1、,Academic Writing 17.10.2007,Table of Contents,1.Structure of the Work 1.1. Preliminaries 1.2. Main Body 1.3. End Matter 2.Criteria of Academic Work 2.1. Objectiveness 2.2. Reliability 2.3. Validity,Table of Contents (continued),3. Citation 3.1. Direct Citation 3.2. Indirect Citation 3.3. Footnotes

2、4.Process 4.1. Selection of the Thesis Topic 4.2. Literature Research 4.3. Literature Overview and Evaluation 4.4. Manuscript (Tools and Techniques),1.1.Preliminaries,Contents,Titel Page,Information about the type of work, author, examiner etc.,All section numbers, titles and page details,Lists,List

3、s of all tables, figures, abbreviations,Justus-Liebig University Giessen Faculty 09: Agricultural Sciences, Nutritional Sciences and Environmental Management Seminar Essay/Diplom Thesis/Master Thesis Title of Thesis If applicable, Subtitle Examiner: Prof. Dr. Name Surname Presented by: Name Surname

4、Giessen, Data,Table of Contents,Must comprise all parts of the written work, using exact the same wording as the chapter headings Preferably Decimal-Classifying System can be applied, Character-Numeral System recommended in contents with more than 5 levels (Sesink 2000, p.97) Main text page numbers

5、must be written with Arabic numeral, Indexes-with Roman numeral. Title page doesnt require any number.,Source: TRAIKOVA D (2005): Gender Differences in non - farm rural employment, 30.09.2007,Lists,List of visuals shows page numbers of used tables, graphs or figures These must be numbered and cross-

6、referenced in text All abbreviations with the exception of common ones (etc. kg.) must be listed and explained in according index,Source: TRAIKOVA D (2005): Gender Differences in non - farm rural employment, 30.09.2007,1.2. Main Body,Introduction,Brief exposition of scientific problem being studied,

7、Main Text,Chapters reporting authors research,Conclusion,Summery of the work, presentation of acquired knowledge,- Reasons of the topic choice or general remarks regarding its relevance - Formulation of thesis central question - Brief overview of thesis structure and suggestion of the argumentation

8、direction,Introduction,Main Text,Placement of the topic into the state of the art of scientific research; Disquisition of models, theories, definitions Explanatory statement about applied methodological approach Presentation of empirical research results Discussion, i.e. assessment and interpretatio

9、n of the results,Conclusion,Linkage between the topic question and research results Discussion: - Recap of the own specific observation - General Statement related to the works of the others (Katz 2006, p.101),Conclusion,1.3.End Matter,Appendix,List of all used sources in alphabetical order,Annotati

10、on,List of detailed explanations that exceed the intrinsic contents,Declaration,Affirmation that the thesis has been written really by the author,References,May contain full details of data collected,Appendix,Appendix is not a commentary, it is a detailed explanation that is too long for the Methods

11、 section (Katz 2006, p.66) It might explain a mathematical formula, detail of computer programme or contain questionnaires, statistical materials, text of a law etc.,Annotation, Declaration,Annotation can be attached to the thesis as a list of explanatory notes numbered trough the whole thesis (Of c

12、ourse if they are not set as footnotes below the text) In the declaration the author assures that the thesis was written independently and without unquoted external assistance. It must be signed by hand.,References (1),There are many ways of writing a list of references. Important is to use one of t

13、hem consistently Reference can be divided into the primary and secondary literature parts It is recommended to indent second etc. Lines Alphabetical order is preferably used. Works with no author should be alphabetised by the first significant word in the title,Sources: Theissen 1998;Sesink 2000,Ref

14、erences (2),Books (General Form): Author (year of publication): Title. Subtitle. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher One Author: Curtiss, J (2002): Efficiency and Structural Changes in Transition. A Stochastic Frontier Analysis of Czech Crop Production. Aachen: Shaker Two Authors: Lanjouw, P.,

15、G. Feder (2001): Rural Non-Farm Activities and Rural Development. Rural Development Strategy Background Paper 4/2001. Washington D.C., USA: The World Bank Rural Development Family.,Note:These reference rules are oriented to the statements of Prof. Dr. Leonhuser, from http:/www.uni-giessen.de/fbr09/e

16、bvv/pdf-Dateien/LeitfadenWissArbeit.pdf,30.09.2007,Reference (3),More Than 3 Authors: The Name of the first Author with the addition et al.” Newspaper Article: Author (year of publication): Title. Subtitle.Newspaper Title can be italic. Volume (Event.Nr.): Pages numbers McPherson, M. A. et al.(2000)

17、: A Re-Examination of the Linder Hypothesis. A Random-Effects Tobit Approach. International Economic Journal. 14 (3):123-136,Reference (4),To the Books or articles, two or more by the same author in the same year, are added small Latin letters: Lyons J. (1981a): Language and linguistics. Cambridge:

18、Cambridge University Press. Lyons J. (1981b): Language, meaning and context. London: Fontana. Articles in collective editions: AUTHOR (year of publication): Title. Subtitle. In: Editor (Ed.): Title. Subtitle. Edition, Place of publication: Publisher, Page numbers Stern H.H., A. Weinrib (1978): Forei

19、gn languages for younger children: Trends and assessment. In: Kinsella V.(Ed.): Language teaching and linguistics: Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,152-172,References (5),Documents obtained from the Internet should demonstrate the author (editor) and the title. The URL information is placed at the end of the reference. It is important to state the date of retrieval: Fishbein M., I. Ajzen (1975): Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior. An Introducing toTheory and Research. /aizen/f www.wto.or