fù)則不會(huì)給人以單調(diào)乏味的感覺(jué)，相反，如果使用得當(dāng)，

57、還可以起到反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的作用，使語(yǔ)義明確，譯文生動(dòng)。所以英譯漢時(shí)有時(shí)要重復(fù)某些詞匯。,重復(fù)法（Repetition）,Managing multinationals means handling both national and organizational culture differences at the same time.,管理跨國(guó)公司意味著要同時(shí)處理民族文化差異與組織文化差異。,He became an oil baronall by himself.,Last year, the output of coal in this region amounted to about 20

58、percent of the whole country, of steel 25 percent, and of cotton 35 percent.,他成了一個(gè)石油大亨一個(gè)白手起家的石油大亨。,去年，這一地區(qū)的煤產(chǎn)量約占全國(guó)總產(chǎn)量的20%，鋼產(chǎn)量占25% , 棉花產(chǎn)量占35。,In fact, the blatant use of money to motivate people either to join an organization or to stay on has created more motivation problems than it has solved.,事實(shí)上，

59、大張旗鼓地用金錢(qián)來(lái)促使人們加入某組織或留下來(lái)，這種做法所引起的激勵(lì)機(jī)制上的問(wèn)題，遠(yuǎn)比其所解決的問(wèn)題要多。,The main difficulty is the shortage of funds, teachers and teaching materials.,We thank you very much for the warm hospitality accorded to our trade delegation during this visit to your country and for the close co-operation in the business discussions.,主要的問(wèn)題是經(jīng)費(fèi)不足、教員不足、教材不足這幾項(xiàng)。,我們非常感謝你們?cè)谖屹Q(mào)易代表團(tuán)訪問(wèn)貴國(guó)期間給予的盛情款待，感謝你們?cè)跇I(yè)務(wù)洽談中給予的密切配合。,With respect to manuscripts and pictures that are provided by the Chinese party, without the consent of the Ch