1、英語(yǔ)詞性的分類(lèi)及用法,詞性的分類(lèi),詞類(lèi)又叫詞性，英語(yǔ)單詞根據(jù)其在句子中的功用，可以分十個(gè)大類(lèi)。,名詞的概念,名詞可以分為專(zhuān)有名詞和普通名詞 . 專(zhuān)有名詞是某個(gè)（些）人，地方，機(jī)構(gòu)等專(zhuān)有的名稱(chēng)，如Beijing， China, the United States,等。 普通名詞是一類(lèi)人或東西或是一個(gè)抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness等。(普通名詞包括可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞) 普通名詞又可分為下面四類(lèi)： 1）個(gè)體名詞：表示某類(lèi)人或東西中的個(gè)體，如：gun 2）集體名詞：表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體，如:family (以上兩類(lèi)屬于可數(shù)名詞)3）物質(zhì)名詞：表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物，如:air 4

2、）抽象名詞：表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概 念，如：work (以上兩類(lèi)屬于不可數(shù)名詞),名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化,其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化,1) 以y結(jié)尾的專(zhuān)有名詞，或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，直 接加s變復(fù)數(shù)： 如：two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays 2) 以o 結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)： a. 加s，如： photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos； b. 加es，如：potatopotatoes tomatotomatoes 3) 以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：

3、a. 加s，如： belief-beliefs roof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs； b. 去f, fe 加-ves，如：half-halves knife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves；,名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化,1）child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women 2）單復(fù)同形如： deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese 3）集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，

4、但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。 如： people police cattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù)，不能說(shuō) a people，a police，a cattle，但可以說(shuō)a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名詞，表示國(guó)民總稱(chēng)時(shí)，作復(fù)數(shù)用。 4）以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞，如： maths，politics，physics等學(xué)科名詞，為不可數(shù)名詞，是單數(shù)。news 是不可數(shù)名詞。,要點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)聚焦,flower,flowers,找規(guī)律,wat

5、ch,es,factory-factories,leaf - leaves,box,es,NOUN.,要點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)聚焦,找規(guī)律,tomatoes,potatoes,heroes,NOUN.,不規(guī)則變化,child-children,woman-women,deer,sheep,man-men,goose-geese,NOUN.,1.Several _ are talking under the treeAnd they are_. Awoman;children Bwoman;child Cwomen;children 2.How far is your school from here？ Not

6、 very farIts about twenty walk.（2000杭州） Aminutes Bminutes Cminutes 3. There are three in my family. (2004長(zhǎng)春） A.people B. person C. child 4. Most students can go to college for further in our city. A. education B. information C.science 5. This is bedroom. The twin sister like it very much. A. Ann and

7、 Jane B. Ann and Janes C.Anns and Janes,典型例題解析,C,C,A,A,B,NOUN.,根據(jù)所給單詞的正確形式填空： 1. Different people may have different _. (idea) 2. I often go to work on . (foot) 3. I know one of the . (boy) 4. Mr. Brown is wearing a pair of . (glass) 5. Please give them their . (photo) 6. Are there any in the box? (

8、watch) 7. There are twelve in a year. (month) 8. Would you like some ? (tomato) 9. Look at those in the boats! (people) 10. Look! The are singing. (woman) 11. September 10th is Day. (teacher) 12. Jim has some . (knife) 13. How much are these ? (vegetable) 14. My school is twenty _ walk from here. (m

9、inute) 15. The girl under the tree is a friend of_. (Lucy),ideas,foot,boys,glasses,photos,watches,months,tomatoes,people,women,Teachers,knives,vegetables,minutes,Lucys,NOUN.,代詞,代詞是代替名詞的一種詞類(lèi)。大多數(shù)代詞具有名詞和形容詞的功能。英語(yǔ)中的代詞，按其意義、特征及在句中的作用分為：人稱(chēng)代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、反身代詞、相互代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、關(guān)系代詞和不定代詞八種。,一、人稱(chēng)代詞是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“

10、它”、“我們”、“你們”、“他們”的詞。人稱(chēng)代詞有人稱(chēng)、數(shù)和格的變化,通常，主格作主語(yǔ),賓格作賓語(yǔ) 通常，當(dāng)單數(shù)的主格作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；復(fù)數(shù)的的主格作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 Eg. He is my friend. Its me. They are from China. She lent me a book. I love it. Are you interested in them?,二、 物主代詞表示所有關(guān)系的代詞，也可叫做代詞所有格。物主代詞分形容性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞二種，其人物和數(shù)的變化見(jiàn)下表,通常，形容詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)形容詞的用法，應(yīng)該位于名詞的前面；名詞性物主代詞

11、相當(dāng)于形容詞性物主代詞+名詞，之后不接名詞。 Eg. I like his car. Our school is here and theirs is there. This is your picture. And that is mine.,三、 指示代詞表示那個(gè)、這個(gè)、這些、那些等指示概念的代詞。,Eg. That is a good idea. I love those book in blue. These people are my friends.,四、自身代詞，也稱(chēng)為反身代詞表示我自己、你自己、他自己、我們自己、你們自己和他們自己等的代詞。,反身代詞的用法,1. 用作同位語(yǔ)(加

12、強(qiáng)被修飾詞的語(yǔ)氣，緊放在被修飾名詞后, 或句末)： The box itself is not so heavy. You said it yourself. 2. 用作賓語(yǔ)(動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ))： Take good care of yourself. 3. 用作表語(yǔ) The poor boy was myself.,五、 表示相互關(guān)系的代詞叫相互代詞，有each other 和one another兩組，但在運(yùn)用中，這兩組詞沒(méi)什么區(qū)別。,We should love each other. Tom and Betty are friends, so they always help each

13、 other. Our students learn one another.,eg. I want something hot. Do you need some coffee? There is nothing good. All of you are students.,六、 不是指明代替任何特定名詞的代詞叫做不定代詞。常見(jiàn)的不定代詞有a11，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，every-，no-加上body，one，thing的合成代詞，如anybody， something，no one。這些不定代詞大都可以代替名詞和形容詞，在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定

14、語(yǔ),七、 疑問(wèn)代詞有who，whom，whose，what和which等。在句子中用來(lái)構(gòu)成特殊疑問(wèn)句。疑問(wèn)代詞都可用作連接代詞，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句）,What are you? Who is his coat? Whose bag is this? Which do you prefer? The blue one or the white one? Could you tell me what is his name? Mother asked which one I wanted.,八、 關(guān)系代詞有who，whom，whose，that，which，as等，可用作

15、引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。它們?cè)诙ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等；另一方面它們又代表主句中為定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的那個(gè)名詞或代詞（通稱(chēng)為先行詞）。,He is the man whom you have been looking for. I hope I can find a job that I can devote myself to. This is the book whose covering is old. That is the same food as you want.,1.He shouted louder to the runners, but he still could

16、nt make _ heard. A. him B. himself C. them D. themselves 2.There are flowers and trees on _ sides of the river. A. every B. both C. either D. all 3.She has three good friends. One is a doctor; _ are teachers of Chinese. A. another B. the other two C. other D. others 4.Before handing in your composit

17、ions, please correct the mistakes in each line if_. A. so B. no C. any D. some,Exercises,B,B,B,C,1._(我) am a worker. _(你) are a doctor. _(她) is a teacher. 2.This is_ (他的 )shirt. 3. This is _(我的)pen. 4._(他們的) trousers are there. 5. I like this picture. Please give _(它) to_(我). 6. People get _(他們的) mo

18、ney from_(我). 7._(他們) are new students. _(他們的) names are Lucy and Lily. 8. These are _(我們的) shoes. Can _(我們) wear _(它們). 9Thank _ for _(你的) help. 10. _(他) loves _（她）, and _(她) loves _（他）,too. 11. _(我) love _（你）, and _(你) love _（我），too.,I,You,my,his,She,Their,their,me,it,They,Their,me,our,me,them,we,

19、He,your,you,you,you,her,I,him,she,形容詞,用來(lái)表示人或事物的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特征的詞稱(chēng)為形容詞。,注意：1.有些形容詞只能作表語(yǔ)，如：alone, afraid, asleep 等。例如： The old man is alone. 2. 形容詞用來(lái)修飾something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代詞，要 放在這些詞的后面。 Youd better tell us something interesting.,形容詞在句子中的位置,作定語(yǔ)時(shí)放在名詞的前面,且音節(jié)少的詞放在音節(jié)多的詞前。 a big yellow woode

20、n wheel .,作表語(yǔ)時(shí)放在連系動(dòng)詞之后。 The price sounds reasonable.,作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)放在賓語(yǔ)之后。 We must try our best to keep our environment clean.,后置的情況： 修飾復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)放在代詞之后。 Something serious has happened to him. 與表示“長(zhǎng)、寬、高、重、老、遠(yuǎn)離”的詞連用時(shí)形容詞后置。 Hes 1.8 metres tall.,注意：,一. 以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞 1）friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugl

21、y，brotherly，仍為形容詞。 2）有些以-ly 結(jié)尾既為形容詞，也為副詞。daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily. 二. 用形容詞表示類(lèi)別和整體 某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類(lèi)人，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry 三. 多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞的順序 限定詞-數(shù)詞-描繪詞-(大小，長(zhǎng)短，形狀，新舊，顏色) -出處-材料性質(zhì)，類(lèi)別-名詞 a s

22、mall round table；a tall gray building；a dirty old brown shirt；a famous German medical school,副詞,副詞是用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、 介詞、連詞等單詞或短語(yǔ),以說(shuō)明動(dòng)作性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)的特征的詞,一、副詞的位置 在許多情況下，副詞都放在所修飾的動(dòng)詞后面或句末。 The girl dances very well. 2.有時(shí)也放在主語(yǔ)后面，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前面(對(duì)動(dòng)作加以強(qiáng)調(diào))。 He angrily closed the door. 3.句中的副詞如碰上助動(dòng)詞，be動(dòng)詞，則通常放在助動(dòng)詞，be動(dòng)詞之后，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前

23、 We have already read the book.,二.副詞的分類(lèi),1、 時(shí)間和頻度副詞: now, then, often, always, usually, early, today, lately, next, last, already, generally, frequently, seldom, ever, never, yet, soon, too, immediately, hardly, finally, shortly, before, ago, sometimes, yesterday.,2、 地點(diǎn)副詞: here, there, everywhere, an

24、ywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past, up, away, on. 3、方式副詞: carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly,4、 程度副詞，放在被修飾詞之前: much, lit

25、tle, very, rather, so, too, still, quite, perfectly, enough, extremely, entirely, almost, slightly. 5、 疑問(wèn)副詞： how, when, where, why. 6、關(guān)系副詞： when, where, why. 7、連接副詞: how, when, where, why, whether.,三、副詞的排列順序,1） 時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)副詞，小單位的在前，大單位在后。 2） 方式副詞，短的在前，長(zhǎng)的在后，并用and或but等連詞連接。 Please write slowly and carefully

26、. 3） 多個(gè)不同副詞排列：程度+地點(diǎn)+方式+時(shí)間副詞。 The children played games very quietly in their room by themselves yesterday。,注意：1 副詞very 可以修飾形容詞，但不能修飾動(dòng)詞。 改錯(cuò)：(錯(cuò)) I very like English. (對(duì)) I like English very much.注意： 2副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面，形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。 I dont know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to

27、 eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat.,動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞就是表示動(dòng)作或者是狀態(tài)的詞。例如：run；work；sleep，等,動(dòng)詞的分類(lèi) 1 根據(jù)其在句中的功能，動(dòng)詞可分為行為動(dòng)詞（實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）、系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞四類(lèi)，有些動(dòng)詞是兼類(lèi)詞。如：,We have lunch at 12. I am hungry. She didnt know him. You can swim.,系動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞亦稱(chēng)聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞（Link Verb），作為系動(dòng)詞。有些不具詞義；有些具有詞義，但不能單獨(dú)用作謂語(yǔ)，后邊必須跟表語(yǔ)（亦稱(chēng)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)），構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀況、性質(zhì)、

28、特征等情況。,1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞 用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài)，只有be一詞， 2）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞 用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand,3）表像系動(dòng)詞 用來(lái)表示看起來(lái)像這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look 4）感官系動(dòng)詞 感官系動(dòng)詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste 5）變化系動(dòng)詞 這些系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)變成什么樣，變化系動(dòng)詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run 6）終止系動(dòng)詞 表示主語(yǔ)已終止動(dòng)作，主要有prove, turn out, 表達(dá)

29、證實(shí)，變成之意,助動(dòng)詞最常用的助動(dòng)詞有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would,1) 助動(dòng)詞自身沒(méi)有詞義，不可單獨(dú)使用 2) 助動(dòng)詞協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~完成以下功用， a. 表示時(shí)態(tài)， He has got married. b. 表示語(yǔ)態(tài)， He was sent to England. c. 構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句， Do you like college life? d. 與否定副詞not合用，構(gòu)成否定句， I dont like him. e. 加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣， He did know that.,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是一種本身有一定的詞義，但要與動(dòng)詞原形一起使用，給謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)

30、詞增添情態(tài)色彩，表示說(shuō)話(huà)人對(duì)有關(guān)行為或事物的態(tài)度和看法，認(rèn)為其可能、應(yīng)該或必要等。,只做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞： must, can (could), may (might), shall (should), will (would) 可做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞又可做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞： need, dare 具有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞特征： have (had, has) to, used to,實(shí)義動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞意思完全，能獨(dú)立用作謂語(yǔ)。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞（及物動(dòng)詞是指后面要求有直接賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞；不及物動(dòng)詞指后面不需要跟賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞）,Think, want, play, drive等,動(dòng)詞有五種形態(tài),分別是：原形（Original

31、Form）、第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式（Singular From in Third Personal）、過(guò)去式（Past Form）、 過(guò)去分詞（Past Participle）、現(xiàn)在分詞（Present Participle）。,數(shù)詞 (表示數(shù)目多少或順序多少的詞叫數(shù)詞，數(shù)詞分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞。表示數(shù)目多少的數(shù)詞叫基數(shù)詞；表示順序的數(shù)詞叫序數(shù)詞。),一、基數(shù)詞 基數(shù)詞寫(xiě)法和讀法 二、序數(shù)詞 序數(shù)詞的縮寫(xiě)形式： first1stsecond2ndthirty-first31st,基數(shù)詞一般是單數(shù)形式，但下列情況，常用復(fù)數(shù)： a. 與of 短語(yǔ)連用，表示概數(shù)，不能與具體數(shù)目連 用，如scores of

32、people 指許多人； b.在一些表示一排或一組的詞組里； 如：They arrived in twos and threes.他們?nèi)齼蓛傻牡竭_(dá)了。 c. 表示幾十歲； d. 表示年代，用 in +the +數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù)； e. 在乘法運(yùn)算的一種表示法里， 如：3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.,數(shù)詞的用法,1）表示倍數(shù) once， twice， three times 2）表示分?jǐn)?shù) 構(gòu)成：基數(shù)詞代表分子，序數(shù)詞代表分母。分子大于1時(shí)，分子的序數(shù)詞用單數(shù)，分母序數(shù)詞用復(fù)數(shù)： 1/3 one-third ； 3/37 three and three-sevenths.,介 詞,介詞是一種用來(lái)表示詞與詞、詞與句之間的關(guān)系的虛詞，在句中不能單獨(dú)作句子成分。介詞后面一般有名詞代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類(lèi)，短語(yǔ)或從句作它