1、主謂一致,主謂一致的定義,主謂一致是指謂語在人稱和數(shù)上必須和主語的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。這是英語語法中必須遵循的基本規(guī)則，也是英語和漢語區(qū)別很大的地方。,主謂一致的三大原則,一、語法一致原則 二、意義一致原則 三、就近原則,一、語法一致原則,主語為單數(shù)或不可數(shù)形式，則謂語動(dòng)詞也用單數(shù)形式； 主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式，則謂語動(dòng)詞也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。,I often help him and he often helps me. We often help each other.,二、意義一致,主語形式雖為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)； 主語形式為復(fù)數(shù)，而意義為單數(shù)，則謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。,The crowd w

2、ere surrounding the government official. Maths is hard to learn.,三、就近原則,就近原則即謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于最靠近它的主語。,例如： There is a pen and two pencils on the desk.,主謂一致的具體應(yīng)用,一、單數(shù)形式的名詞與謂語動(dòng)詞的一致 二、復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞與謂語動(dòng)詞的一致 三、并列主語與動(dòng)詞的一致 四、“單數(shù)形式的名詞+with/as well as+名詞”結(jié) 構(gòu)與動(dòng)詞的一致 五、“表部分的名詞+of+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)與動(dòng)詞的一致 六、短語、從句或句子作主語與動(dòng)詞的一致 七、名詞化的形容詞

3、和過去分詞作主語與動(dòng)詞的 一致 八、代詞與動(dòng)詞的一致 九、數(shù)詞與動(dòng)詞的一致,一、單數(shù)形式的名詞與謂語動(dòng)詞的一致之單形集體名詞,1.單形集體名詞被視為一個(gè)整體時(shí)，用作單數(shù)名詞 Our family has a reunion every year. 2. 單形集體名詞被視為若干個(gè)體時(shí)，則要求復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞 His family are waiting for him. 3. 有些單形集體名詞，即所謂的“群體名詞”，如police，cattle等，要求復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞 The police have caught the murderer.,單數(shù)形式的名詞與謂語動(dòng)詞的一致之 “more than”,1. “Mo

4、re than one + 單形名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)雖有復(fù)念，但習(xí)慣上多用單數(shù)謂語 More than one question was asked. 2. “more +復(fù)形名詞+than one”多要求復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞 More members than one have protested against the proposal. 3. “a+單形名詞+or two”結(jié)構(gòu)多要求單數(shù)動(dòng)詞 A servant or two or three was to accompany them. 4. “one or two +復(fù)形名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)要求復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞 One or two reasons were suggest

5、ed. 5. “many a +單形名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)要求單數(shù)動(dòng)詞 Many a fine man has died in the battle.,單數(shù)形式的名詞與謂語動(dòng)詞的一致之 “兩個(gè)形容詞+一個(gè)單形名詞”,在“兩個(gè)形容詞+一個(gè)單形名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中，單數(shù)名詞如有復(fù)念（即代表兩個(gè)事物），則用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞 The red and the white rose are both beautiful. English and French grammar are not very difficult to learn.,二、復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞與謂語動(dòng)詞的一致,復(fù)形名詞（大多以s結(jié)尾）在句中作主語通常要求謂語復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞，

6、具體應(yīng)用要注意如下幾點(diǎn)：,1. 含雙數(shù)概念的復(fù)形名詞要求復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞 Are your kitchen scales(天平) accurate? 2. 含復(fù)數(shù)概念的復(fù)形名詞要求復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞 The customs (關(guān)稅)were paid. My funds (資金)are a bit low at present. 3. 含單數(shù)概念的復(fù)形名詞要求用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞 His works (工廠)is rather small. 4. 表時(shí)間，距離，錢額的復(fù)數(shù)名詞用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞 Ten years is a moment in history. Ten thousand dollars is a large su

7、m. 5. 外來的復(fù)形名詞要求用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞 This data is very interesting.,6. 以-ics結(jié)尾表學(xué)科的復(fù)形名詞要求用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞 Politics(政治) is often a topic for discussion. Statistics (統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)) is a principal course at the business school. 注意： 這類名詞用于表示具體的、實(shí)際的內(nèi)容時(shí)，則往往要求復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。 What are your politics(政治觀點(diǎn))? Statistics(統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字) prove nothing in this case.,7. 以

8、-s結(jié)尾的某些表疾病的復(fù)形名詞要求用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞 German measles(風(fēng)疹) is a dangerous disease for pregnant women. 8. 有些復(fù)形名詞既可用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞 Where is / are your manners(禮貌)? 9. 復(fù)形書名一般要求用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞 The Newcomers新來的人們 is one of Thackerays finest books. (威廉梅克比斯薩克雷(William Makepeace Thackeray，18ll一1863)是英國19世紀(jì)杰出的批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說家),三、并列主語與動(dòng)詞的一致,并列主語

9、是指主語為and、or等并列詞連接的名詞作主語，其謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)要看情況而定，具體用法如下：,當(dāng)“名詞+and+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)表示一種事物或一種概念時(shí)，應(yīng)用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞 Fish and chips(炸魚土豆片) is a popular supper. The poet and writer(詩人兼作家) has come. 注意：有時(shí)并列主語用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞都可 Time and tide(歲月) wait / waits for no man.,2. “each / every / no+單形名詞+ each / every / no+單形名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)要求單數(shù)動(dòng)詞 Every hour and ev

10、ery minute(每一小時(shí)，每一分鐘) is important. 3. “名詞/代詞+or+名詞/代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)根據(jù)or后的名詞/代詞確定單/復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞 He or I (他或是我) am in the wrong. He or his brothers(他或他的兄弟們) were to blame. 4. “either+名詞+or+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)根據(jù)or后的名詞/代詞確定單/復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞 Either the shirts or the sweater(這些襯衣，要不就是這件毛衣) is a good buy.,5. “not only+名詞+but (also) +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)要求動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與bu

11、t (also)后的名詞一致 Not only the students but also their teacher(不僅是學(xué)生，他們的老師也) is enjoying the film. 6. “neither+名詞+nor+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)要求動(dòng)詞與nor后面的名詞一致 Neither you nor your brother(你和人你的兄弟都不) is in fault. Neither he nor they(你和他們都不) are mistaken. 7. “there be”結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與最靠近它的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)一致。 There is a desk and some chairs in

12、 the room. There are some chairs and a desk in the room.,四、“單數(shù)形式的名詞+with/as well as+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)與動(dòng)詞的一致,“名詞+介詞或介詞短語with / together with / along with / including / except / besides / as well as / in addition to+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，謂語一般與第一個(gè)名詞一致。 A teacher, with his students, is seeing a film. I as well as they am ready

13、to help.,五、“表部分的名詞+of+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)與動(dòng)詞的一致,1. “one of + 復(fù)形名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)后的定語從句要求謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)；但當(dāng)“one of”前有限定詞如the、the only、the very等修飾時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)后的定語從句要求謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用與one一致，用單數(shù)謂語。 This is one of the best books that have appeared. She is the one of those women who doesnt know a thing about furniture.,2. “a pair of +復(fù)形名詞” 結(jié)構(gòu)多要求用單數(shù)謂語，但“復(fù)數(shù)

14、名詞+of a/this/that pair”結(jié)構(gòu)多用復(fù)數(shù)謂語。 A pair of gloves(一雙手套) is a nice present. Socks of this pair(這雙襪子) are different in size. 3. “(a) part of+ 名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中，若名詞為單形，一般要求用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞，若名詞為復(fù)形，則復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。 (A) part of the story(故事的一部分) is not true. A part of the apples(部分蘋果) are bad,4. “a group(一組) / crowd(人群) / flock(一群) / fi

15、le(一列) of +復(fù)形名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)可用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞，也可用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。前者強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，后者強(qiáng)調(diào)各個(gè)組成部分。 This group of students(這一組學(xué)生) is to be sent to Italy. This group of students(這組學(xué)生都) are to be sent to Italy.,5. “a number of /numbers of + 復(fù)形名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞；而“the number of +復(fù)形名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。 A large number of people(許多人) have come to see the exhibition.

16、The number of the chairs(椅子的數(shù)量) in the room is ten.,6. “an average / total of +復(fù)形名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞；而“the average / total of +復(fù)形名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。 An average of 3000 letters (平均3000封信) a month are received by the newspapers office. A total of 3000 letters(總共3000封信) were received last month. The average of letter

17、s(信件的平均數(shù)) received each month is 3000. The total of letters(信件的總數(shù)) received last month was 3000.,7. “a lot / mass / heap/plentyof +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)要求謂語動(dòng)詞與of后的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)一致。 A mass of people(許多人) were seen working there. A lot of money(很多錢) is spent on travel. 8. “a large quantity of +不可數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)名詞”、“a large amount of

18、+不可數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)要求單數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞；“l(fā)arge quantities of +不可數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)名詞”、“l(fā)arge amounts of +不可數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)要求復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。 A large quantity of students(很多學(xué)生) is coming. Large amounts of water(大量水) are wasted.,9. “this / that / a / what kind of +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)要求單數(shù)動(dòng)詞；而 “these /those kind of+名詞”、“these/ those /what kinds of+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)多要求復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。 This kin

19、d of apple(這種蘋果) is sour. These kind of apple(s)(這些蘋果) are sour. What kind of apple(哪種蘋果) is sour? What kinds of apple(哪些種類的蘋果) are sour? These kinds of apple(s)(這些種類的蘋果) are sour.,10. “most / 百分?jǐn)?shù)/分?jǐn)?shù)/the rest/ the remainder + of +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)要求動(dòng)詞與of后面的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)一致。 The rest of the story(故事的其余部分) needs no telli

20、ng. He stayed in the classroom and the rest of the boys(其他的男孩們) were out at play. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth(地球表面的四分之三) is sea. Three-fourths of the people (四分之三的人)were illiterate. Most of his time(他的大部分時(shí)間) is spent on traveling. Most of his students(他的大部分學(xué)生) like him.,11. “worth of +

21、 名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)不論名詞是單形還是復(fù)形，一般皆要求用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞，與worth一致。 The worth of this painting(這幅畫的價(jià)值) is estimated at a half million dollars. The worth(價(jià)值) of men like Galileo is not always understood while they are alive. 注意：當(dāng)worth表示金額時(shí)，其后的動(dòng)詞往往與其前表金額的名詞的數(shù)形一致。 Thousands of pounds worth(以千鎊計(jì)的數(shù)額) of damage have been done to the

22、apple crop.,六、短語、從句或句子作主語與動(dòng)詞的一致,短語、從句或句子作主語時(shí)，一般要求用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。 No news is good news. (no news 為名詞短語 ) Childrens interfering in their parents right to remarry has become a social problem.(主語為一動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)) That he likes Mary is known to many of his friends.(主語為一名詞性從句) “How do you do?” is not a question but a gre

23、eting.(主語是一句子),注意：主語為what 引導(dǎo)的主語從句時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與從句所指代的內(nèi)容的單復(fù)數(shù)一致。 What he says (他所說的) is not important. What I want(我所需要的) are details. 當(dāng)what 引導(dǎo)的主語從句中謂語為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，全句的謂語動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)是復(fù)數(shù)。 What make the river more beautiful are the flowers growing in the water.,七、名詞化的形容詞和過去分詞作主語與動(dòng)詞的一致,名詞化的形容詞和過去分詞作主語與動(dòng)詞的一致應(yīng)取決于主語的數(shù)。主語如表單數(shù)，就用單數(shù)

24、動(dòng)詞；主語如表復(fù)數(shù)，就用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。具體如下：,1. 主語表單數(shù)，謂語用單數(shù)。 The true(真實(shí)，表單數(shù)) is to be distinguished from the false. The accused(被告，表單數(shù)) was released. 2. 主語表復(fù)數(shù)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。 The poor (窮人，表一類人)are looked down upon by the rich. 3. 名詞化的形容詞或過去分詞為復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。 The newlyweds(新婚夫婦，本身為復(fù)形) are now spending their honeymoon abroad.,4.集體名詞一般

25、按單數(shù)對(duì)待，但如果強(qiáng)調(diào)其成員可以視為復(fù)數(shù)，如： His family is coming to meet him at the airport. The whole family were having supper when I dropped in. 常見的同種用法的集體名詞有family, group, class, population等。但是police, people, cattle 作主語時(shí)， 謂語動(dòng)詞卻都要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： The police havent caught the thief yet.,八、代詞與動(dòng)詞的一致,1. all / some / any / most用

26、作主語時(shí)，隨其數(shù)用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。 All(事情，單數(shù)) is ready and all(人，復(fù)數(shù)) are here. I dont think any is left.我認(rèn)為沒什么剩下。 I dont think any of them(他們中沒人) have seen her. Most of the building was destroyed but most were saved.,2. “each of + 復(fù)形名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)要求單數(shù)動(dòng)詞，但“復(fù)形名詞+ each”結(jié)構(gòu)要求復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。 Each of the jobs(每一份工作) was planned by Billy. we

27、each(我們每個(gè)人) have a copy of this dictionary.,3. every和everyone 一般要求用單數(shù)謂語；either一般要求用單數(shù)謂語，但在非正式文體中, “either of +復(fù)形名/代詞” 結(jié)構(gòu)可用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。 Either method(任一種方法) is practical. Either of them(他們中任一人) are/is enough to drive me mad.,4. Many a +單數(shù)名詞之后通常需用單數(shù)謂語。 Many a child comes from a big city. Many a child = Many

28、children,5. neither/none 可用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞 Neither of the books is /are satisfactory. None of us know / knows for certain. 6. 疑問代詞what作主語時(shí)，謂語與其所含的數(shù)念一致。當(dāng)說話人不確知what的數(shù)念或不強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)念時(shí)，應(yīng)用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。 Whats on the table?桌上是什么？ What are on the table? 桌上是些什么？ Whats in the sky? 天上是什么？,九、數(shù)詞與動(dòng)詞的一致,1. 語法一致 Two and two are four.(主語是Two and two ) Four from seven is three.(主語為four) Three times one is three.(主語為three, times被看成介詞) 261 divided by 9 equals 29.(261是主語),2. 意念的一致 Two and two is four.(將主語two