1、第五章,翻譯的語言對比規(guī)律 （2）,一、語義差異 二、詞法差異 三、句法差異 四、思維差異,英漢語言差異,一、英漢句法對比,1、英語基本句式 SV（主+謂） SVP（主+系+表） SVO（主+謂+賓） SVoO（主+謂+間賓+直賓） SVOC（主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)）,英漢句法對比,2、漢語基本句式 1）話題句、施事句、關(guān)系句、呼嘆句、祈使句、存現(xiàn)句、有無句、描寫句、說明句等。 2）除動詞外，形容詞、名詞等其他詞類也可充當(dāng)謂語。,英漢句法對比,3、英漢句式結(jié)構(gòu)相同點(diǎn) 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+謂語+賓語 E.g. 1)A womans friendship ever ends in love.,一、英漢句法對

2、比,3、英漢句式結(jié)構(gòu)相同點(diǎn) 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+謂語+賓語 E.g. 1)A womans friendship ever ends in love. 女人的友誼最后總會變成愛情。,4. 英漢句法差異,1）形合（hypotaxis）與意合（parataxis） 形合：句中的詞語或分句之間需要一種語言形式手段（如連詞或關(guān)聯(lián)詞）連接起來，表達(dá)一定的語法意義和邏輯關(guān)系 意合：詞語或分句之間不用語言形式手段進(jìn)行連接，句中的語法意義和邏輯關(guān)系通過詞語或分句的含義來表達(dá)。,Even if I were to be beaten to death, I will not tell. 打死我也不說。 A stat

3、e which dwarfs its men, in order that they may be more docile instruments in its hands even for beneficial purposes will find that with small men no great thing can really be accomplished.,A state which dwarfs its men, in order that they may be more docile instruments in its hands even for beneficia

4、l purposes will find that with small men no great thing can really be accomplished. 一個(gè)政府壓制它的人民,以便使其成為自己手中的馴服工具即使是為了正當(dāng)?shù)哪康乃矔l(fā)現(xiàn),靠受壓制的人是不可能真正成就什么大事的。,出西門，循山腳，高低約數(shù)里，漸見山峰屹立，石作橫紋。,出西門，循山腳，高低約數(shù)里，漸見山峰屹立，石作橫紋。 Following him passed the Western Gate, I went along the foot of the hill for about several of undul

5、ating country, when a mountain peak with rocks in horizontal formations gradually came into view.,2). 語序和句子重心差異 英語句子和漢語句子的重心相同，一般都落在結(jié)果結(jié)論等上，但重心的位置不同，英語一般是前重心，而漢語句子一般是后重心。 PS.現(xiàn)代漢語行文表述順序大致有以下傾向：先說條件、前提，后說結(jié)論、斷語；先交待時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)，后交待事件、人物行為；先推出背景、前因，后擺出發(fā)展和后果；先鋪述一般，后刻劃具體等等。多層次敘述時(shí)，大體上也是從廣到窄、從大到小、從遠(yuǎn)到近、從先到后等。,The peo

6、ple of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.,The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to ris

7、e in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.小國人民敢于起來斗爭，敢于拿起武器，掌握自己國家的命運(yùn)，就一定能夠戰(zhàn)勝大國的侵略。,3.基于句法差異的翻譯對策,1）連接手段略去不譯（分詞、介詞、連詞、關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞、系動詞等） E.g. Smoking is prohibited in public. 公共場所，禁止吸煙。 If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天來了，春天還會遠(yuǎn)嗎？,As we

8、 resumed walking I blurted out, “Its a lucky thing it happened that way. You wouldnt have met Mother.(教材) 我們繼續(xù)往前走，我又冒出一句話：“這樣倒是一件幸事。不然你就遇不上媽媽了?！?Ordered！Oh, everything is ordered when a person has to find some way out when he has been stupid. 命中注定！啊，一個(gè)人干出了傻事，要替自己找理由，那就什么都是命中注定！,All was cleared up so

9、me time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.,All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell. 過了一些時(shí)候，從遠(yuǎn)方傳來了消息：在小銅球墜落的當(dāng)天，確實(shí)發(fā)生了地震。這一切終于

10、得到了澄清。,2)保留原文形合形式 You and the girls may go, or you may send them by themselves, which perhaps will be still better; for, as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr. Bingley might like you the best of the party. 你帶著女兒們?nèi)ゾ托欣玻荒闼餍源虬l(fā)她們自己去，這樣或許更好些，因?yàn)槟愕淖松⒉粊営谒齻冎械娜魏我粋€(gè)，你一去，賓利先生倒作興看中你呢。,If parents were prepar

11、ed for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.,If parents were pre

12、pared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it. 如果做父母的對這種青少年的反應(yīng)有

13、思想準(zhǔn)備，并且認(rèn)識到到這是一個(gè)顯示孩子正在成長、正在發(fā)展珍貴的觀察力和獨(dú)立的判斷力的標(biāo)志，他們就不會感到如此傷心，所以也就不會因?yàn)樵购藓偷钟|這種反應(yīng)，而把孩子推到相反的方向。,3）語序,A. 倒裝句 B. 定語 C. 狀語 D. 否定轉(zhuǎn)移,A.倒裝句,a. 改變原文語序 b. 保持原文語序 c. 改變或保持原文句序均可 d. 改變主語,a. 改變原文語序,Not only did we learn English parsing thoroughly, but we also practiced continually English analysis. 我們不僅徹底學(xué)會了句法分析，而且不斷地

14、練習(xí)英文分析。 No longer is it necessary for women to wear veils.,a. 改變原文語序,Not only did we learn English parsing thoroughly, but we also practiced continually English analysis. 我們不僅徹底學(xué)會了句法分析，而且不斷地練習(xí)英文分析。 No longer is it necessary for women to wear veils. 如今女性在也不用戴面紗了。,Inexpressible was the astonishment of

15、 the little party when they returned to find that Mr. Pickwick had disappeared.,Inexpressible was the astonishment of the little party when they returned to find that Mr. Pickwick had disappeared. 這一小伙人回來發(fā)現(xiàn)匹克威克先生已經(jīng)不見了，他們的驚愕之情簡直無法形容。,b. 保持原文語序,There lived on the hill a hermit. 山上住著一個(gè)隱士。 Up the road c

16、ame a sound of creaking axles, and then a slow cloud of dust, and then a bull-cart bearing Ransie Bilbro and his wife.,b. 保持原文語序,There lived on the hill a hermit. 山上住著一個(gè)隱士。 Up the road came a sound of creaking axles, and then a slow cloud of dust, and then a bull-cart nearing Ransie Bilbro and his w

17、ife. 路那頭傳來了吱吱呀呀的車軸聲，騰起一蓬灰塵，接著出現(xiàn)了一輛牛車，上面坐著蘭西比爾布羅和他的老婆。,c. 改變或保持原文句序均可,Yet few knew, and still fewer considered this. 然而這一點(diǎn)很少有人察覺，也更少有人去關(guān)注。（強(qiáng)調(diào)） 然而很少有人察覺這一點(diǎn)，更少有人去關(guān)注。 Such a treatment I did not expect, for I never had a patron before.,Such a treatment I did not expect, for I never had a patron before. 這

18、種待遇是我所未曾意料到的，因?yàn)槲疫^去從未有過恩主。 我沒有意料到會有這樣的待遇，因?yàn)槲覐奈从羞^什么贊助人。,d. 改變主語,It is with time as with the current if water; once it goes, it never comes back. 時(shí)間如流水，一去不復(fù)返。,B. 定語,1.定語位置：英語中定語前置后置均可（單個(gè)形容詞、名詞、分詞、數(shù)詞等作定語時(shí)，才可前置），后置的短語或從句可以很長，而漢語中定語一般置于被修飾名詞之前。 2.定語排列順序：英語中多個(gè)定語修飾一個(gè)中心詞的時(shí)候其基本順序是小范圍到大范圍、次要意義到主要意義、程度弱到程度強(qiáng)，越能反

19、映事物本質(zhì)特征的越靠近中心詞，而漢語則相反。,1. That altered, frightened, fat face told his secret well enough. 他的胖臉蛋兒嚇得走了樣子，他心里的打算一看就知道。 2. She had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own. 她心地厚道，為人樂觀，性情溫柔，待人和藹，器量又大。,She was an intelligent, attractive and somewhat temperamental daughter of a wel

20、l-to-do doctor in Haddington. The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry, because he had no food for two days.,She was an intelligent, attractive and somewhat temperamental daughter of a well-to-do doctor in Haddington. 她是哈丁頓一位富裕醫(yī)生的女兒，有才華、

21、又迷人 、但有點(diǎn)脾氣。 The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry, because he had no food for two days. 那個(gè)男孩哭得似乎心碎了，我問他時(shí)，他說他已有兩天沒吃東西了，實(shí)在餓極了。,C. 狀語,a. 英語中狀語以后置為主，漢語中狀語則以前置為主 Father worked day and night to support the family. 為了養(yǎng)家糊口，父親沒白天沒黑夜的干活。 Up went the arrow into the air. 嗖的一聲，箭射上了天。,b.英語中的地點(diǎn)狀語和時(shí)間狀語是由小概念到大概念排列；而漢語則相反，是由大概念到小概念排列。 e.g. William Shakespeare was born in Stratfort-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England. 威廉莎士比亞生于英格蘭沃里克郡埃文河畔斯特拉特福鎮(zhèn)。,c. 如果一個(gè)句子中具有地點(diǎn)狀語，又有時(shí)間狀語，英語的排列順序是地點(diǎn)狀語在前，時(shí)間狀語在后；漢語則相反。 E.g