1、大學(xué)英語四級考試作文輔導(dǎo),1,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,第一講 主題句擴(kuò)展句和結(jié)尾句,主題句、擴(kuò)展句、結(jié)尾句的寫作特點與技巧,2,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,一、主題句：要想寫好段落，首先要寫好主題句。,1.主題句的構(gòu)成 2.寫好主題句的方法 完整的句子，而不是短語。 緊扣文章的主題。 內(nèi)容具體 注意選定幾個關(guān)鍵詞 3.主題句的寫作技巧 4.主題句的位置,3,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,1.主題句的構(gòu)成,由主題和作者的觀點兩部分構(gòu)成。 作者的觀點就是我們通常所說的關(guān)鍵詞 （1） 做合格大學(xué)生的必要性 （2） 做合格大學(xué)生的必備條件（可以德智體等方面談） （3） 我打算這樣做 It is very necessary to be

2、 a good university student.(議論體主題句) There are several respects of necessities to be a good university student.（說明體的主題句） What I will do in the future is the following.（描述題的主題句）,4,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,2.寫好主題句的方法 完整的句子，而不是短語：那些不能表達(dá)一個完整思想的詞組或短語，不能作為段落的主題句。如：,A) Worries about population pressure. (殘缺句) B) Worries abo

3、ut population pressure are far from new. （完整句） A) How to drive a car. ( X ) B) Anyone can learn how to drive a car. ( ) A) Five easy steps in changing a tire. ( X ) B) There are five easy steps in changing a tire. ( ) 上面三組中的句都不是完整的句子，因此都不能用作主題句。,5,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,主題句必須緊扣文章的主題:文章各段的主題句應(yīng)該緊緊圍繞文章的中心思想，從不同的方面對文章

4、的主題進(jìn)行論述。例如下面這篇文章：,POLLUTION 1. Pollution is becoming more serious all over the world. Part of this problem is the worlds exploding population. A growing population undoubtedly means more factories polluting the air. Besides, land and water pollution has also increased. Pollution is, in fact, threate

5、ning our health, our happiness, and our very civilization. 2.People are now showing a real concern over this problem. Scientists are urging that drastic solution be worked out before it is too late, and the public are demanding that government take firm action against polluters. The earth is our hom

6、e and we must take care of it-for ourselves and for the next generation. 3.Fortunately, measures have been taken to cope with the situation. First, many countries are making efforts to bring down the birth rate. Also, new laws have been passed to exercise strict controls over industrial pollutants.

7、In addition, more sewage treatment plants are being built, and new pollution-control devices developed. Doing all this will enable us to have a cleaner world.,6,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,主題句要內(nèi)容具體,1.Taken in moderation, alcohol is rather harmless and is even beneficial in relieving feelings of stress. 2.The emphasis h

8、as not always been the same. 3.The emphasis on producing wealth and maintaining a high standard of living has not always been the same.,( ),( X ),( ),7,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,注意選定幾個關(guān)鍵詞,例如: a paragraph about the use of helicopters in controlling traffic Helicopters can control traffic. Or Helicopters are used to co

9、ntrol traffic.,8,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,3.主題句的寫作技巧,1.表示人的名詞或代詞主語的句子 College students should take part in social practice and get to know the world. People take part in recreational activities because of several reasons. We benefit a lot from doing part time jobs. Young people today are badly influenced by TV. 2.表示

10、物的名詞做主語的句子 Information plays an indispensable role in modern life. Diligence is a key factor to success. Sports benefit people in many ways. Recreational activities fall into two major types.,9,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,3. 用動名詞短語來表達(dá)主題，做主語。 Owning a private car is very convenient. Keeping pets can lead to some problem

11、s. Studying abroad benefits students in many aspects. 4. 用“There +be + 名詞”句型來寫主題句。 There are several reasons why we should develop the industry of private cars. There are innumerable advantages of keeping pets. There are diverse solutions to the housing problem in big cities. There are effective mea

12、sures that we can adopt to deal with the issue of rising crime rate.,10,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,5. 用It is + Adj. +for sb. to do sth. 句型 It is beneficial for college students to take part in various social activities. It is necessary for us to get to know about the society. It is desirable/ advisable for young peopl

13、e to go abroad to study.,11,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,4.主題句的位置,主題句在段落中可以放在段首，也可以放在段中，或在段 尾。作文是主觀題，而且閱卷教師的時間很短，（一般1-3 分鐘），建議把主題句放在作文中的段首。 例 Drug use is so widespread in American society that it is part of the daily life of almost every person. From birth through lifes ailments to death, drugs ease our pain and sufferi

14、ng. For many, drugs serve such utilitarian purposes as keeping us awake, helping us sleep, or eliminating our stress. Recreational drugs increase our pleasure or sociability at festive or informal gatherings. We take our drugs routinely without thinking of them as drugs, such as when we smoke cigare

15、ttes or drink affricated beverages.,12,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,二、擴(kuò)展句,e.g. I dont teach because teaching is not easy for me. Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living: including mechanic, carpenter, and the writer. For me, teaching is a profession, Red-eye, because I never

16、 feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing. Sweaty- palm, because Im always nervous before I enter the classroom, sure that I will be found out for the fool that I am. Sinking-stomach, because I leave the classroom an hour later, convinced that I was even more boring than usual.,1.

17、擴(kuò)展句及其特點 清晰詳實 條理分明 :在文章寫作時，擴(kuò)展句要長短適中，就學(xué)生寫作而言，每句話的平均長度應(yīng)最好控制在10-15個詞為宜。當(dāng)然，隨著寫作水平的提高，句子長度可相應(yīng)增加。,13,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,2.寫好擴(kuò)展句的方法: 擴(kuò)展句的寫作方法：定義法，分類法，例證法，列舉法，因果關(guān)系法，對照比較法（類比法），綜合法等。,1）例證法(exemplification) There is nothing hard in the world for people with a strong will. A task, no matter how difficult, can be accomplis

18、hed if a person makes up his mind to do it. Take Rome as an example. It is known that Rome was not built in a day. Before she was built, her founders had suffered a great deal of severe hardship, but they never lost their faith and eventually succeeded in their efforts. Columbus, who discovered Amer

19、ica, is another example of strong determination. In spite of defeat and affliction, he went forward and succeeded because of his singleness of purpose and perseverance.,表示例證的方法: For example, for instance, as an example, for a typical example, Such as, so on. Lets illustrate, show, prove with the fol

20、lowing example. Lets take as an example An example, an instance, a (typical) case in point,14,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,例如: The development of science and technology has brought about many changes in peoples life. This can be best illustrated by the invention of television, which has opened a new era for mankind. Thr

21、ough the use of TV people can learn the events which happened thousands of miles away and realize the dream of traveling around the world without having to leave their home. It is often believed that practice makes perfect. As everybody can see, persistent practice will naturally lead to perfect per

22、formances and high efficiency. For example, when we learn English, we have to learn such things as grammar, vocabulary, structure and so on. In order to achieve fluency and accuracy as well, we need practice in listening, speaking, reading and writing. Only through constant practice can we have a go

23、od command of English. Another case in point is learning to play the piano. It is through repeated practice that a person learns to play the piano and becomes a skillful pianist.,15,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,2）列舉法(listing),Attending schools abroad has many advantages. In the first place, students can learn advanced k

24、nowledge of science and technology from the advanced countries. In the second place, schools abroad can provide students with a better circumstance to learn foreign languages and make them grasp them more quickly. Furthermore, while studying abroad, young students can learn to become independent and

25、 develop all-round ability in order to adapt to the reality of society. 表示列舉的方法 First of all/Above all, secondly, moreover In the first place, in the second place, furthermore/whats more To begin (start) with, secondly, in addition For one thing, for another thing, for still another thing,16,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT

26、,例如 1）Tourism brings China a lot of good. To begin with, it enables the Chinese to know about the outside world and contributes to international friendship and mutual understanding. More importantly, it is financially beneficial to China because tourism greatly encourages foreign investment in China

27、. 2）College students who take part-time jobs can learn a number of things that are not taught in the classroom. First of all, since they have busy schedules, they have to learn how to budget their time more effectively. They gain experiences in organizing their day of activities properly. Secondly,

28、since any job involves contacts and cooperation with other people, they learn how to get along well with different kinds of people. Most important of all, part-time jobs give students a chance to learn the value of responsibility. In brief, what they learn from doing part-time jobs enhances their in

29、tegrity as well as their practical abilities.,17,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,另外，還可以使用設(shè)問解答法 例 主題句：Environmental protection is becoming an important scientific field and is drawing a greater deal of attention. 設(shè)問: Why is environmental protection becoming an important scientific field and is drawing a greater deal of atte

30、ntion? 解答: (1) It involves the work against water population, air pollution, desert expansion, and soil erosion, garbage, acid rain and so on. (2) To solve the above problems, much knowledge and research work is needed. (3) Scientists as well as people attach primary importance to environmental prot

31、ection. Environmental protection is becoming an important scientific field and is drawing a greater deal of attention. It involves the work against a variety of environmental damage, such as, water population, air pollution, desert expansion, and soil erosion, garbage, acid rain and so on. To solve

32、these problems, much knowledge and research work is needed. Thus, it is indispensable that scientists as well as people attach primary importance to environmental protection.,18,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,. 避免寫出與主題句不相關(guān)的句子，以免走題。 . 用舉例或者例證的方法來擴(kuò)展主題句。 . 段落里的句式應(yīng)多樣化, 避免全用簡單句，應(yīng)交替使用簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句，使句子的表達(dá)形式多種多樣。 . 擴(kuò)展句的排列必須符合事物發(fā)生時間

33、的先后順序。 . 正確使用過渡詞。,要寫好擴(kuò)展句，必須注意以下幾個方面：,19,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,. 避免寫出與主題句不相關(guān)的句子，以免走題。,例如：Here are the directions to get to my house from yours. You walk two blocks north and then turn right on Adams Street. Walk another two blocks to Third Street. My sister, who got married last year, lives at the corner of Adams

34、and Third. Then, turn left on Third Street and walk until you see a dirt road with a yellow house on the corner. That is my house. Exercise: 1. One of the most important men in our society is the garbage man. Each year more and more garbage is produced, and more men are required to dispose of it. Th

35、ese men do this dirty work despite the danger of being disabled or killed by the blades of the disposal trucks. If more people realized how important the garbage mans job is, perhaps his working conditions would improve. My brother used to work on a garbage truck. He quit because the job was too dan

36、gerous.,20,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,2. Australia is a very large country. But most of the population is in the south-east part. 85% of the populations live in cities and towns. They usually dont go to the movies at the weekend. Only 15% live in the countryside. Three out of every five people live in big cities. 3. T

37、oday in China, most of the families have only one child. These only children, who seldom worry about eating and clothing, are regarded as little Emperors of the families. My sister has only one child, a daughter. What they want or need will be immediately satisfied either by their parents or their g

38、randparents, but my sisters husband is usually very strict with his daughter. They do nothing in the family except study.,21,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,4.若要寫一個以Automobile racing is a dangerous sport為主題句的段落, 下列哪些句子可以作為它的擴(kuò)展句。,1)Many drivers say that they love the danger. 2) I like horse racing better. 3) Each year sever

39、al drivers are killed in accidents. 4) Soccer is also dangerous. 5) Sometimes mechanics are hurt too-when cars crash during races. 6) Cars are less dependable than horses. 7) Yet spectators, drivers, and mechanics all enjoy the excitement.,22,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,. 用舉例或者例證的方法來擴(kuò)展主題句。,例如：若以“My parents look and beh

40、ave like each other”為主題句，下列哪些句子可以用作例證來說明主題句？ 1)They both like nature and the outdoors and are fond of walking,gardening, and swimming. 2)My father is eight years older than my mother and taller and thinner. 3)They never get tired of listening to China opera. 4) Both of my parents have dark hair and

41、black eyes and both have low voices and gentle personalities. 5)They both believe in giving their children love and responsibility, and neither one believes in punishing a child physically. 6) My mother is quieter than my father and talks much less than he does. 7) They are both interested in readin

42、g and music. 8)Most of the time they are in agreement on bringing up their children.,( ),( ),( ),( ),( ),( ),23,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,My parents look and behave like each other. Both of my parents have dark hair and black eyes and both have low voices and gentle personalities. They both like nature and the outdoo

43、rs and are fond of walking, gardening, and swimming. They are both interested in reading and music; they never get tired of listening to China opera. Most of the time they are in agreement on bringing up their children. They both believe in giving their children love and responsibility, and neither

44、one believes in punishing a child physically.,24,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,Exercise: 根據(jù)所給的主題句，分別通過舉例或例證寫出擴(kuò)展句。 1.Smoking in school is not worth the risk of getting caught. 2.Playing the guitar well requires knowledge of several skills. 3. Increasing your vocabulary can help you in a number of ways.,25,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,. 段落里的句式

45、應(yīng)多樣化, 避免全用簡單句，應(yīng)交替使用簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句，使句子的表達(dá)形式多種多樣。,例如：I will never drive a car again. I had an accident today. I was driving up Fourth Avenue. I saw a bright yellow car. It was driven by a little old lady. She obviously did not see the stop sign. I could not stop in time. She ran right into me. Then she c

46、alled me a young hoodlum. 簡單句復(fù)合句復(fù)合句并列句簡單句簡單句 I will never drive a car again. I had an accident today when I was driving up Fourth Avenue. I saw a bright yellow car which was driven by little old lady. She obviously did not see the stop sign, and I could not stop in time. She ran right into me. Then

47、she called me a young hoodlum.,26,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,Exercise: 改變下列各段的單一句式, 使句式多樣化,1. The house was beautiful. A long sidewalk led up to the door. Rows of flowers stood on each side of the steps. The front of the house was redbrick. The woodwork was painted white. 2. Thursday was a sunny day. My brother borrow

48、ed a car. We went to the beach. The water was warm. We went swimming. 3. I was young. I had a very bad temper. I did something once. I am now very ashamed of that. Tom was my older sisters fianc. Tom was in the army. Every week my sister bought cigarettes for Tom. My sister kept the cigarettes in a

49、drawer in her bedroom. 4. My parents came home. My sister told them what I had done. My father asked me a question. Is your sister telling the truth? I could not deny the fact. I had cut up the cigarettes. I was severely punished. I did not get any more pocket money. I got pocket money again only af

50、ter I had paid for the cigarettes.,27,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,. 擴(kuò)展句的排列必須符合事物發(fā)生時間的先后順序,Then we turned left. To get to the museum, we started off by taking the subway to 79th Street. Suddenly, right in front of us was the beautiful building we were looking for! When we got off the subway, we walked four blocks up Lex

51、ington Avenue. After turning left, we walked what seemed to be an endless distance. 經(jīng)過按時間的先后順序重新組合句子后，全段就通順易懂了： To get to the museum, we started off by taking the subway to 79th Street. When we got off the subway, we walked four blocks up Lexington Avenue. Then we turned left. After turning left, we

52、 walked what seemed to be an endless distance. Suddenly, right in front of us was the beautiful building we were looking for.,28,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,Exercise: 按正確的順序, 重新排列下列各段的句子,1.His party was a mess. After they all finally left, it took him three hours to clean up. Half of the people he had invited came an h

53、our early. Then, someone accidentally set his curtains on fire. They spilled drinks on his furniture and had a pretzel-eating contest on his bed. 2. When I first met my English professor, I was impressed by his friendliness. At the end of the course, he even invited our class to his house for dinner

54、. Right away he asked me to talk with him about my reading problems. Throughout the rest of the course, he was as helpful to everyone as he had been to me.,29,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,. 正確使用過渡詞,1.He forgot there was a test today. He failed. 2. He ate a whole pie. He got sick. He went to see a doctor. 如果我們加上適當(dāng)?shù)倪^渡詞，上下

55、句的意思就通順得多了： 1.He forgot there was a test toady. Consequently he failed. 2. He got sick because he ate a whole pie. As a result, he went to see a doctor.,30,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,表示舉例說明的過渡語 For example, for instance, for one thing, to illustrate, as an illustration, a case in point, Lets take as an example. Take f

56、or example. is a typical example of is a typical/proper case in point. 表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的過渡語 In addition, furthermore, moreover, besides, also, whats more Not only, but also, similarly, Another is is another is also a factor.,31,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,表示比較和對比的過渡語 Similarly, in the same way, unlike, like, likewise, equally im

57、portant; In contrast, by contrast, on the other hand, in comparison, on the contrary, contrary to, whereas, while, conversely, differ/vary greatly/vastly from Different from 表示因果關(guān)系的過渡語 Because of, on account of, due to, owing to, thanks to, for, because, since, as, for this reason Therefore, so, as

58、a result, consequently, in consequence, accordingly, hence, thus The reasons why/for are/lie in results in result from,32,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,表示結(jié)論的過渡語 To sum up, to conclude, to summarize In sum, in summary, in conclusion, in all, in a word, in short, in brief So, therefore, thus We can come to the conclusion t

59、hat A conclusion can be reached that 表示轉(zhuǎn)折的過渡語 Though, although, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, even though/ even if Lets look at the other side of the coin. As everything has two sides, we should not neglect the other side of the coin. Just as there are two sides of a coin, the negative aspect of cannot be overlooked.,33,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,三、結(jié)尾句：一個段落中，主題句是伏筆，擴(kuò)展句是具體的敘述和說明，而結(jié)尾句則進(jìn)一步加強和證實該段的主題思想，以引起讀者的重視。,1）用結(jié)尾句來對主題句進(jìn)行深化，可以用不同的句子來表達(dá)同一個主題和思想，做到前后照應(yīng)。 例1 In a word, my life on campus is really colorful and meaningful。 例2 Nothing is more valuable than good health. Good health is the found