1、1,Chapter 7 Mobile Computing and Commerceand Pervasive Computing,移動(dòng)計(jì)算及商務(wù)和 普適計(jì)算,2,Learning Objectives,Describe the mobile computing environment that supports m-commerce (devices, software, services). Describe the four major types of wireless telecommunications networks. Define mobile commerce and und

2、erstand its relationship to e-commerce. Discuss the value-added attributes, benefits, and fundamental drivers of m-commerce. Discuss m-commerce applications in finance, shopping, advertising, and provision of content. Describe the application of m-commerce within organizations.,3,Learning Objectives

3、,Understand B2B and supply chain management applications of m-commerce. Describe consumer and personal applications of m-commerce. Understand the technologies and potential application of location-based m-commerce. Describe the major inhibitors and barriers of m-commerce. Discuss the key characteris

4、tics and current uses of pervasive computing.,4,1 Mobile Computing: Content, Infrastructure, and Services,1New Computing Environment: Mobile Computing Mobile devices personal digital assistant (PDA) A handheld computer principally used for personal information management smartphone Internet-enabled

5、cell phone that can support mobile applications Blackberry A handheld device principally used for e-mail,5,6,1 Mobile Computing: Content, Infrastructure, and Services,Conversion of devices These handheld devices blend blogging, Instant Messages, SMS, and other forms of social networking in which Web

6、 browsing is easy, especially with a full keyboard wireless mobile computing (mobile computing) Computing that connects a mobile device to a network or another computing device, anytime, anywhere,7,1 Mobile Computing: Content, Infrastructure, and Services,2 Enabling Technologies for Mobile Computing

7、 Hardware and software infrastructures that support the wireless connection include Network access points Mobile communications server switches Cellular transmitters and receivers,8,1 Mobile Computing: Content, Infrastructure, and Services,3 Mobile Computing Software 1）Mobile operating system 2）Mobi

8、le application user interface 3）microbrowser Wireless Web browser designed to operate with small screens and limited bandwidth and memory requirements 4）Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) A suite of network protocols designed to enable different kinds of wireless devices to access WAP readable file

9、s on an Internet-connected Web server,9,1 Mobile Computing: Content, Infrastructure, and Services,10,1 Mobile Computing: Content, Infrastructure, and Services,5）Markup languages Wireless Markup Language (WML) A scripting language used to create content in the WAP environment; based on XML, minus unn

10、ecessary content to increase speed Compact Hypertext Markup Language (cHTML) A scripting language used to create content in i-mode,11,1 Mobile Computing: Content, Infrastructure, and Services,Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (xHTML) A general scripting language; compatible with HTML; a standard

11、set by W3 Consortium voice XML (VXML) An extension of XML designed to accommodate voice,12,1 Mobile Computing: Content, Infrastructure, and Services,6）Supporting devices synchronization The exchange of updated information with other computing devices Docking stations Attachable keyboards Batteries M

12、edia players,13,1 Mobile Computing: Content, Infrastructure, and Services,4 Mobile Computing Services 1）Short Message Service (SMS) A service that supports the sending and receiving of short text messages on mobile phones 2）Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS) An extension of SMS that can send simple an

13、imation, tiny pictures, sounds, and formatted text,14,1 Mobile Computing: Content, Infrastructure, and Services,3）Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) The emerging generation of wireless messaging; MMS is able to deliver rich media micropayments Electronic payments for small-purchase amounts (generall

14、y less than $10),15,1 Mobile Computing: Content, Infrastructure, and Services,4）Location-based services global positioning system (GPS) A worldwide satellite-based tracking system that enables users to determine their position anywhere on the earth 5）Voice-support services interactive voice response

15、 (IVR) A voice system that enables users to request and receive information and to enter and change data through a telephone to a computerized system voice portal A Web site with an audio interface that can be accessed through a telephone call,16,2 Wireless Telecommunications Networks,1 personal are

16、a network (PAN) A wireless telecommunications network for device-to-device connections within a very short range Bluetooth A set of telecommunications standards that enables wireless devices to communicate with each other over short distances,17,2 Wireless Telecommunications Networks,2 Wireless Loca

17、l Area Networks and Wi-fi wireless local area network (WLAN) A telecommunications network that enables users to make short-range wireless connections to the Internet or another network Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) The common name used to describe the IEEE 802.11 standard used on most WLANs,18,2 Wireles

18、s Telecommunications Networks,802.11b The most popular Wi-Fi standard; it is inexpensive and offers sufficient speed for most devices; however, interference can be a problem 802.11a This Wi-Fi standard is faster than 802.11b but has a smaller range 802.11g This fast but expensive Wi-Fi standard is m

19、ostly used in businesses,19,2 Wireless Telecommunications Networks,wireless access point An antenna that connects a mobile device to a wired LAN hotspot An area or point where a wireless device can make a connection to a wireless local area network (using Wi-Fi),20,Wireless Telecommunications Networ

20、ks,21,2 Wireless Telecommunications Networks,3 Municipal Wi-fi Networks WiMax A wireless standard (IEEE 802.16) for making broadband network connections over a medium size area such as a city wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN) A telecommunications network that enables users to make medium-ran

21、ge wireless connections to the Internet or another network,22,Wireless Telecommunications Networks,23,2 Wireless Telecommunications Networks,4 WIRELESS WIDE AREA NETWORKS wireless wide area network (WWAN) A telecommunications network that offers wireless coverage over a large geographical area, typi

22、cally over a cellular phone network 1）Physical topology of a WWAN subscriber identification module (SIM) card An extractable storage card used for identification, customer location information, transaction processing, secure communications, etc.,24,2 Wireless Telecommunications Networks,2）WWAN commu

23、nication bandwidths 1G The first generation of wireless technology, which was analog based 2G The second generation of digital wireless technology; accommodates voice and text 2.5G An interim wireless technology that can accommodate voice, text, and limited graphics,25,2 Wireless Telecommunications

24、Networks,3G The third generation of digital wireless technology; supports rich media such as video 3.5G This generation was inserted into the ranks of cell phone generations; it refers to the packet-switched technologies used to achieve higher transmission speeds 4G The expected next generation of w

25、ireless technology that will provide faster display of multimedia,26,2 Wireless Telecommunications Networks,3）WWAN communication protocols Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 4）WWAN network systems Global System for Mobi

26、le Communications (GSM) An open, nonproprietary standard for mobile voice and data communications,27,3 Mobile Commerce: Attributes, Benefits, and Drivers,1 mobile commerce (m-commerce, m-business) Any business activity conducted over a wireless telecommunications network or from mobile devices 2 Att

27、ributes of M-Commerce Ubiquity Convenience Interactivity Personalization Localization,28,Mobile Commerce: Attributes, Benefits, and Drivers,29,3 Mobile Commerce: Attributes, Benefits, and Drivers,3 Drivers of M-Commerce Widespread availability of more powerful devices The handset culture The service

28、 economy Vendors push The mobile workforce Increased mobility Improved price/performance Improvement of bandwidth,30,4 Mobile Financial Applications,1 Mobile Banking and Financial Services Customers can use their mobile handsets to access account balances, pay bills, and transfer funds using SMS 2 W

29、ireless Electronic Payment Systems Wireless payment systems transform mobile phones into secure, self-contained purchasing support tools capable of instantly authorizing payments over the cellular network m-wallet (mobile wallet) Technologies that enable cardholders to make purchases with a single c

30、lick from their wireless device,31,Mobile Financial Applications,32,4 Mobile Financial Applications,3 Wireless Bill Payments A number of companies are now providing their customers with the option of paying their bills directly from a cell phone Closing the digital divide Using WWANs, mobile devices

31、, and even regular cell phones, are closing the digital divide in developing countries such as China, India, and the Philippines,33,5 Mobile Shopping, Advertising, and Content,1 Wireless Shopping An increasing number of online vendors allow customers to shop from wireless devices, especially cell ph

32、ones and PDAs 2 Mobile and Targeted Advertising Knowing the real-time location of mobile users and their preferences or surfing habits, marketers can send user-specific advertising messages to wireless devices,34,5 Mobile Shopping, Advertising, and Content,3 mobile portal A customer interaction chan

33、nel that aggregates content and services for mobile users,35,6 Mobile Enterprise and Supply Chain,1 Support of Mobile Employees Mobile office sales force mobilization The process of equipping sales force employees with wireless Internet-enabled computing devices Worker support in retailing Support i

34、n hospitals Support in operations,36,6 Mobile Enterprise and Supply Chain,Tracking employees Job dispatch Maintenance and repair at remote sites wearable devices Mobile wireless computing devices, attached to various parts of employees, for employees who work on buildings and other climbable workpla

35、ces,37,6 Mobile Enterprise and Supply Chain,2 Supporting Other Types of Work 3 Customer and Partner Support 4 NonInternet Enterprise Applications 5 B2B M-Commerce and Supply Chain Management,38,7 Mobile Personal and Consumer Service Applications,1 Mobile Entertainment Mobile games and gambling Hands

36、-free driving 2 Wireless Telemedicine 3 Other Mobile Computing Services for Consumers 4 NonInternet Mobile Applications for Consumers,39,8 Location-Based Mobile Commerce,location-based m-commerce (l-commerce) Delivery of m-commerce transactions to individuals in a specific location, at a specific ti

37、me The services provided through location-based m-commerce focus on five key factors: Location Navigation Tracking Mapping Timing,40,8 Location-Based Mobile Commerce,1 The Technology For L-Commerce Global positioning system geographical information system (GIS) A computer system capable of integrati

38、ng, storing, editing, analyzing, sharing, and displaying geographically-referenced (spatial) information GPS/GIS applications,41,8 Location-Based Mobile Commerce,2 Location-Based Advertising 3 Emergency Response Cell Phone Calls wireless 911 (e-911) In the United States, emergency response system th

39、at processes calls from cellular phones automatic crash notification (ACN) Device that automatically sends the police the location of a vehicle that has been involved in a crash,42,8 Location-Based Mobile Commerce,4 telematics The integration of computers and wireless communications to improve infor

40、mation flow using the principles of telemetry 5 Other Applications of Location-Based Systems,43,8 Location-Based Mobile Commerce,6 Barriers to Location-Based M-Commerce Accuracy of devices The cost-benefit justification Limited network bandwidth Invasion of privacy,44,9 Security and Other Implementa

41、tion Issues in M-Commerce,1 M-Commerce Security Issues Malicious codes Transaction security Wireless communication Physical security of mobile devices Ease of use and poor security Security measures,45,9 Security and Other Implementation Issues in M-Commerce,2 Technological Barriers to M-Commerce Ma

42、ny Web sites are not designed for viewing by mobile devices Current devices have limited usability, particularly with respect to pocketsize screens or data input devices Quick and easy navigation of sites is necessary but not always available in the mobile environment,46,9 Security and Other Implementation Issues in M-Commerce,3 Ethical, Legal, and Health Issues in M-Commerce 4 Barriers for Enterprise Mobile Computing 5 Project Failures in M-Commerce,47,10 Pervasive Computing,pervasive computing Invisible, everywhere computing that is embedded in t