1、English Pronunciation ABC,International Phonetic Alphabet Word stress Sentence stress men, man; pen, pan; lend land 2) i: ei real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid 3) e ai bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide 4) au : house horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud claus

2、e 5) au shout fond; gown gone; down done,Some sounds for identifying,1) v w vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well 2) s sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math 3) z closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes 4) n thin thing; sin sing; ban bang ;win wing; ran rang,Word Stress in English,W

3、ord stress is a magic key to understanding spoken English. Native speakers of English use word stress naturally. Word stress is so natural for them that they dont even know they use it. Non-native speakers who speak English to native speakers without using word stress, encounter two problems: They f

4、ind it difficult to understand native speakers, especially those speaking fast. The native speakers may find it difficult to understand them.,Understanding Syllables(音節(jié)）,To understand word stress, it helps to understand syllables.Every word is made from syllables.Each word has one, two, three or mor

5、e syllables. Examples: Dog （dog1） green（green1） quite（quite1） Quiet （qui-et 2） orange (or-ange2） table（ta-ble2） expensive （ex-pen-sive3） interesting（in-ter-est-ing4） realistic（re-al-is-tic4） unexceptional（un-ex-cep-tion-al5) Notice that (with a few rare exceptions) every syllable contains at least o

6、ne vowel (a, e, i, o or u) or vowel sound.,What is Word Stress?,In English, we do not say each syllable with the same force or strength. In one word, we accentuate ONE syllable. We say one syllable very loudly (big, strong, important) and all the other syllables very quietly.,Lets take 3 words as ex

7、ample: photograph, photographer and photographic.,Two Principles:,One word, one stress. (One word cannot have two stresses. So if you hear two stresses, you have heard two words, not one word.)The stress is always on a vowel.,Quiz,Read aloud following words properly. 1. arise 2. beloved 3. unless 4.

8、 magnificent 5. immediately 6. exaggeration 7. species 8. specific 9. obvious 10. parade,Answers: 1. arise 2. beloved 3. unless 4. magnificent 5. immediately 6. exaggeration 7. species 8. specific 9. obvious 10. parade,What are the rules of word stress?,1. Stress on first syllable in (1) Most 2-syll

9、able nouns: PRESent, EXport, CHIna, TAbleMost (2) 2-syllable adjectives: PRESent, SLENder, CLEVer, HAPpy,2. Stress on last syllable in Most 2-syllable verbs Examples: to preSENT, to exPORT, to deCIDE, to beGIN,There are many two-syllable words in English whose meaning and class change with a change

10、in stress. The word present, for example is a two-syllable word. If we stress the first syllable, it is a noun (gift) or an adjective (opposite of absent). But if we stress the second syllable, it becomes a verb (to offer). More examples: export, import, contract, object, etc.,3. Stress on penultima

11、te syllable (penultimate = second from end) Rule: Words ending in ic Example: GRAPHic, geoGRAPHic, geoLOGic Words ending in -sion and tion teleVIsion, reveLAtion,For a few words, native English speakers dont always agree on where to put the stress. For example, some people say teleVIsion and others

12、say TELevision. Another example is: CONtroversy and conTROversy.,4. Stress on ante-penultimate syllable (ante-penultimate = third from end),Rule:Words ending in -cy, -ty, -phy and gy Example： deMOcracy, dependaBIlity, phoTOgraphy, geOLogy Words ending in al Example： CRItical, geoLOGical,Compound wor

13、ds (words with two parts),Rule for compound nouns, the stress is on the first part Example：BLACKbird, GREENhouse For compound adjectives, the stress is on the second part Example： bad-TEMpered, old-FASHioned For compound verbs, the stress is on the second part Example：to underSTAND, to overFLOW,Sent

14、ence stress(句子重音),(Sentence stress)： 每個詞都有它的詞重音，一般地 說, 英語中每一個詞在孤立的情況下, 不論 是實詞還是虛詞, 都有詞的重音, 即使是單 音節(jié)詞, 雖然本身沒有輕重的對比, 在孤立 的情況下, 也是重讀的。但是在連貫言語 中并不是每一個詞都保留自己的詞重音。,Sentence stress,句重音通常是名詞、形容 詞、副詞、實意動詞、數(shù)詞和感嘆詞。 助動詞和情態(tài)動詞在句尾有重音，在 句首可有可無, 在句子內(nèi)部則沒有。 而冠詞、連詞、介詞和人稱代詞一般 都不重讀。 為了更好地表情達意、突出強調(diào) 某個詞時應有詞重音, 重讀不同的詞可 表達不同的

15、意思。,Intonation,英語的語調(diào)的三種主要調(diào)型：升調(diào)、 降調(diào)和 升降調(diào)，其中最主要的是降調(diào) 和升調(diào)。,Rules: ? ?,一般來說，陳述句、特殊疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句讀降調(diào)； 一般疑問句讀升調(diào)； 反意疑問句往往讀降升調(diào), 如: You are a student, arent you? 根據(jù)不同語氣也可讀降降調(diào)。 選擇疑問句常讀升降調(diào)，如： Do you study English or French? 并列句常讀升降調(diào)，如： These are mine, and those are yours.,Quiz,Read following sentences with proper

16、tones. 1. He gave me a thank-you note the other day. 2. When are you coming to see us? 3. Did you do it on the computer? 4. This is a beautiful painting, isnt it? 5. Who are to do presentations next time, Jane, Bob, Mary or Anyone else? 6. Come and have dinner with us.,Answer:,1. He gave me a thank-

17、you note the other day. 2. When are you coming to see us? 3. Did you do it on the computer? 4. This is a beautiful painting, isnt it? 5. Who are to do presentations next time, Jane, Bob, Mary or Anyone else? 6. Come and have dinner with us.(polite) 7. Come and have dinner with us. (order),意群和停頓、連讀與不

18、完全爆破： Sense-group, Pause, Incomplete plosion,這三者與語調(diào)有密切關(guān)系。 意群 (Sense-group) 和停頓 (Pause)： 一個句子可以是一個語調(diào)組，但語調(diào) 組并不等于一個句子。小于句子的語 音單位是意群。意群是句子內(nèi)部有相 對完整意義的一組詞。,Pause,停頓: 在一個較長的句子中, 如果按意群 來讀、意群之間梢加停頓, 就可以讓聽者 聽清我們語流中的意群和句子, 也可以喘 一口氣, 接著再說, 而且能體現(xiàn)出英語所 特有的節(jié)奏和韻律, 但是在一個意群中不 可停頓。有人曾對停頓時間的長短提出過 一個大致的比例：意群之間如沒有標點符 號，停半

19、拍；有逗號處停一拍；有分號處 停兩拍；有句號處停三拍；當然不一定這 么機械，但大致上還應有一個適當?shù)耐ｎD 時間比例，例如：,They live in that large house / on the other side / of the bridge. / In the morning / the boy goes to school early. / Sometimes / he was late, / because his mother was in poor health. / It is very important for us / to take part in manual

20、 labour / from time to time. /,Examples:,連讀 (Liaison)：,在連貫的語流中，前一個詞的尾輔音 和后面緊跟的詞的詞首是元音時，就 自然地拼在一起讀，這稱之為連讀. 如： a lot of, one o f us, most o f us, all o f us, look a t it, a map of China, an exercise-book, half a n hour Can you speak English or French?,在以字母r（或re）結(jié)尾的詞中，r（或 re）一般是不發(fā)音的。但如果后面的詞 的詞首是元音時, r（

21、或re）就發(fā)/r/ 音， 并與后面詞的詞首元音連讀，如： a pair of shoes, for a long time Where (r)is he? There (r)i s a book on the desk. 連讀是連貫的、較快的語流中一種自然 產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)象, 不要故意為連讀而連讀。 有時連句子本身都還讀得不太流利卻故 意連讀, 反而影響了語流的流暢, 甚至混 淆了意思或讓人家根本聽不懂你說的是 什么。例如：Try it over and over again.,不完全爆破 (Incomplete plosion),在英語中，/ p /, / b /, / t /, / d /, /

22、 k /, / 是爆破音。爆破音在某些情況下不發(fā) 生爆破，而僅是在口腔中形成阻礙。 在有不完全爆破音的句子或詞中乍聽 起來好像爆破音都吃掉了, 而實際上 在發(fā)不完全爆破音時，口腔部位完全 和發(fā)爆破音時相同，只是不送氣而停 頓一下。在以下幾種情況下發(fā)生不完 全爆破：,兩個爆破音相鄰時, 前面一個發(fā)不完全爆破音, 如： a(c)tor, ne(ck)tie, bla(ck)board Si(t) down. I can(t) come. I don(t) believe he is a ba(d) boy. 等。,爆破音/ p /, / b /, / t /, / d /, / k /, / 在

23、/ t /, / d /, / m /, / n /, /, / / 的前面時 發(fā)不完全爆破音，如：pi ( c ) ture, o ( b ) ject, kin(d)ness He is a goo(d) child. Try on this bla(ck) jacket. Goo(d) morning. Goo(d) night. I don(t) know. You may kee(p) the book if you need it. 等。 / t /, / d / 在 / l /, / s / 前，發(fā)不完全爆破音,如：mos(t)ly, frien(d)ly, sa(d)ly, o

24、u(t)side, mi(d)summer等。,詞尾是清音時，加后綴-s 和ed 后就要根據(jù) “清-清, 濁-濁” 的原則只加上一個 s 或 d 音就可以了。 尾音是清音時加 -s讀作 s, 如:lamps, maps, desks, asks, ducks, laughs, jokes, looks. 尾音是濁音時加 -s 讀作與它相對應的濁音z 如：dogs, eggs, legs, doors, leaves, fans, games, hotels, rings, saves, seasons, shoes, borrows, bowls, loves, pencils, bowls,

25、 conditions, corners, continues, cows, ears ;,尾音是清音時加 ed讀作 t 如： talked, walked, washed, touched, jumped, reached, faced, pushed, finished. 尾音是濁音時加-ed 或 -d只讀作 d , 如：called, tired, rained, raised, received, removed, refused。 但是在詞尾是 t 或 d 時, 后面加 ed 的讀音則有變化, 原來 ed 中不發(fā)音的 e 此時發(fā) i 音 而成為 -tid -did ,如:wanted, invented, started, posted, repeated, reported, tasted, united, mended, decided, wounded。 當詞尾是 s 、 z 、 t 或 d 加 s 或 es 時讀成 -siz , -ziz , -iz , -tiz , -diz , 如：losses