1、English for Science and Technology Translation (EST Translation)科技英語(yǔ)翻譯,Text Features of Scientific English（科技英語(yǔ)的文本特點(diǎn)）,I. A brief introduction to scientific style II. Text features of scientific English Lexical features（詞匯特點(diǎn)） Syntactical features（句法特點(diǎn)） III. Assignment,I. A brief introduction to scien

2、tific style,The classification of style（文體） Journalistic style, expositive style, official style, literary style, practical style and scientific style. （劉宓慶） Scientific style Special science style（專門科技文體）： monograph, thesis and scientific report Popular science style（通俗科技文體）： universal scientific re

3、ading material（scientific prose）,The difference between a brain and a computer can be expressed in a single word: complexity. The large mammalian brain is the most complicated thing, for its size, known to us. The human brain weighs three pounds, but in that three pounds are ten billion neurons and

4、a hundred billion smaller cells. These many billions of cells are interconnected in a vastly complicated network that we cant begin to unravel as yet. When a graphite crystal is crushed, it breaks into micro-scaled laminar flakes. They are many dangling bonds on the edge of an isolated graphite micr

5、o-sheet which elevates its energy and makes it unstable. When a graphite micro-sheet curls into a nanotube, the number of dangling bonds decreases, and the system energy is reduced accordingly.,The difference between a brain and a computer can be expressed in a single word: complexity. The large mam

6、malian brain is the most complicated thing, for its size, known to us. The human brain weighs three pounds, but in that three pounds are ten billion neurons and a hundred billion smaller cells. These many billions of cells are interconnected in a vastly complicated network that we cant begin to unra

7、vel as yet. (popular science) When a graphite crystal is crushed, it breaks into micro-scaled laminar flakes. They are many dangling bonds on the edge of an isolated graphite micro-sheet which elevates its energy and makes it unstable. When a graphite micro-sheet curls into a nanotube, the number of

8、 dangling bonds decreases, and the system energy is reduced accordingly. (special science),I. A brief introduction to scientific style,General characteristics of scientific English texts Logic, precise, objective General translation principles（一般原則） Accurate，smooth，concise Summary 科技英語(yǔ)是一種特殊文體，分為專門科技

9、和通俗科技兩類，涉及社會(huì)各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，包括政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事、體育、科學(xué)技術(shù)等方面?？萍加⒄Z(yǔ)注重邏輯性、準(zhǔn)確性和嚴(yán)密性，在翻譯的過(guò)程中要做到準(zhǔn)確、通順、簡(jiǎn)練。,II. Text features of Scientific English,Lexical features(詞匯特點(diǎn)) Syntactical features(句法特點(diǎn)),1. Lexical features（詞匯特點(diǎn)）,大量使用科學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)（scientific terms） magnetism, genome, hormone, psychopathology 科學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)具有單義性（monosemy） seed: 種子選手（體育） T

10、ransmission：發(fā)射，播送（無(wú)線電工程學(xué)） 變速（機(jī)械學(xué)） 投射（物理學(xué)） 遺傳（醫(yī)學(xué)）,1. Lexical features（詞匯特點(diǎn)）,科學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)的來(lái)源（sources） 給原有的英語(yǔ)單詞賦予新義 memory, monitor, mouse, prompt 從拉丁或希臘語(yǔ)中吸收而來(lái)的詞（詞義窄） atmosphere，capsule, parasite, pneumonia auto-; bi-; counter-; hydro-; micro-;-graph; -logy; 大量使用派生名詞(動(dòng)詞和形容詞的名詞化) -ation, -ment, -sion, -al, -abi

11、lity, -ity, etc.,Summary,科技英語(yǔ)大量使用科學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)，且術(shù)語(yǔ)具有單義性。在翻譯過(guò)程中，注意詞義的準(zhǔn)確性。對(duì)于那些一詞多義的詞語(yǔ)，要掌握他們?cè)诳萍嘉墨I(xiàn)中的含義。 要盡可能地掌握英語(yǔ)前、后綴，擴(kuò)大詞匯量，從而提高翻譯速度和質(zhì)量。,2. Syntactical features（句法特點(diǎn)）,頻繁使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（passive voice） 根據(jù)英國(guó)利茲大學(xué)John Swales 的統(tǒng)計(jì)，科技英語(yǔ)中的謂語(yǔ)至少三分之一是被動(dòng)態(tài)。 客體型思維在語(yǔ)言中的表現(xiàn)（objective thinking） 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用是科技文章追求客觀性的一個(gè)有效手段,Practice：translate t

12、he following sentences in passive voice into Chinese,Researchers have found that emotions are accompanied by biochemical changes in the brain. Fear, for example, is accompanied by the one set of brain chemicals that can make us alert and ready to flee 研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)，感情的發(fā)生被大腦中的生物化學(xué)變化所伴隨。例如，恐懼是受大腦中的一種化學(xué)物質(zhì)所伴隨，它

13、令人警覺(jué)，并準(zhǔn)備好逃之夭夭。 研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)，感情是伴隨著大腦中的生物化學(xué)變化發(fā)生的。例如，在恐懼中，大腦會(huì)產(chǎn)生一種化學(xué)物質(zhì)，令人們警覺(jué)，并準(zhǔn)備好逃之夭夭。,Practice：translate the following sentences in passive voice into Chinese,Current will not flow continuously, since the circuits are broken by the insulating material. 電流不再繼續(xù)流動(dòng)，因?yàn)殡娐繁唤^緣材料隔斷了。 Computers may be classified into

14、analog and digital. 計(jì)算機(jī)可分為模擬計(jì)算機(jī)和數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)兩種。 The molecules of all matters are believed to be moving. 人們確信，所有物質(zhì)的分子都在不停地運(yùn)動(dòng)。 A brief discussion of some basic concepts is presented in this paper. 本文簡(jiǎn)要討論了一些基本概念。,科技英語(yǔ)中含有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的常用句型及翻譯定式,It is supposed that It can be clearly seen that It should be noted that It

15、may be safely said that It must be stressed that It has been proved that It was estimated that It is generally considered that,據(jù)推測(cè)；人們猜測(cè),由此可見(jiàn),應(yīng)該注意的是,可以有把握地說(shuō),必須強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,已經(jīng)證明,據(jù)估計(jì),人們（普遍）認(rèn)為,Summary,英語(yǔ)多用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，尤其是科技英語(yǔ)，而漢語(yǔ)多用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，這與中西方思維模式的差異有關(guān)。因此，英語(yǔ)科技文翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，經(jīng)常采用“語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換法”(the conversion of voice)。,2. Syntactical f

16、eatures,大量使用結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)句（long or complex sentence） 英語(yǔ)是形合的語(yǔ)言(hypotaxis) 英語(yǔ)科技文要求敘述全面、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，富有邏輯性，所以主從復(fù)合句、同位語(yǔ)、插入語(yǔ)的使用頻率也很高。這就使得科技文章往往句子長(zhǎng)，結(jié)構(gòu)也較為復(fù)雜。,However，it is only the colon where we find all sorts of toxins and bacteria that provided the harsh circumstances that cause that gene to finally break down and the c

17、ancer to spread. 初譯：而只有在結(jié)腸部位才能找到構(gòu)成病變環(huán)境且導(dǎo)致該基因最終損壞、致使癌細(xì)胞擴(kuò)散的各種毒素和細(xì)菌。 改譯：而只有在結(jié)腸部位，才能找到構(gòu)成病變環(huán)境的各種毒素和細(xì)菌，它們會(huì)導(dǎo)致該基因最終損壞，致使癌細(xì)胞擴(kuò)散。,Steel is usually made where the iron ore is smelted, so that the modern steelworks forms a complete unity, taking in raw materials and producing all types of cast iron and steel, bo

18、th for sending to other works for further treatment, and as finished products such as joists and other consumers. 初譯 通常在煉鐵的地方也煉鋼，所以現(xiàn)代煉鋼廠從運(yùn)進(jìn)原材料到生產(chǎn)供送往其他工廠進(jìn)一步加工處理并制成如工字鋼及其他商品鋼材的成品而形成一整套的聯(lián)合企業(yè)。 改譯 通常在煉鐵的地方也煉鋼。因此，現(xiàn)代煉鋼廠是一個(gè)配套的整體，從運(yùn)進(jìn)原料到生產(chǎn)各種類型的鑄鐵與鋼材；有的送往其他工廠進(jìn)一步加工處理，有的就制成成品，如工字鋼及其他一些成材。,Summary,科技英語(yǔ)中有大量結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的（complicated） 長(zhǎng)句，而漢語(yǔ)經(jīng)常使用短句，避免使用過(guò)長(zhǎng)、結(jié) 構(gòu)過(guò)于復(fù)雜的句子。 在英譯漢時(shí)，首先要理清句子結(jié)構(gòu)，然后 將英語(yǔ)的長(zhǎng)句分割成短句，該翻譯技巧叫分句法 或者是斷句法（division or splitting）。,AssignmentTranslate the following sentences in