1、1,Chapter 8 Objects and Classes,2,Motivations,After learning the preceding chapters, you are capable of solving many programming problems using selections, loops, methods, and arrays. However, these Java features are not sufficient for developing graphical user interfaces and large scale software sy

2、stems. Suppose you want to develop a graphical user interface as shown below. How do you program it?,3,Objectives,To describe objects and classes, and use classes to model objects (8.2). To use UML graphical notations to describe classes and objects (8.2). To demonstrate defining classes and creatin

3、g objects (8.3). To create objects using constructors (8.4). To access objects via object reference variables (8.5). To define a reference variable using a reference type (8.5.1). To access an objects data and methods using the object member access operator (.) (8.5.2). To define data fields of refe

4、rence types and assign default values for an objects data fields (8.5.3). To distinguish between object reference variables and primitive data type variables (8.5.4). To use classes Date, Random, and JFrame in the Java library (8.6). To distinguish between instance and static variables and methods (

5、8.7). To define private data fields with appropriate get and set methods (8.8). To encapsulate data fields to make classes easy to maintain (8.9). To develop methods with object arguments and differentiate between primitive-type arguments and object-type arguments (8.10). To store and process object

6、s in arrays (8.11).,4,OO Programming Concepts,Object-oriented programming (OOP) involves programming using objects. An object represents an entity in the real world that can be distinctly identified. For example, a student, a desk, a circle, a button, and even a loan can all be viewed as objects. An

7、 object has a unique identity, state, and behaviors. The state of an object consists of a set of data fields (also known as properties) with their current values. The behavior of an object is defined by a set of methods.,5,Objects,An object has both a state and behavior. The state defines the object

8、, and the behavior defines what the object does.,6,Classes,Classes are constructs that define objects of the same type. A Java class uses variables to define data fields and methods to define behaviors. Additionally, a class provides a special type of methods, known as constructors, which are invoke

9、d to construct objects from the class.,7,Classes,8,UML Class Diagram,9,Example: Defining Classes and Creating Objects,Objective: Demonstrate creating objects, accessing data, and using methods.,TestCircle1,Run,10,Example: Defining Classes and Creating Objects,Objective: Demonstrate creating objects,

10、 accessing data, and using methods.,TestTV,Run,TV,11,Constructors,Circle() Circle(double newRadius) radius = newRadius; ,Constructors are a special kind of methods that are invoked to construct objects.,12,Constructors, cont.,A constructor with no parameters is referred to as a no-arg constructor. C

11、onstructors must have the same name as the class itself. Constructors do not have a return typenot even void. Constructors are invoked using the new operator when an object is created. Constructors play the role of initializing objects.,13,Creating Objects Using Constructors,new ClassName(); Example

12、: new Circle(); new Circle(5.0);,14,Default Constructor,A class may be declared without constructors. In this case, a no-arg constructor with an empty body is implicitly declared in the class. This constructor, called a default constructor, is provided automatically only if no constructors are expli

13、citly declared in the class.,15,Declaring Object Reference Variables,To reference an object, assign the object to a reference variable. To declare a reference variable, use the syntax: ClassName objectRefVar; Example: Circle myCircle;,16,Declaring/Creating Objectsin a Single Step,ClassName objectRef

14、Var = new ClassName(); Example: Circle myCircle = new Circle();,Create an object,Assign object reference,17,Accessing Objects,Referencing the objects data: objectRefVar.data e.g., myCircle.radius Invoking the objects method: objectRefVar.methodName(arguments) e.g., myCircle.getArea(),18,Trace Code,C

15、ircle myCircle = new Circle(5.0); SCircle yourCircle = new Circle(); yourCircle.radius = 100;,Declare myCircle,no value,myCircle,animation,19,Trace Code, cont.,Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0); Circle yourCircle = new Circle(); yourCircle.radius = 100;,no value,myCircle,Create a circle,animation,20

16、,Trace Code, cont.,Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0); Circle yourCircle = new Circle(); yourCircle.radius = 100;,reference value,myCircle,Assign object reference to myCircle,animation,21,Trace Code, cont.,Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0); Circle yourCircle = new Circle(); yourCircle.radius = 100;,r

17、eference value,myCircle,no value,yourCircle,Declare yourCircle,animation,22,Trace Code, cont.,Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0); Circle yourCircle = new Circle(); yourCircle.radius = 100;,reference value,myCircle,no value,yourCircle,Create a new Circle object,animation,23,Trace Code, cont.,Circle my

18、Circle = new Circle(5.0); Circle yourCircle = new Circle(); yourCircle.radius = 100;,reference value,myCircle,reference value,yourCircle,Assign object reference to yourCircle,animation,24,Trace Code, cont.,Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0); Circle yourCircle = new Circle(); yourCircle.radius = 100;,

19、reference value,myCircle,reference value,yourCircle,Change radius in yourCircle,animation,25,Caution,Recall that you use Math.methodName(arguments) (e.g., Math.pow(3, 2.5) to invoke a method in the Math class. Can you invoke getArea() using Circle1.getArea()? The answer is no. All the methods used b

20、efore this chapter are static methods, which are defined using the static keyword. However, getArea() is non-static. It must be invoked from an object using objectRefVar.methodName(arguments) (e.g., myCircle.getArea(). More explanations will be given in the section on “Static Variables, Constants, a

21、nd Methods.”,26,Reference Data Fields,The data fields can be of reference types. For example, the following Student class contains a data field name of the String type.,public class Student String name; / name has default value null int age; / age has default value 0 boolean isScienceMajor; / isScie

22、nceMajor has default value false char gender; / c has default value u0000 ,27,The null Value,If a data field of a reference type does not reference any object, the data field holds a special literal value, null.,28,Default Value for a Data Field,The default value of a data field is null for a refere

23、nce type, 0 for a numeric type, false for a boolean type, and u0000 for a char type. However, Java assigns no default value to a local variable inside a method.,public class Test public static void main(String args) Student student = new Student(); System.out.println(name? + ); System.ou

24、t.println(age? + student.age); System.out.println(isScienceMajor? + student.isScienceMajor); System.out.println(gender? + student.gender); ,29,Example,public class Test public static void main(String args) int x; / x has no default value String y; / y has no default value System.out.println(x is + x

25、); System.out.println(y is + y); ,Compilation error: variables not initialized,Java assigns no default value to a local variable inside a method.,30,Differences between Variables of Primitive Data Types and Object Types,31,Copying Variables of Primitive Data Types and Object Types,32,Garbage Collect

26、ion,As shown in the previous figure, after the assignment statement c1 = c2, c1 points to the same object referenced by c2. The object previously referenced by c1 is no longer referenced. This object is known as garbage. Garbage is automatically collected by JVM.,33,Garbage Collection, cont,TIP: If

27、you know that an object is no longer needed, you can explicitly assign null to a reference variable for the object. The JVM will automatically collect the space if the object is not referenced by any variable.,34,The Date Class,Java provides a system-independent encapsulation of date and time in the

28、 java.util.Date class. You can use the Date class to create an instance for the current date and time and use its toString method to return the date and time as a string.,35,The Date Class Example,For example, the following code java.util.Date date = new java.util.Date(); System.out.println(date.toS

29、tring(); displays a string like Sun Mar 09 13:50:19 EST 2003.,36,The Random Class,You have used Math.random() to obtain a random double value between 0.0 and 1.0 (excluding 1.0). A more useful random number generator is provided in the java.util.Random class.,37,The Random Class Example,If two Rando

30、m objects have the same seed, they will generate identical sequences of numbers. For example, the following code creates two Random objects with the same seed 3.,Random random1 = new Random(3); System.out.print(From random1: ); for (int i = 0; i 10; i+) System.out.print(random1.nextInt(1000) + ); Ra

31、ndom random2 = new Random(3); System.out.print(nFrom random2: ); for (int i = 0; i 10; i+) System.out.print(random2.nextInt(1000) + );,From random1: 734 660 210 581 128 202 549 564 459 961 From random2: 734 660 210 581 128 202 549 564 459 961,38,Displaying GUI Components,When you develop programs to

32、 create graphical user interfaces, you will use Java classes such as JFrame, JButton, JRadioButton, JComboBox, and JList to create frames, buttons, radio buttons, combo boxes, lists, and so on. Here is an example that creates two windows using the JFrame class.,TestFrame,Run,39,Trace Code,JFrame fra

33、me1 = new JFrame(); frame1.setTitle(Window 1); frame1.setSize(200, 150); frame1.setVisible(true); JFrame frame2 = new JFrame(); frame2.setTitle(Window 2); frame2.setSize(200, 150); frame2.setVisible(true);,Declare, create, and assign in one statement,reference,frame1,: JFrame title: width: height: v

34、isible:,animation,40,Trace Code,JFrame frame1 = new JFrame(); frame1.setTitle(Window 1); frame1.setSize(200, 150); frame1.setVisible(true); JFrame frame2 = new JFrame(); frame2.setTitle(Window 2); frame2.setSize(200, 150); frame2.setVisible(true);,reference,frame1,: JFrame title: Window 1 width: hei

35、ght: visible:,Set title property,animation,41,Trace Code,JFrame frame1 = new JFrame(); frame1.setTitle(Window 1); frame1.setSize(200, 150); frame1.setVisible(true); JFrame frame2 = new JFrame(); frame2.setTitle(Window 2); frame2.setSize(200, 150); frame2.setVisible(true);,reference,frame1,: JFrame t

36、itle: Window 1 width: 200 height: 150 visible:,Set size property,animation,42,Trace Code,JFrame frame1 = new JFrame(); frame1.setTitle(Window 1); frame1.setSize(200, 150); frame1.setVisible(true); JFrame frame2 = new JFrame(); frame2.setTitle(Window 2); frame2.setSize(200, 150); frame2.setVisible(tr

37、ue);,reference,frame1,: JFrame title: Window 1 width: 200 height: 150 visible: true,Set visible property,animation,43,Trace Code,JFrame frame1 = new JFrame(); frame1.setTitle(Window 1); frame1.setSize(200, 150); frame1.setVisible(true); JFrame frame2 = new JFrame(); frame2.setTitle(Window 2); frame2

38、.setSize(200, 150); frame2.setVisible(true);,reference,frame1,: JFrame title: Window 1 width: 200 height: 150 visible: true,Declare, create, and assign in one statement,reference,frame2,: JFrame title: width: height: visible:,animation,44,Trace Code,JFrame frame1 = new JFrame(); frame1.setTitle(Wind

39、ow 1); frame1.setSize(200, 150); frame1.setVisible(true); JFrame frame2 = new JFrame(); frame2.setTitle(Window 2); frame2.setSize(200, 150); frame2.setVisible(true);,reference,frame1,: JFrame title: Window 1 width: 200 height: 150 visible: true,reference,frame2,: JFrame title: Window 2 width: height

40、: visible:,Set title property,animation,45,Trace Code,JFrame frame1 = new JFrame(); frame1.setTitle(Window 1); frame1.setSize(200, 150); frame1.setVisible(true); JFrame frame2 = new JFrame(); frame2.setTitle(Window 2); frame2.setSize(200, 150); frame2.setVisible(true);,reference,frame1,: JFrame titl

41、e: Window 1 width: 200 height: 150 visible: true,reference,frame2,: JFrame title: Window 2 width: 200 height: 150 visible:,Set size property,animation,46,Trace Code,JFrame frame1 = new JFrame(); frame1.setTitle(Window 1); frame1.setSize(200, 150); frame1.setVisible(true); JFrame frame2 = new JFrame(

42、); frame2.setTitle(Window 2); frame2.setSize(200, 150); frame2.setVisible(true);,reference,frame1,: JFrame title: Window 1 width: 200 height: 150 visible: true,reference,frame2,: JFrame title: Window 2 width: 200 height: 150 visible: true,Set visible property,animation,47,Adding GUI Components to Wi

43、ndow,You can add graphical user interface components, such as buttons, labels, text fields, combo boxes, lists, and menus, to the window. The components are defined using classes. Here is an example to create buttons, labels, text fields, check boxes, radio buttons, and combo boxes.,GUIComponents,Ru

44、n,48,Instance Variables, and Methods,Instance variables belong to a specific instance.Instance methods are invoked by an instance of the class.,49,Static Variables, Constants, and Methods,Static variables are shared by all the instances of the class.Static methods are not tied to a specific object.

45、Static constants are final variables shared by all the instances of the class.,50,Static Variables, Constants, and Methods, cont.,To declare static variables, constants, and methods, use the static modifier.,51,Static Variables, Constants, and Methods, cont.,52,Example ofUsing Instance and Class Variables and Method,Objective: Demonstrate the roles of instance and class variables and their uses. This example adds a class variable numberOfObjects to track the number of Circle objects created.,TestCircle2,Run,Circle2,53,Visibi