1、第一講 英語的句式 英語句子分為簡單句(simple sentence)和復(fù)合句(multiple sentence)。所謂的簡單句就是一個句子中只包含一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子。復(fù)合句包含兩種基本情況，一種是兩個或者兩個以上的簡單分句形成并列關(guān)系，這樣的句子叫做并列句(compound sentence)；另一種是兩個或兩個以上的簡單分句構(gòu)成主從關(guān)系，這樣的句子叫做復(fù)雜句(complex sentence)。下面我們分別對這三種情況加以分析。一、簡單句(Simple Sentence)無論字?jǐn)?shù)多寡，只有一個主語和一個謂語動詞的句子稱為簡單句。簡單句里的主語可能是復(fù)合主語，謂語動詞也可能是復(fù)合謂語動詞

2、。如：Honesty is written on his face. 誠實寫在他的臉上他一臉誠實相。The old man living alone in the little cottage at the foot of the hill at the back of my house walks by himself every evening a long the bank of the river in front of my house.一個人住在我家屋後山腳下的小茅屋里的那個老人，每天傍晚獨自沿著我家門前的河岸散步。Flies and mosquitoes are very dan

3、gerous insects.蒼蠅和蚊子是非常有害的昆蟲。Each hour, each minute and each second is of value to us.每時、每分、每秒對我們都是寶貴的。He has handled the job well and deserves a good deal of praise.這份工作他做得很出色，值得大家贊許。He rose, put on his hat, and walked out of the room.他站起來、戴上帽子、走出了房間。(一)簡單句的五種句型：英語的簡單句只有五種基本句型，所有的英語句子都不能離開這五種基本句型。其

4、中：S = Subject，也就是主語V = Verbal phrase，也就是謂語部分P = Predicative表示跟在系動詞之后的表語C = Complement是補(bǔ)語O = Object，也就是句子的賓語在最后一種句型中包括間接賓語和直接賓語。這五種句型是：1. (主謂)Subject + Intransitive Verb (主語 + 不及物動詞) He studies hard. She is reading. We can skate.He came. 他來了。(The) airplane (which started from Hongkong at noon) arrive

5、d (here) (at four p.m.)中午由香港起飛的那班飛機(jī)下午四時到達(dá)了這里。arrived是不及物動詞，here不是它的賓語，而是修飾它的副詞。注：修飾語是為了表達(dá)明晰起見而添加的詞語，有時候意義上的必要部分，并非語法上的必要部分，如上例(1)雖無修飾語，但仍為一個完整的句子。2. L/V (主系表)Subject + Link Verb + Predicative (主語 + 連系動詞 + 表語)The girl is seven.The map was on the wall. I felt tired.She is happy. 她很快樂。He became (a) tea

6、cher (when he was twenty- one).他二十一歲時做了老師。It is impossible to get there by ten oclock.十點鐘以前到達(dá)那里是不可能的。本句里的 It 是形式主語，不定式 to get there by ten oclock 是真正主語。英文中的系動詞主要是指Be動詞的各種變化形式，也包括那些有時起系動詞作用的實義動詞。這類動詞常見的有：become(變成) , look(看上去) seem看起來) , appear(相似、顯得) , get(變得) , feel(摸起來) , grow(變得) , turn(變成) , rem

7、ain(仍然是) , come(變得) , fall(變得) , hold(保持) , keep(保持) , stand(保持) , stay(保持) , smell(聞起來) , sound(聽起來) , taste(嘗起來)等。例如：This machine is in good condition . 這臺機(jī)器的情況良好。 S V C The garden smells pleasant . 這座花園香氣怡人。 S V C Silk feels soft and smooth . 絲綢摸起來又軟又滑。 S V C3. (主謂賓)Subject + Transitive Verb + Ob

8、ject(主語 + 及物動詞 + 賓語) He often helps me. We study Japanese at school.Mr. Wu read a story.We learn English. 我們學(xué)習(xí)英語。(Turning to the right), you will find (the) school.向右轉(zhuǎn)，你就會看到學(xué)校。Do they speak English?他們講不講英語?注：當(dāng)?shù)谌偷木渥幼優(yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，其句型和第一型(S.V.)相同。如：主動：(A good) boy will learn (his) lessons (well).厖 (第三型)被動：L

9、essons will be learned (well) (by a good boy).厖 (第一型)4. (主謂間賓直賓)Subject + Transitive Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object主語 + 及物動詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語Mrs. Zhang gave me the book (=Mrs. Zhang gave the book to me.)He bought her a new bike (=He bought a new bike for her.)I gave him (a) book. 我給他一本書。Who sen

10、t you (the) book? 誰送了你這本書?(The) man (who came here yesterday) asked me (the) way (to the station).昨天來這里的那個人問我去火車站的路。常見的這類謂語動詞有：give(給某人厖), bring(帶給某人厖), tell(告訴某人厖), send(送給某人厖), leave(留給某人厖), pass(遞給某人厖), read(給某人讀厖), write(給某人寫厖), take(給某人拿厖), show(給某人看厖), teach(教某人厖), get(給某人弄到厖), award(授予某人厖),le

11、nd(借給某人厖), rent(租賃某人厖), buy(給某人買厖), pay(支付某人厖), hand(遞給某人厖), recommend(將某人推薦給厖)等。例如：注：上面各詞的中文釋義是刻意按照該詞的常用動詞句型而給的，以便于大家更好地理解該詞出現(xiàn)于哪個基本句型中。She brought me a shirt . 她給我?guī)硪患r衣。 S V O OPass him the dictionary, please. 請將詞典遞給他。 V O O I lend him my bicycle. 我把自行車借給他了。S V O O擴(kuò)展：(1) 間接賓語在此表示人，直接賓語在此表示物。She bo

12、ught me a dictionary. 她給我買了一本詞典。Pass me the paper , please ! 請把報紙遞給我。This little boy is always asking the teacher all kinds of questions .這個小男孩老愛問老師各種各樣的問題。Will you tell us something about your school life ?你給我們講講你們學(xué)校的生活好嗎 ?Can you tell me when the next train leaves ?請問下一班火車什么時間開?(2) 間接賓語通常在直接賓語之前。也

13、可以將間接賓語放在直接賓語之后，則需要借助介詞 to 或 for。如：He brings me cookies every day .He brings cookies to me every day . 他每天給我?guī)痫瀬怼?3) 如果直接賓語是代詞，就須在間接賓語之前加介詞 to，構(gòu)成介詞短語，并把這個短語放在直接賓語之后。如：Ill send it to you tomorrow . 我明天給你送來。比較：Ill send you the book tomorrow (4) 如果需要對間接賓語加以強(qiáng)調(diào)，也可放在直接賓語之后。Bring the letter to me , not to

14、Henry. 把信交給我，別交給亨利。5. (主謂賓賓補(bǔ))Subject + Transitive Verb + Object + Complement主語 + 及物動詞 + 賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)足語 They call him Jack. We must keep the room clean.He made her happy. 他使她很快樂。We elected him chairman. 我們選他做主席。They did not find it (so) easy. 他們沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)這件事是如此的容易。英語中有些及物動詞，除了要有一個直接賓語外，還要加上賓語補(bǔ)足語，句子的意義才算完整。賓語和賓

15、語補(bǔ)足語一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。賓語補(bǔ)足語的作用有兩個：或是表示賓語所代表的人或東西所做的動作；或是說明賓語的狀態(tài)、特征、身份等。賓語補(bǔ)足語可由名詞、形容詞、動詞不定式、分詞或介詞短語擔(dān)當(dāng)。常帶復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)的及物動詞有：elect(選舉) , feel(感覺到) , find(發(fā)現(xiàn)) , get(使得) , have(使，讓) , hear(聽到) , imagine(想象) , keep(保持) , make(使) , notice(注意到) , see(看見) , let(使) , smell(聞到) , start(使厖開始) , watch(注視，看) , appoint(任命) , bel

16、ieve(相信) , call(稱) , catch(發(fā)現(xiàn)) , allow(容許) , ask(請求，要求) , cause(使得) , consider(認(rèn)為) , expect(預(yù)期) , know(知道) , tell(告訴) , think(想，認(rèn)為) , want(想要) , wish(希望) ,listen to(聽) , look at(看，瞧)等等。例如：We elected him our monitor. 我們選他當(dāng)班長。 S V O CPresident appointed John manager of Marketing.總裁任命約翰為營銷部經(jīng)理。 S V O CT

17、he news made me happy .那消息使我很高興。 S V O CWe know him to be an expert .我們知道他是專家。 S V O CThe story made us laugh .那故事使我們笑了起來。 S V O C He heard somebody opening the door. 他聽見有人在開門。 S V O C I found myself in dark .我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己還蒙在鼓里。S V O C在復(fù)合賓語中，能作賓語補(bǔ)足語的有名詞和形容詞、以及其它相當(dāng)于名詞和形容詞的詞語?，F(xiàn)將復(fù)合賓語的各種形式舉例如下：(1) 名詞或代詞賓格 + 名詞

18、( 作賓補(bǔ) ) We elected Li Ping ( him ) monitor of our class . 我們選李平 ( 他 ) 當(dāng)班長。(2) 名詞或代詞賓格 + 形容詞 ( 作賓補(bǔ) ) I always find her happy and gay . 我發(fā)現(xiàn)她總是那么高興而愉快。(3) 名詞或代詞賓格 + 動詞不定式 ( 作賓補(bǔ) ) I told him to open the window . 我曾叫他開打窗子。另：let , make , see , hear 等動詞后的復(fù)合賓語中，如有動詞不定式，須省去 to。如：Dont let the cat out . 別讓貓出去。

19、練一練：(答案)說明下列句子中的動詞屬于五種句型中的哪一種：A. SV B. SVP/SLP C. SVO D. SVOO E. SVOC1. Dont tell lies. (SVO)2. Tell him to wait for us.(SVOC)3. He told us an interesting story.(SVOO)4. May I ask a question ?(SVO)5. We often ask our teacher to explain the sentence again.(SVOC)6. He made a fire.(SVO)7. We must make

20、our city beautiful.(SVOC)8. He will make himself a pencil-box.(SVOO)9 The doctor felt my head and took my temperature.(SVO)10. He felt better the next day.(SL/VP)11. She felt in her pocket for the sky.(SV)12. Trees grow fast in spring. (SV)13. We grow cotton here.(SVO)14. Its growing dark. (SL/VP)15

21、. Please stand up. (SV)(二)特殊的簡單句 1) 有時有兩個或兩個以上的主語共一個謂語 ( a ) ，或兩個或兩個以上的謂語共一個主語 ( b ) ，有時甚至有兩個主語和兩個謂語 ( c ) ，這樣的句子仍然是簡單句。如：Tom , John and Mike are all my good friends .The boy jumped out bed , dressed hurriedly and ran downstairs. 這男孩跳下床，匆忙穿好衣服就跑下樓了。 The teachers and the students all liked the place

22、and wanted to stay there a little longer . 老師和學(xué)生都喜歡這個地方，想在那兒多待一會兒。 2) 有些簡單句結(jié)構(gòu)比較特殊，只包括一個字或一個成分，如：問候告別語：Good morning ! / Hello ! / Nice to meet you !感謝祝賀語：Thanks ( a lot ) ! / Many thanks ! / Happy birthday ! / Happy New Year ! / Happy birthday to you ! / The same to you !感嘆語： Oh dear ! / Well , well

23、! / My God ! / Goodness me ! 天啊！二、復(fù)合句 (Compound Sentence)由并列連詞連接兩個或更多簡單句而成的句子稱為復(fù)合句。其中的簡單句若非很短，連詞前通常都有逗點。也可將連詞 and省略用分號 (；)代替。如：(1)a. The mother belongs in the home. (簡單句)b. The father must go out into the business world. (簡單句)c. The mother belongs in the home, and the father must go out into the bus

24、iness world. (復(fù)合句) 母親操持家事，父親必須從事外務(wù)。(2)a. Many large cities have policewomen. (簡單句)b. Those policewomen investigate crimes affecting women and girls. (簡單句)c. Many large cities have policewomen, and those policewomen investigate crimes affecting women and girls. (復(fù)合句)許多大城市都有女警察，她們調(diào)查涉及成年婦女和青年女子的犯罪行為。(3

25、)a. The wind blew. (簡單句)b. The rain descended. (簡單句)c. Darkness shut us in. (簡單句)d. The wind blew, the rain descended, and darkness shut us in. (復(fù)合句) 刮風(fēng)了，也下雨了，而且我們被籠罩在一片黑暗之中。(4)a. Being idle sometimes is agreeable. (簡單句)b. Being idle all the time might become monotonous. (簡單句)c. Being idle sometimes

26、 is agreeable, but being idle all the time might become monotonous. (復(fù)合句) 閑來無事有時候很愜意，但總是無所事事可能會變得單調(diào)乏味。(5)a. Did they tell you this story? (簡單句)b. Did you merely surmise it? (簡單句)c. Did they tell you this story, or did you merely surmise it? (復(fù)合句) 是他們告訴你這件事，還是這只是你的猜測?注：(1)如果復(fù)合句里有三個或更多簡單句 (現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該稱為獨立從句)

27、，通常只在最後兩者間用連詞，其余的從句之間用逗點代替連詞，如上述例 (3) 是。(2)有時候幾個獨立從句之間完全沒有連詞，只用逗點。這種情形通常都是在文學(xué)作品中。一般寫作不可仿效。(3)在非正式的寫作中，常從連詞起視為一句之開始。1并列句英語的并列句一般情況下引不起巨大的閱讀障礙，因為在分句之間往往有固定的連接詞說明前后分句的關(guān)系。這樣的連接詞有以and為代表的表示意義延伸的并列連詞、以or為代表的表示選擇概念的并列連詞、以but為代表的表示轉(zhuǎn)折的并列連詞和表示原因的for四個類型。第一種包括and, not only ?but (also )? neither ( nor) 。第二種包括or

28、 , either ?or 6；第三種包括but , while , whereas等。第四種只有一個for。對此我們分別舉一個例句說明問題：As is reported, a trade agreement was signed and a cultural exchange was arranged.Not only is he himself interested in the subject but all his students are beginning to show an interest in it.Dr. Fisher neither loves the environm

29、ent, nor is he accustomed to the weather.The children can go with us , or they can stay at home.You can either go it by yourself, or you can ask someone else to do it.The young man has often been praised , but he is never conceited.While our country has plenty of oil , theirs has none.They want to l

30、ive in town , whereas we would rather live in the country.They apparently have a good drainage system , for the streets never seem to flood after a downpour.有必要說明的是以上的關(guān)聯(lián)詞并非只能有一個含義，比如and就可以表示意義增補(bǔ)、動作先后、轉(zhuǎn)折或讓步、條件和結(jié)果等等一些用法，這方面的語言知識請參考相關(guān)的語法書。另外我們還應(yīng)該把并列分句和并列結(jié)構(gòu)(coordinate construction)區(qū)分開來。并列結(jié)構(gòu)是由并列連詞或者其他并列手段例如標(biāo)點符號連接起來的