1、專題四 閱讀理解,1. 審標(biāo)題，通全文，明大意。 首先，對(duì)于有標(biāo)題的閱讀材料，務(wù)必要先審標(biāo)題，從標(biāo)題中我們可以想像材料的內(nèi)容和走向，有助于對(duì)材料的理解。其次，一定要學(xué)會(huì)用掃描式快速閱讀法來通讀全文，對(duì)那些無關(guān)緊要的地方可一掃而過， 在關(guān)鍵之處要適當(dāng)放慢速度加以思考，重在初步了解閱讀材料的主旨大意。,2. 讀問題，精復(fù)讀，斷答案。 初步了解了閱讀材料的主旨大意之后， 要認(rèn)真閱讀問題，明確考查角度，有的放矢地進(jìn)行復(fù)讀、精讀，以提高解題效率和準(zhǔn)確性。,常見題型的解題思路與技巧： (1)事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題屬表層理解范疇，答案一般都能在原文中直接找到，因此難度系數(shù)較小。該類問題往往以what, wh

2、o, which, when, where, why, how等詞提出，是對(duì)文中某句、某段或某一具體細(xì)節(jié)所作的提問。此類問題我們只需看準(zhǔn)題目要求，帶著問題在原文中找到相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)，便可迅速找到正確答案。,利用題目的關(guān)鍵詞去尋找文中對(duì)應(yīng)詞， 在對(duì)應(yīng)詞周圍找答案。 范例Web language is popular. Today more and more Chinglish words are used by Chinese, especially the young Chinese. One example is“antizen”, an antizen is a college graduate

3、(畢業(yè)生) who makes less money and lives in a small apartment, like a tiny and hard-working ant.,問題Who like to use Chinglish? A. All the Chinese. B. The young Chinese. C. The antizens. D. The college students. 【解析】選B。本題屬細(xì)節(jié)理解題。該題的關(guān)鍵詞是use Chinglish，這個(gè)我們可以在第一段第二句“. . . Chinglish words are used by Chinese,

4、especially the young Chinese”找到對(duì)應(yīng)詞。分析這句話可得答案B。,根據(jù)題干內(nèi)容，在原文中搜索選擇項(xiàng)， 對(duì)號(hào)入座。 （2011青島中考） 范例Heres an interview to a pilot about his life. (R=Reporter; P=Pilot) R: How much time do pilots actually spend flying a plane? P: It varies (WESJ) from about 20 minutes on some domestic (國內(nèi)的) flights to as much as 18

5、hours on international flights. It all depends on whether the flight is a short-or long-haul flight.,R: Do pilots take breaks during flights or do they fly the whole time? P: Yes, we take breaks during long-haul flights. Airlines assign (指派) three or four pilots to long flights. We take turns flying

6、 the plane. R: If pilots are traveling all the time, how do they deal with jet lag (時(shí)差)? P: Jet lag is annoying for almost all pilots. I try to go to sleep as I would at home.,R: How important is it to know the weight and size of the plane you are flying? P: It is very important. We weigh almost eve

7、rything put into the airplane and make estimates (估計(jì)) according to the number of people on each flight. R: Do pilots eat the airplane food?,P: Yes, we eat business class food! Airplane food changes every season and is very delicious if you dont hate eating lobster (龍蝦) every day! The pilots on the s

8、ame plane are supposed to make different meal choices so that if one of the dishes causes food poisoning, only one of them will be sick. That way, at least one pilot will always be well enough to fly the plane!,問題What question doesnt the reporter ask in the interview? A. How to keep passengers safe?

9、 B. How long do pilots actually spend flying a plane? C. How to deal with jet lag? D. How to take breaks during flying? 【解析】選A。本題屬細(xì)節(jié)理解題。全文記者共問了五個(gè)問題。到原文中去搜索這四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)，我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)B是第一個(gè)問題，C是第三個(gè)問題，D是第二個(gè)問題，唯獨(dú)找不到A, 故選A。,（2）推理判斷題 該題型考查學(xué)生通過文章表層信息推測其隱含信息的能力，要求學(xué)生對(duì)作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細(xì)節(jié)的發(fā)展作正確的推理判斷。該類題雖然在原文中不能直接找到答案，但是有間接的暗示和線索，切

10、記它不是讀者本人的看法或觀點(diǎn)。,根據(jù)文中某個(gè)詞、句子或段落進(jìn)行推理。 范例One day a young man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistant, “Could I have two mice and about twenty roaches (蟑螂)? ” “Why do you need these things? ” the shop assistant was very surprised. “Well, ” answered the young man, “Im moving out of my apartm

11、ent (公寓) and the landlord (房東) said that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it. ”,問題From the passage we know the apartment may be _ before the young man moved into it. A. very clean B. just cleaned by the landlord C. tidy and comfortable D. dirty and full of insects (昆

12、蟲),【解析】選D。根據(jù)文章中的句子“Im moving out of my apartment and the landlord said that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it. ”可知年輕人買老鼠和蟑螂的原因是房東要求房屋必須和年輕人搬進(jìn)來時(shí)一模一樣。據(jù)此我們可以推斷年輕人入住前，公寓一定是很臟，且有很多昆蟲，故選D。,根據(jù)作者的語氣、論調(diào)和傾向進(jìn)行推斷。 范例Bill: Do I have to take the test? Teacher: Do you want to pas

13、s the course? 問題What did the teacher mean? A. Bill must study to pass. B. Bill wont pass unless he takes the test. C. Bill neednt take the test. D. Bill may miss the test.,【解析】選B。根據(jù)對(duì)話內(nèi)容可知，比爾不想?yún)⒓涌荚?，但老師告訴他，不參加考試，本門課程就過不了關(guān)。由此可推知應(yīng)選B項(xiàng)。,（3）詞義猜測類 該題型主要考查考生通過上下文去判斷詞義。詞義題的考查有兩種：一種是超綱詞含義的推斷，另一種是熟詞生義的推斷。,根據(jù)前后的

14、比較對(duì)照關(guān)系、對(duì)它的定義、 重述以及舉例等進(jìn)行猜測。 范例Do you have any foreign friends? Do you know their characteristics(特征)? The Germans are very quiet and they always keep calm. They dont like to speak more words. They look very serious. They like different kinds of amusements. The Germans are very hard-working. They like

15、 tidiness, especially the women, who always keep their home clean.,問題What does the underlined word “tidiness” mean in Chinese? A. 整潔 B. 沉默的 C. 文靜 D. 孤獨(dú)的 【解析】選A。一方面，由下文“especially the women, who always keep their home clean. ”可知他們愛整潔、愛干凈；另一方面，從句法結(jié)構(gòu)上看tidiness作like的賓語，不可能是形容詞；再者，-ness是名詞詞綴，故選A。,利用同義詞、同

16、位語以及構(gòu)詞法等進(jìn)行猜測。 （2011沈陽中考） 范例If youre into sports, youve seen it happentennis players jump over the net to shake hands after a hard match; football players exchange jerseys（運(yùn)動(dòng)衣）after ninety minutes of knocking each other around; even boxers touch gloves at the beginning of each round. Players in every

17、 event, from spelling bees to golf（高爾夫球），act in this way. Its all part of sportsmanship（體育精神），a great tradition in sports and competition. It means playing and being calm all through the match.,問題The underlined word “bees” in the passage means _. A. fly B. competition C. guess D. research 【解析】選B。把sp

18、elling bees，golf分別與下文的sports，competition對(duì)應(yīng)起來，很容易猜到bees和competition是同義詞。,(4)數(shù)字推算類 該題型要求學(xué)生根據(jù)文章提供的數(shù)據(jù)及內(nèi)在的關(guān)系作出簡單的計(jì)算和推斷。,理清有關(guān)數(shù)字的關(guān)系，列出數(shù)學(xué)算式。 范例You may know about “junk food” like French fries. But do you know about “junk sleep”? Recently, a British survey found that electronic(電子的) products in teenagers bed

19、rooms are affecting(影響)their sleep. The survey was done among 1, 000 British kids from 12 to 16. It found that 30 percent of them got just 4 to 7 hours sleep every day. But doctors say they need 8 to 9 hours. . . . . . .,問題_ of the children in the survey sleep only 4 to 7 hours a day. A. 200 B. 300

20、C. 500 D. 1, 000 【解析】選B。根據(jù)文章的第三段第一、二句我們可以作這樣一個(gè)簡單的計(jì)算：100030%=300，故答案為B。,（5）主旨大意類 該類題型在歷年中考出現(xiàn)的頻率也很高，難度系數(shù)較大。它考查了考生綜合、概括、歸納和分析問題的能力，要求考生通過對(duì)文章的閱讀，迅速把握文章或段落的主題中心。,從英語文章中出現(xiàn)主旨大意最頻繁的位 置首尾句去找。 （2011泰安中考） 范例A group of people asked this question to a group 4-to-8-year-old children. “What does love mean? ” The a

21、nswers were surprising. The children would answer like they did below.,“When my grandmother hurt her knees (膝蓋), she couldnt bend (彎腰) over and paint her toenails (腳指甲) any more. So my grandfather does it for her all the time, even when his hands hurt too. Thats love. ” Rebecca-age 8 “Love is when s

22、omeone hurts you. And you get so mad but you dont shout at them because you know it would hurt their feelings. ” Samantha-age 6,“Love is what makes you smile when youre tired. ” Terri-age 4 “I let my big sister pick on (捉弄) me because my mum says she only picks on me because she loves me. So I pick

23、on my baby sister because I love her. ” Bethany-age 4 “I know my older sister loves me because she gives me all her old clothes and has to go out and buy new clothes. ” Lauren-age 4,“Love is when Mommy gives Daddy the best piece of chicken. ” Elaine-age 5 “My mommy loves me more than anybody. You do

24、nt see anyone else kissing me to sleep at night. ” Clear-age 5 “You really shouldnt say I love you unless you mean it. But if you mean it, you should say it a lot. People forget. ” Jessica-age 8,問題The passage mainly tells us about _. A. what “l(fā)ife” means to children B. what “family” means to childre

25、n C. what “friends” means to children D. what “l(fā)ove” means to children 【解析】選D。主旨大意題。在文章第二句“What does love mean? ”我們就能找到文章的主旨，據(jù)此可足以判斷選D。,通過全文主要內(nèi)容，總結(jié)作者寫作意圖。 范例Foolish(silly) Freddie lived in a small village. The people of the village laughed at him. They liked to show visitors how silly Freddie was. T

26、hey thought this was a funny thing to do. One day, a visitor came to the village.,“Watch this, ” a villager said, and called to Freddie. “Come and play a game, Freddie, ” he shouted. Freddie walked slowly towards him, a silly smile on his face. “Look! Freddie, ”the villager said, “Ive got something

27、for you. ” He showed Freddie a dollar coin and a much larger 50-cent coin. “Which would you like? ” he asked Freddie. Freddie took the 50-cent coin at once.,The villager laughed. “See how foolish he is, ” he said. “He always does that. Hes too silly to learn anything. ” He walked away, leaving Fredd

28、ie with the visitor. The visitor felt sorry for Freddie and said to him, “Although the 50-cent coin is bigger than the1 coin, the1 coin is worth(值) much more. Two times as much. ” “I know that, ” Freddie said. “But once I take the1 coin, theyll stop playing the game. ”,問題The best title for the passa

29、ge should be _. A. Clever Villagers B. “Foolish” Freddie C. Freddie and a Visitor D. A Visitor and the Villagers 【解析】選B。通讀故事可知：弗雷迪一點(diǎn)也不傻，他表面上裝傻，是為了可以繼續(xù)做這樣的游戲。,考點(diǎn)一 判斷正誤型閱讀理解 判斷正誤型閱讀理解題仍將以文章細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)題為主，以推理判斷為輔，重在考查學(xué)生識(shí)別文章信息的能力。近年來，該題型主要集中在黑龍江、吉林、青海、陜西、山東、四川、云南、福建等省市。預(yù)計(jì)2013年判斷正誤型閱讀理解仍將是非主流題型，區(qū)域性特色明顯。,根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，判

30、斷下列句子的正誤，正確的用“T”，錯(cuò)誤的用“F”。 （2012福州中考） A farmers dog, Dolly, had puppies (小狗), and the farmer needed to sell them. He painted a sign and put it in his yard. As he was putting up the sign, a little boy walked up to him. “Sir, ” he said, “I want to buy one of your dogs. ” “Well, ” said the farmer, “thes

31、e dogs are very expensive. ”,“Can I just look? ” asked the boy. “Sure, ” said the farmer and whistled (吹口哨). “Here, Dolly! ” he called. Dolly ran out from the doghouse and four little dogs followed her. The boy became excited. Then, the little boy noticed another dog. This one was smaller. It moved

32、slowly and tried to catch up with the others. “I want that one, ” the boy said, pointing to the little dog.,The farmer said, “Son, you dont want that dog. He will never be able to run and play with you like these other dogs. ” The little boy reached down and rolled up (卷起) one leg of his trousers. H

33、e showed a cast(石膏) on his leg and a specially made shoe. He said, “You see, sir, I dont run too well myself, and he will need someone who understands. ” The world is full of people who need someone who understands.,1. Dolly was a mother dog which had four baby dogs. 2. One of the dogs moved slowly

34、probably because its legs were weak. 3. The farmer advised the boy not to choose the smaller dog. 4. Nothing was wrong with the boys leg. 5. We learn from the story that one should show love and understanding for the weak.,剖析 本文主要是通過一位腿有殘疾、走路不便的孩子買狗時(shí)沒看中健康、跑得快的狗，卻偏偏看上體形小、走路又慢的小狗的故事，詮釋了一個(gè)生活哲理生活中人們要彼此愛

35、護(hù)、相互理解。 . 詞數(shù)分析 本文篇幅適中，全文共有202詞，其中含有生詞（組）4個(gè)（puppies小狗, whistled 吹口哨, rolled up 卷起, cast石膏）。,. 體裁分析 本文是一篇哲理故事。文章先由一個(gè)農(nóng)夫要賣掉小狗展開故事，然后詳細(xì)描述小孩買狗的過程，最后通過孩子的話語揭示出本文的主題生活中人們要彼此愛護(hù)、相互理解。 . 角度分析 1、2小題是推理判斷題，3、4小題是細(xì)節(jié)理解題，第5小題是主旨大意題。,. 答案分析 1. 【解析】F。推理判斷題。由短文第六段第一句中“. . . four little dogs followed her. ”及第三、四、五句可知Do

36、lly除了前面提到的四只小狗之外還有一只體形更小的小狗。故此處說Dolly有四只小狗是不正確的，它至少有五只才對(duì)。 2. 【解析】T。推理判斷題。由短文第六段第五句“It moved slowly and tried to catch up with the others. ”及第八段中“He will never be able to run and play with you. . . ”可以推斷這只小狗行動(dòng)緩慢可能是因?yàn)樗耐忍撊鯚o力。故此處說法正確。,3. 【解析】T。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由短文第八段中農(nóng)夫所講的話“Son，you dont want that dog. He will nev

37、er be able to run and play with you like these other dogs. ”可知，農(nóng)夫確實(shí)建議男孩不要選擇那只體形小的狗。故此處正確。 4. 【解析】F。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由短文第九段第一句和第二句可知，這個(gè)男孩的腿上打著石膏并且穿著特制的鞋，并且后面男孩說“. . . I dont run too well myself. . . ”，可以確定他的腿是有問題的。故此處錯(cuò)誤。,5. 【解析】T。主旨大意題。結(jié)合短文最后五段，特別是最后一句話“The world is full of people who need someone who understan

38、ds. (這個(gè)世界充滿了需要?jiǎng)e人理解的人。)”，可以提煉出這篇短文的主旨是號(hào)召大家對(duì)弱勢群體奉獻(xiàn)出愛和理解。故此處主旨?xì)w納是正確的。,考點(diǎn)二 選擇型閱讀理解 選擇型閱讀理解是最為流行的一種題型，因?yàn)樗O(shè)題角度靈活多樣，有細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、詞義猜測題以及主旨大意題，能夠較客觀全面地考查學(xué)生的閱讀能力。因此，預(yù)計(jì)2013年中考選擇型閱讀理解仍將是主流題型。同時(shí)，文章體裁將更加多樣化，選材更加廣泛，生活氣息、時(shí)代特色更加濃郁。,閱讀下列短文，并做每篇短文后面的題目，從各題A、B、C、D中選出能回答所提問題或完成所給句子的最佳答案。 （2011濰坊中考） Mr. White works in a

39、n office. He liked reading in bed when he was at school. It was bad for his eyes and now he is near-sighted. But he wouldnt want anybody else to know about it and he never wears a pair of glasses. It often brings him some trouble.,One winter morning he was sent to a village school on business. He go

40、t off a bus at a stop in a small town. Then he had to walk there. The road to the village wasnt smooth. There were stones here and there. He fell over several times and it made his clothes very dirty. At last he got to the village. Suddenly it began to blow strongly and it got much colder. His hat w

41、as blown off while he was looking for the school. He had to run after it but he couldnt catch it. He was wondering why his hat ran into a house as if it had legs. And then he ran into the house, too. A big woman appeared and stopped him by shouting angrily, “What are you running after my hen for? ”,

42、1. According to the passage, which of the following is true? A. Mr. White wears a pair of glasses. B. Mr. White works in a village school. C. Mr. White likes reading in bed in his office. D. Mr. White often has some trouble because of his near-sight.,2. What was the weather like when Mr. White was w

43、alking to the village school? A. It was warm. B. It was windy. C. It was fine. D. It was cool. 3. Mr. White couldnt get his hat because _. A. his hat had legs B. his hat was the big womans C. he couldnt see his hat at all D. he couldnt run as fast as his hat,剖析 本文主要敘述了Mr. White近視眼卻不想讓別人知道，所以他不戴近視鏡，結(jié)

44、果鬧出了笑話把母雞當(dāng)成了自己的帽子的故事。 . 詞數(shù)分析 本文篇幅較短，全文190詞左右，其中含有生詞（組）3個(gè)（near-sighted近視的；smooth平坦的；blow吹，刮風(fēng)）。,. 體裁分析 本文屬記敘文，話題是“生活趣事”。文章先對(duì)故事的主人公Mr. White做相關(guān)介紹，為后面發(fā)生的故事作鋪墊。然后作者詳細(xì)記敘了故事發(fā)生的經(jīng)過。結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，故事交代詳細(xì)，讀者易懂。 . 角度分析 第1、2小題是細(xì)節(jié)理解題，第3小題屬推理判斷題。,. 答案分析 1. 【解析】選D。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)句子“he never wears a pair of glasses”可以判斷A是錯(cuò)誤的；根據(jù)句子“On

45、e winter morning he was sent to a village school on business. ”可以判斷B是錯(cuò)誤的；根據(jù)句子“He liked reading in bed when he was at school. ”可知他是在上學(xué)的時(shí)候喜歡躺在床上讀書，C是錯(cuò)誤的；根據(jù)句子“It often brings him some trouble. ”可以判斷D是正確的。故選D。,2. 【解析】選B。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段句子“Suddenly it began to blow strongly and it got much colder. ”可知，天氣是多風(fēng)的，

46、故選B。 3. 【解析】選C。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段句子“He had to run after it but he couldnt catch it. ”我們可以推斷出他根本看不清自己的帽子，而是把母雞當(dāng)成帽子了。故選C。,考點(diǎn)三 任務(wù)型閱讀 任務(wù)型閱讀理解其題型多樣，設(shè)題自由開放，內(nèi)容廣泛。它不僅能考查學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力，還能考查學(xué)生的語言組織能力、單詞拼寫能力、英漢互譯能力以及其他語言知識(shí)，較好地呼應(yīng)了新課標(biāo)所倡導(dǎo)的“任務(wù)型語言教學(xué)”模式。因此，預(yù)計(jì)2013年中考將有越來越多的省市采用此題型。,閱讀短文，并按要求完成15題。 （2011河北中考） Several Asian hospit

47、als are doing experiments with tele-medicine. Tele-medicine is a technology that allows doctors to “see” patients without them being in the same place. This is made possible through high-speed communication networks (網(wǎng)絡(luò)). At both ends of the line, the way of video-meeting lets them see and talk to e

48、ach other. Blood pressure (血壓) and body temperature are directly shown on computers.,Tele-medicine is already in wide use in some places such as the United States and Germany. Among other uses, village doctors hold “consultations (會(huì)診)” with far-away experts(專家). The experts can also help them during operations. Tele-medicine has been slow to reach Asia because of high costs, besides othe