1、高等學校英語應用能力考試B級 詞匯語法專項突破,一,二,三,四,五,六,詞匯語法,聽 力,翻 譯,寫 作,考試大綱,閱讀理解,本部分主要測試考生對詞匯和語法知識的運用能力，由section A 和section B兩部分組成。 Section A為選擇題，共10題，每題1分，共計10分，要求考生從每題的4個選項中選出一個正確的答案。 Section B為填空題，共5題，每題1分，共計5分，要求考生根據句子內容用括號中所給詞的恰當形式填空。 測試時間為10分鐘。,(一) 選擇題 詞匯選擇題主要考察考生對詞語的識別、 詞義的辨析、動詞詞組和固定搭配短語 的掌握等。,一、詞匯,詞義辨析 詞義辨析主要

2、測試考生的詞匯知識以及運用所掌握的詞匯解決具體問題的能力。歷年的真題主要測試的是對動詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞以及介詞等詞義的辨析。這種題型主要考查詞義相近或詞形相近的詞的辨析，有時也會出現四個完全不同的詞的詞義辨析。 做此類題時，考生要根據句子的上下文推理，弄清題意，分析選項，排除干擾，縮小選擇范圍，提高命中率。,Madam, dont _. I can help you look after your baby. A. mind B. care C. matter,D.wory,詞語搭配 最為常見的詞語搭配是動詞詞組，英語中有不少動詞如：take, make, give, keep, come

3、, break, set等都有較強的搭配能力，主要測試以不同動詞引出的短語或以某個動詞為中心的短語。,Yesterday I _ my old friend, Xiao Li. And then we went to a coffee bar for a drink. B. came out C. came across D. came up,A. came about,(二) 填空題 詞匯的填空題主要是根據括號里所給出的單詞填寫其合適的形式，主要考查詞性變換。 對于此類題目，平時積累是關鍵，但對于句子意思和結構的把握也會對解題有很大幫助。 解題技巧:首先要讀懂讀透句意，了解句子結構，弄清缺少

4、什么成分，分清該填入動詞還是名詞、形容詞或副詞；有時也會出現詞語的派生詞。,詞性轉換 詞性轉換一般以填空題的形式出現。它是指同一詞根派生出的名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞的轉換。 解題技巧是要讀懂句意，了解句子結構，判斷缺少什么成分。,名詞的詞綴 表示人：-ee, -er, -ian, -ist, -or 表示抽象名詞：-acy, -age, -ance, -bility, -hood, -tion, -ment, -ness, -th 動詞的詞綴 -en, -ate, -ize, -ise, en-,形容詞的詞綴 前綴：in-, im-, il-, ir-, un-, dis-表示否定 后綴：-a

5、ble, -al, -ful, -ly, -ary, -ive 副詞的后綴 -ly, -wise,Since the (publish) _ of the novel, over one million readers have read it.,publishment,形容詞、副詞的比較級和最高級 單音節(jié)詞和少數雙音節(jié)詞加-er和-est分別構成比較級與最高級 其他詞都在前面加more, most分別構成比較級與最高級,二、語法,語法結構主要測試考生對常用語法知識的應用能力。 常見語法點有：非謂語動詞、從句、時態(tài)和語態(tài)、介詞的搭配、倒裝結構、虛擬語形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級等 解題技巧：不

6、論是選擇題還是填空題，考生首先要看懂句子的結構和意思，判斷該題要測試的語法點，從而給出正確的答案。,1627,時態(tài),2839,非謂語動詞,4059,虛擬語氣,6072,主謂一致,7379,倒裝,8088,定語從句,89100,情態(tài)動詞,語法,時態(tài) 1. 一般現在時 (1) 在時間和條件句中，從句通常用一般 現在時表示將來 e.g. We will go shopping if it doesnt rain tomorrow. I will call you as soon as I get home. 表示客觀事實和真理的句子任何時候都 用一般現在時,2. 現在完成時 (1) 構成：have/

7、has done; 表示動作或狀態(tài)延續(xù)到 說話時或到說話時已經完成 (2) 常用現在完成時的情況： It is (has been)+一段時間+since從句 e.g. It is/has been 3 years since I joined the Party., This (That/It) is the first (second) time that e.g. This is the first time that I have ever met her. This (That/It) is the only+that e.g. This (That/It) is the best/

8、finest/ most interesting+that,(3) go, come, arrive, reach, leave, return, get, die, buy, become, join, borrow, lend等瞬間動詞不能和表示延續(xù)的時間狀語for, since連用 3. 過去完成時 (1) 構成：had done; 表示過去某一時刻或某一動作之前完成的動作狀態(tài)。這是一個相對的時態(tài)，只有與過去時或過去某個動作相比較時才能用。,(2) 常用過去完成時的幾種情況： by/until/before/since+過去某一時間 e.g. By the end of last yea

9、r, we had finished the project. The train had left before we reached the station., 表示未曾時間的愿望、打算、意圖、諾言等。常用had hope/ planned/ meant/ intended/ thought/ wanted/ expected等+to have done. 表示“一就”的幾個句型： Hardly/Scarcely had + 主語+done + when+一般過去時 No sooner had +主語+done + than+一般過去時 e.g. No sooner had we got

10、on the plane the plane took off., 在It was+最高級/序數詞+that 結構的從句中， 使用過去完成時。 e.g. There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening. 在賓語從句中，如果主句用過去時，從句中的 謂語動作發(fā)生在主句中的謂語動作之前，則從 句用過去完成時。 e.g. He told me that he had finished his work.,4. 將來完成時 (1) 構成：will/shall hav

11、e done; 表示將來某一時刻或另一個將來的動作之前，已經完成的動作。 (2) 常用將來完成時的情況： before/by +將來某一時間 e.g. I hope we will have got all the information before you come tomorrow. You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.,5. 時態(tài)呼應 在主從復合句中，主要是在賓語從句中，時態(tài)常受主句謂語動詞時態(tài)的影響，從句的時態(tài)要做一些必要的調整，這種現象叫時態(tài)的呼應。 關于主、從句時態(tài)的呼應，應注意以下兩點：,(1) 如果主句的謂

12、語動詞是現在時或將來時，賓語從句的謂語動詞可以是各種時態(tài)。 (2) 如果主句的謂語動詞是過去時態(tài)，從句應該用相應的過去時態(tài)，但如果從句表示的是真理、客觀事實，則一律用現在時。,e.g. She asked me whether I had passed the final examination. She said she would have got everything ready by tomorrow. The teacher said that the sun rises from the east.,I hope they _ this road by the time we co

13、me back next summer. B. will repair D. will have repaired This is the first time I (see)_ such a terrible scene.,A. have repaired C. are to repair,have seen,非謂語動詞,非謂語動詞：在句子中充當除謂語以外的句子成分的動詞形式。 一般來說非謂語動詞有以下三種形式：不定式、動名詞、分詞,不定式 （1） 不定式本身也有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化 現在時表示動作與謂語動詞的動作是同時或在其后發(fā)生 進行時所表示動作與謂語動詞的動作是同時的，但強調時間的長度，表

14、示動作在一段時間內一直進行 完成時表示先謂語動詞之前完成的動作或狀態(tài),（2） 在一些常見從此之后直接接動詞不定式： afford, happen, want, agree, promise, wish, ask, demand, decide, dare, learn, fail, pretend, offer, mean等。 在一些結構中動詞不定式省略“to”：would rather, had better, cannotbut, can not help but, do nothing but, let alone, why not等,在hear, feel, see, notice,

15、watch, make, let, have 等詞后，動詞不定式做賓語補足語不帶“to”。 但這種句子變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，“to”必須還原。,2. 動名詞 動名詞既可以起形容詞的作用也可以起名詞的作用。它有自己的邏輯主語。常見的動詞后接動名詞的有：postpone, keep on, deny, practice, give up, enjoy, insist on, mind, need, object to, look forward to, be worth, its no use, spend time/money (in), be busy in, waste time in等,有些動詞

16、后既可接動詞不定式也可接動名詞但意思不同 remember, forget, try, stop, regret, go on, mean, need/want, like/hate/dislike,3. 分詞 分詞有兩種形式：現在分詞和過去分詞 (1) 現在分析和過去分詞的區(qū)別：一般來說，現在分詞表示主動和進行的意義；過去分詞表示被動和完成的意義,（2） 不管是現在分詞還是過去分詞作狀語，其邏輯主語必須和主句的主語一致 e.g. Looking at the sky, it made Tom feel so relaxed. Looking at the sky, Tom felt so r

17、elaxed.,(3) 分詞的獨立主格結構：形式通常為“名詞/代詞+分詞短語”，也可以用“with/without +名詞（或代詞的賓語）+分詞”的結構，作用相當于一個狀語從句或并列句，表示原因、時間、條件或伴隨狀態(tài) e.g. The teacher came in, his face covered with smile. The bus coming in, I rushed to the front row With him helping me, I felt lucky.,1. When I called her on the phone, she pretended (not kn

18、ow) _ me. 2. That man told the police that he had seen the thief _. A.get on a car and drive off B.getting on a car and drove off C.get on a car and drove off D.to get on a car and drive off,not to know,3. Your bedroom needs _. B. being cleaned C. clean D. cleaning 4. I forgot _ it to you. Now here

19、it is. B. to give C. gave D. have given,A.to clean,A.giving,5. One of my foreign friends is looking forward to _ my country. B. visiting C. having visited D. be visiting,A. visit,虛擬語氣,虛擬語氣是用來表示主觀愿望和假設的情況，它所表示的動作或狀態(tài)并不是客觀存在的事實或者說是正好與事實相反的假設。,（1）條件從句的虛擬語氣其句型結構為：,e.g. 與現在事實相反：If I had enough money, I wo

20、uld buy a book. 與過去事實相反：If I had had enough money, I would have bought a book. 將來不太可能發(fā)生的事： If I were to have enough money, I would buy a book.,(2) 用于would rather/ would sooner/ would just as soon/ would prefer之后的賓語從句中，其句型結構為： 對現在和將來的虛擬：would rather, etc.+主語+did e.g. I would rather you didnt speak ru

21、dely to her., 對過去的虛擬: would rather, etc. +主語+had done e.g. I would rather you hadnt spoken rudely to her.,(3) wish后賓語從句中的虛擬語氣 無論wish為何種時態(tài)，后面從句均用虛擬 與過去事實相反：had+done/could have done 與現在事實相反: were/did 將來沒有把握或不太可能實現的愿望: would/could/might do,（4）用于suggest, propose, advise, command, insist, order, decide,

22、recommend, desire, ask, require, prefer等表示命令、建議、要 求和愿望等的賓語從句中，其從句的謂語動 詞為(should) do,(5) 用于It is/was+adj/v-ed.+that的主語從句中， 其從句的謂語動詞為( should) do 這類形容詞有：better, important, proper, necessary, urgent, desirable, advisable, etc 分詞有：suggested, proposed, ordered, desired, recommended, demanded, requested,

23、required等,(6) 用于command, order, demand, desire, importance, necessity, decision, advice, proposal, suggestion, motion, request, recommendation, requirement, 等名詞有 關表語從句及同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣， 謂語動詞用(should) do,（7） 虛擬語氣的特殊用法 If only 用于簡單句中，其句型為： 表示現在沒有實現的愿望: If only+主語+did e.g. If only I were taller. 表示過去沒有實現的愿

24、望: If only+主語+had done e.g. If only he had followed your advice., 假設的情況通過介詞短語或其他表達方法，常用詞有: without, but for, otherwise, except for, etc e.g. Without his help, I would not have passed the exam. 有in case, lest, for fear that 引導的從句，其從句的句型為：主語+should do e.g. He took his umbrella in case it should rain.,

25、 在It is (high) time (that) 句中that從句必須用過去時 e.g. It is (high) time you went to bed.,1. The committee members propose that the plan _postponed for a few days. B. been C. to be D. be,A. being,2. If I knew English, I _ understand this story. Would have been able to Would be able to Should have been able

26、to Shall be able to,3. I would rather that you _ me the truth that day. had told have told told tell,4. He suggested that we _ to see a movie. would go should go went have gone,5. Its necessary that the problem _ in some way or other. is settled was settled be settled has been settled,6. It is high

27、time we _ the problem between us. should solve solve solved have solved,7. The train has already left. If only you_ a little earlier. have come came come had come,8. If the cold winter should finish tomorrow, I _ very happy. shall be would be will be can be,主謂一致,主謂一致一般遵循三個原則：語法一致；意義一致；就近原則 1. 謂語動詞用單

28、數的情況 (1) 當名詞詞組中心詞是表示數量、時間等的復數名詞短語做主語時 (2) 當主語由“a portion of/a series of/ a kind of”等，+名詞構成時,(3) 當主語由more than one 或many a構成時 (4) 在eachand each, everyand every等結構之后,2. 謂語動詞用復數的情況 (1) 由both或both and 連接兩個名詞詞組做主語，但如果and連接的兩個主語指的是同一個人或物，或指的是同一概念時謂語動詞用單數，此結構的特征是and后的名詞前五官次及其他修飾語,(2) 在“one of+復數名詞+who/whic

29、h/that”引導的從句中 (3) 由a number of, a variety of, a group of, a lot of等修飾的復數名詞做主語,其他情況 （1） 名詞中心詞是all, plenty, most, half, part, none, the rest, lots, 分數、百分數+of+單數名詞、不可數名詞時，謂語動詞用單數 若of+復數名詞時，謂語動詞一般用復數形式 如果沒法確定，看后面的表語,(2) 由not onlybut (also), eitheror, neithernor或or連接的并列主語及there/here be結構，采用就近原則，謂語動詞由其最近的

30、名詞的形式決定。 (3) 在“one of +復數名詞+定語從句”結構中，若在one之前有the only等限定詞和修飾語時謂語動詞用單數；若沒有謂語動詞用復數。,(4) 集合名詞作主語時，若其含義為一個整體，謂語動詞用單數；若其含義為構成該整體的各個成員，則謂語動詞用復數。常用的集體名詞有：club, committee, crew, family, group, staff, team, class等 (5) 當people, police, cattle, dozen, few, both, many, several等詞或由兩部分組成的物體的名稱如spectacles, trouser

31、s, shoes等詞作主語時，謂語動詞用復數形式,(6) 在there be存在句中，根據be 后的第一個主語的單復數而確定謂語的單復數。但如果主語是幾個并列的單數名詞時，則謂語用復數 (7) 動詞不定式、動名詞、從句作主語時，謂語動詞用單數 (8) 當主語后面跟有由as much as, rather than, more than, no less than, as well as, in addition to, with, along with, together with, except等引導的詞組時，其后的動詞形式取決于主語的形式,1. Two days _ a short tim

32、e for us to finish the job. is are will be has been,2. In America, many a university student _ from China. come came comes have come,3. This is one of the rooms that _damaged. A.is B.was C.were D.had been,4. A number of people _killed in the earthquake. A. has been B. were C. is D. was,5. Either my

33、parents or my younger brother _ at home now. are is be was,倒裝,為了表達上的需要，有時特意顛倒句子成分或分句的一般次序，把句子的一般次序變?yōu)樘厥獯涡虻男揶o手法。 運用倒裝手法，可以加強語勢，調和音節(jié)，錯綜句法。,1. 全部倒裝 即完全倒裝，主語和謂語交換位置 當句首狀語為地點、方向、時間的副詞時，如：here, there, now, then, up, down, in, out, away等，謂語動詞是come, go, fly, jump, rush等表示位置移動的動作動詞。 當主語是代詞時，不用倒裝,e.g. The door

34、 opened and in came the teacher. /in he came. Up and up went the price. （2）當句首為介詞短語作狀語，主語是名詞時， 采用全部倒裝。 e.g. In this chapter will be found a partial answer.,2. 部分倒裝 將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)動詞置于主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞，則需添加助動詞do, does或did, 并將其置于主語之前。,常用部分倒裝的情況： (1) 句首為否定或半否定的詞語，如：no, not, never, seldom, little, h

35、ardly, at no time 及no-構成的詞和詞組(not until, in no way, on no account等短語）， 需要注意隱形否定詞seldom, few, little, hardly, scarcely等在句首要部分倒裝。 (2) 當neither或nor表示 “也不”， so 表示“也”時， 它們引導的句子需要部分倒裝。 (3) only+狀語放在句首時，句子需要部分倒裝。,(4) 在so/suchthat句型中，若表示強調，可把so/such及它所修飾的詞(形容詞、副詞、名詞）提到句首 e.g. So loudly did he speak that eve

36、n people in the next room could hear him. Such an interesting book is this that everyone wants to read it.,(5) 表示虛擬語氣的條件狀語從句中，如省略連詞if, 該句需要用部分倒裝，即把助動詞were, had, should提到句首。 Not until he was ill, _ what good health meant. he realized did he realize he didnt realize he realizes,定語從句,在復合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句

37、叫定語從句 (1) 關系代詞只能用that的情況 先行詞為不定代詞：everything, anything, something, nothing 先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高級，或由every, any, some, no, any, very, much, only等修飾, 兩個或兩個以上分別表示人或物的先行詞，只能用that做關系代詞 先行詞做表語時，只能用that做關系代詞 若主句是以who或者which開頭的特殊疑問句時，只能用that做關系代詞,(2) 關系代詞只能用which的情況 在非限制性定語從句中，指物或指前面整個 句子的意思時，用which 介詞后指物只能用which,（

38、3） 先行詞是人稱代詞或人時，關系代詞用 who或whom （4） 從句中出現as, the same, so, such時， 常用as作為關系代詞，即可指人也可指物,1. The police asked the villagers if it was the place _ they found the lost child. which what that where,2. I like everything _ he gave me. which that what who,3. There are a lot of different persons and things _ we

39、will meet. that who what which,4. She didnt pass the exam, _annoyed her father. what that which who,5. This is the library in _ I lost my ID card. what where that which,情態(tài)動詞,情態(tài)動詞是用來表示能力、可能性、許諾、勸告、意愿、必須等概念 常用的情態(tài)動詞有：can/could, may/might, must, need, should/ought to, etc 歷年考題的考試重點一般為：“情態(tài)動詞+不帶to的不定式”的特殊

40、意義與用法 從歷年的考試來看，情態(tài)動詞的測試重點為完成時，即：情態(tài)動詞+have+動詞的過去分詞,1. can/could+不帶to的不定式 can用于疑問句或否定句。常譯為“不可能”、“決不會” can/could+have done, 表示對過去行為的推測及過去能做而未做的事。 cant +have done表示對過去發(fā)生的事情進行推測,2. may/might+不帶to的不定式 may比might的語氣更委婉，譯為“可能會發(fā)生”、“也許”等，may/might+have done, 表示對過去行為的推測，意為“可能已經，或者對本來也許發(fā)生而實際并未發(fā)生的事情表示“感嘆”或“遺憾”，并含有

41、“勸告”、“責備”的語氣。 may的否定式用mustnt,3. must+不帶to的不定式 只用于肯定句，也表示對過去的一種推測，但是程度要比may/might的語氣肯定得多，常用于must+have done句型中，表示對過去發(fā)生的事情進行推測，常譯為“一定”、“肯定是” 否定是cant 用在疑問句中譯為“必須嗎?”,其否定回答用neednt, 因為mustnt 是“禁止”的意思,4. should/ought to +不帶to的不定式 should/ought to +have done有責備意味，表示該做的事情沒做，一般譯為“本該” shouldnt /oughtnt to + have

42、 done 表示不該做的事情做了,5. neednt +不帶to的不定式 need在肯定句中是實義動詞“需要”的意思，只有在否定句中才是情態(tài)動詞，neednt +have done, 表示做了不必做的事 didnt need to do 表示沒有必要做，實際上也沒有做,6. 情態(tài)動詞的習慣用法 can not but+V(不得不，不能不） can do nothing but +V cannot help+V-ing cannot help but + V(忍不?。?may/might as well +V（還是的好) cannot/can never too +adj(越越好，無論如何也不過

43、分),1. You _ me before, because this is my first time to come here. cant see mustnt see cant have been mustnt have been,2. It _ last night, the ground is so wet. may rain could rain must have rained could have rained,3. She hasnt been around for a long time, she _ have something wrong. must should ca

44、n ought to,4. - “Must we hand in our term papers this week?” -“No, you _.” wont cant mustnt neednt,5. I am going to attend the conference, but you _ with me. neednt to go dont need go neednt go neednt going,真題實練,Mary found _ extremely difficult to pass the examination. It this that what,It was in Ch

45、ina _ the agreement was signed. what which where that,It was in that small village _ our president was born. which when that as,Mary said this is the _ decision she has ever made in her career life. bad worst worse badly,If I work in a small factory, it is not _ for me to gain such experience. weekl

46、y friendly likely lively,It is reported that this medicine is _ against lung cancer. economic easy experience effective,It will only take me a minute to get your watch fixed; it will be ready _ by the way right away at last in that case,The policeman stopped the driver and found that he _ alcohol. d

47、rinks has drunk is drinking had drunk,We wont be able to leave the office until the rain _. will stop stops stopped is stopping,Most of the machines in the workshop _ next month. are repaired have been repaired were repaired will be repaired,Seldom _ my boss in such good mood since I came into work

48、in this company. I saw I have seen have I seen do I see,If you _ smoking and drinking, your health will improve soon. gave up give up had given up will give up,I cant find the key to my office. I _ have lost it on my way home. would should must ought to,As far as Im concerned, I dont like _ in that

49、way. to be treated to treat treated treating,She tried hard, but she still couldnt make us _ our mind. to change changed change changing,The new film is worth (see) _ for the second time. 答案：seeing,(work)_ as a team, the foreign and Chinese engineers cooperated closely and successfully. 答案：working,T

50、he railway station was crowded with people (say) _ goodbye to their friends and relatives. 答案：saying,I asked him not (say) _ anything about our contract until the end of the month. 答案：to say,(see) _from the top of the hill, the village is very beautiful. 答案：seen,Mark was a little upset, for the mana

51、ger didnt allow him (take) _ his holiday the following week. 答案：to take,Some American businessmen in China are spending a lot of time in (learn) _ Chinese. 答案：learning,While _ in London, the young engineer picked up some English. staying stay stayed to stay,More and more trucks are seen _ between th

52、ese two towns these days. run to run be running being run,Youd better _ the whole article at once. copy copying to copy copied,_ writing a letter to the manager, he decided to talk to him in person. Instead of Because of As for Due to,Lisa was busy taking notes _ Mark was searching the Internet for

53、the information. until unless while If,Few people _ applied for the position meet the requirements of the company. whom who what whose,We all think that John is the only candidate _ will get the job. whom whose who whose,The fact _ Mary was late for the meeting again made me angry. that why what whi

54、ch,_ is quite difficult for Mary to pass the interview. What This That It,We were talking about the American tourist _ we met during our trip to the Great Wall. whom which whose what,The machine will continue to make much noise _ we have it repaired. when because if unless,The old man has two daught

55、ers, _ are doctors. both of them both of whom both who they both,It makes no difference to me _ Mr. Smith will come or not. when whether that how,He bought an expensive coat _ he had no job. although since unless till,The manager required that all the employees _ at the office before 9:00 in the mor

56、ning. will arrive arrive arrived have arrived,I didnt go with them to the beach yesterday. But I do wish I _ there. have been had been was am,If the team members hadnt helped me, I (fail) _ in last experiment. 答案：would have failed,I suggested that he (call) _ on the director a week later. 答案：call/should call,The chairman required that every speaker (limit) _ himself to fifteen minutes. 答案：limit/should limit,If I (not drink) _ so much coffee yesterday afternoon, I would have been able to sleep well last night. 答案：had not drunk,When Jenny came to Britain, she