1、Lecture Two,TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN QUESTIONS 是非無判斷題,Objectives of Lecture Two,Overview of T/F/NG questions; Principles of T/F/NG questions; Steps of doing T/F/NG questions;,TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN QUESTIONS,Overview of T/F/NG questions Based on the statistics from the last three years, T/F/NG questions i

2、n IELTS Reading is becoming more important; Normally 7-16 questions; Examiner has to judge whether the information in the questions (statements) are True/False/Not Given according to the original text;,Overview of T/F/NG questions,Most questions following the order principle; if not, key words have

3、to be found; No personal understandings, find answer from the original text; Language understanding only, no logical understanding; It is one of the detailed/local questions (based on the Threes Elements Analysis System).,Overview of T/F/NG questions,題目為若干個陳述句，要求根據(jù)原文所給信息，判斷每個陳述句是對，錯，還是未提及。題目中通常陳述A事物

4、和B事物之間的關系，而關系通常被設置為考點。需通過題目中的關鍵詞找到原文該題出處，作對比理解。,True/False/Not Given,TRUE/YES FALSE/NO NOT GIVEN,TRUE, Implications of TRUE When the information represented in the questions and the original text are the same, the question is TRUE：題目和原文對應信息表述一致。 Topic information (topic) in the statement and the ori

5、ginal text are the same; Description to the topic (how) in the question and the text are the same.,Principles of TRUE,Question is consented with the original text (Synonymous of n.). 題目是原文的同義表達/同義替換:名詞（同根詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換） Example 1: Question: Computers are more popular than they used to be. Original: Computer

6、s are gaining in popularity, despite their cost.,Question is consented with the original text (n.).,Synonymous ：numbers數(shù)量的同義替換 Example 2A Question: Many lectures get satisfaction from their work. Original：The majority of lectures find their jobs very rewarding. NB：Many 包含在majority之內(nèi)。,Synonymous ：num

7、bers數(shù)量的同義替換,Example 2B Question: Most are less than five years old. 大多數(shù)都少于五年。 Original：Few are more than five years old. 很少有超過五年的。,Principles of TRUE,2. The question is a reasonable induction of the original text.題目是原文的合理推斷。 Example 3: Original: It has been proved that a rapid response（快速反應） leads t

8、o a great likelihood of a arrest （逮捕 ）only if it is 1-2 minutes after a call is received by a police. When the response time increases to 3-4 minutes, the likelihood of arrest is substantially reduced.,2. Question is a reasonably induction of the original text.,Question: A delay of 1-2 minutes in re

9、sponse may have substantial influence on whether or not a suspected criminal（嫌疑犯） is caught.,Notes to TRUE questions,No personal understandings and no personal reasoning 可以依據(jù)原文做適當?shù)耐茢?，但不能做無根據(jù)的自行推斷或過度的推理。 Example 4 Question: A 50-watt E-lamp can give the same amount of light that is given by a 200-wat

10、t incandescent.,Notes to TRUE questions,Original: Counting the cost of electricity, a 25-watt E-lamp could give out the same amount of light comparable to a 100-watt incandescent lamp(白熾燈). Answer: NOT GIVEN,FALSE 原文是多個條件并列，題目只是其中一個條件（出現(xiàn)must或only).,Notes to FALSE/NO,Example 10 . Question: only Russi

11、ans have won gold medals in the mens winter Olympics. Original: Since the start of Winter Games, 45 out of 46 gold medals in mens Nordic skiing (越野滑雪) event have been won by competitors from Scandinavia or the former Soviet Union.,Notes to FALSE/NO,3. the context has two or more circumstances (often

12、 has “bothand, and, or , also” etc.), statements in the question only one of the circumstances mentioned. The question only mentions it must/only has one circumstance. 原文是兩個或多個情況都可以，常有 both and, and, or, also 等詞，題目只是“必須”或“只有”其中一個情況，也出現(xiàn)了must或only 或only one.,Notes to FALSE/NO,Example 11 Question: Tick

13、ets must be bought in advance from an authorized Daybreak agent. Original: Booking in advance is strongly recommended as all Daybreak tours are subject to demand. Subject to availability, tickets can also be purchased from the driver.,Notes to FALSE/NO,4.Adverbs of sphere/frequency/possibility appea

14、r both in the statements and the original context. 原文和題目中使用了表示不同范圍、頻率、可能性的副詞。 Note: adv.使用不一致的詞有？,Notes to FALSE/NO,Example 12 Question: It is impossible to get a good job without a qualification from a respected institution. Original: Without a qualification from a reputable school or university, i

15、t is unlikely to find a good job.,Notes to FALSE/NO,5. Context explains the theory or feeling concerning the topic information, but the statement rose to objective facts or proved theory. 原文為人們對于某樣事物的理論或感覺，題目則上升為客觀事實或已被證明的理論。 及“理論（theory）”拔高到“事實（facts）”,Notes to FALSE/NO,Example 13 Question: It is a

16、 fact that the melting of ice caps in both south and north poles are worsened by worldwide increase in temperature. Original: Another theory is that worldwide temperature increases are melting polar ice caps（極地冰帽的融化）.,Notes to FALSE/NO,6. The original context has adverbial of condition(條件狀語),e.g., i

17、f, unless, or if not, OR use some prepositional phrase(介詞短語) to represent adverbial of condition, e.g., in，with，but for or except for。Statements have no such adv.原文中包含條件狀語限制，題目中去掉了條件成份。,Notes to FALSE/NO,Example 14 Question: The media has often criticized the Internet because it is dangerous. Origin

18、al: The Internet has often been criticized by the media as a hazardous tool in the hands of young computer users.,Principles of NOT GIVEN,1. The topic information in the question is not mentioned in the text, or cannot find the basis from the original text. 題目中的某些內(nèi)容在原文中沒有提及，或在原文中找不到依據(jù)。（該種類的NG大約占該題型的

19、50%左右）,Principles of NOT GIVEN,Example 15 Question: The Mayans lost many of their major settlements because of hurricanes。 Original: The Mayans also showed their respect for hurricanes by building their major settlements away from the hurricane-prone(颶風頻發(fā)) coast line.,Principles of NOT GIVEN,Example

20、 16 Question: The author believes that all foxes should be killed.,Principles of NOT GIVEN,Original: I would suggest that foxes pose a greater problem, yet there is no passionate public campaign to oust(驅(qū)逐;剝奪；取代 )foxes, presumably because it is obvious we can never eliminate the millions of wild fox

21、es in Australia. Yet the same common sense thinking is not applied to cats. It is thought instead that, if everyone would only spay their cats, string bells around their necks and keep them in at night, cats would no longer kill wildlife. But what of the millions of feral(野生的) cats in our deserts an

22、d woodlands? They are the bigger problem, but they are no more controllable than foxes or cane toads.,Principles of NOT GIVEN,題目的意思：所有的狐貍都應該被消滅。 原文的意思是：狐貍引起了更加嚴重的問題，但公眾卻沒有什么熱情去開展活動驅(qū)逐狐貍，這大概是因為澳洲要消滅所有的狐貍顯然是不可能的。,Principles of NOT GIVEN,2. The scope of the statement is smaller than the original text. 題

23、目中涉及的范圍小于原文涉及的范圍。,Principles of NOT GIVEN,Example 17 Question: Our computer clubs offer color printers. Original: Macquarie university endeavors to keep pace with the technology innovation by equipping the campus with computers accessing the Internet. Moreover, our computer clubs, whose number is co

24、nstantly increased, provide printers with only a reasonable charge.,Principles of NOT GIVEN,3.The text represents ones targets, aims, opinions, willingness, guarantee or pledge, etc. , but the statement represents the facts. 原文是某人的目標、目的、想法、愿望、保證、發(fā)誓等， 而題目是事實。原文中常用aim（目的）、purpose（目的）、promise（保證）、swear

25、（發(fā)誓）及vow（發(fā)誓）等詞。題目中用實意動詞。,Principles of NOT GIVEN,Example 18 Question: Only amateur athletes are allowed to compete in the modern Olympics. 只有業(yè)余運動員被允許在現(xiàn)代奧運會中競爭。 Original: His aim was to bring together, once every four years, athletes from all countries on the friendly fields of amateur（mt ） sport. 他的

26、目的是把各國的運動員每四年一次聚集到友好的業(yè)余運動會的賽場上。,Principles of NOT GIVEN,4. The comparatives appear in the statement, not in the original text. 題目出現(xiàn)了比較級，而原文中沒有比較。,Principles of NOT GIVEN,Example 19 Question: There is now greater variety of restaurants to choose from in Sydney than in the past. Original: In Sydney, a

27、 vast array of ethnic and local restaurants can be found to suit all palates and pocket, which is tremendously different from the past when a full wallet was the sloe guarantee to the possibility of tasting finest Australian cuisines.,Summary,1.題目中若出現(xiàn)must、only、all及always，答案一般不會是True。題目中出現(xiàn)這些很常見，95%的答

28、案都不是True。題目中出現(xiàn)上述這些詞，答案False是還是Not Given，就不一定，需要根據(jù)上面講的規(guī)律再做判斷，一般答案是False的比例更大一些。 2.出現(xiàn)同義表達或推斷歸納的一般為YES/TRUE.,Summary,3.If the words “not, must/only, fact/prove, many/sometimes/unlikely/all/usually/ always/impossible” appear in the statements, the answer normally are FALSE/NO. 4. If the reading text has

29、 adverbial conditions, such as “if / unless / ifnot / in / with / but / for / except for” etc. , the answer are normally NO / FALSE.,Summary,5. 出現(xiàn)原文沒有提及或者找不到依據(jù)的題目 題目范圍比原文所說的范圍小，更具體的內(nèi)容時候；原文是目標，想法，愿望，保證，發(fā)誓的時候，題目是事實的時候，出現(xiàn)aim, purpose, promise, swear, vow.；題目中有比較級，原文中沒有比較級的時候，一般情況下答案多為NOT GIVEN。,Steps o

30、f doing the T/F/NG questions,Step 1 Read the instructions in the question; Step 2 Read the statements and find the key/locating words in the question, then try to locate back to the original text; NB What is locating words? The words cannot be locating words? Step 3 Skimming ,Steps of doing the T/F/

31、NG questions,Step 4 Read the sentences ( which found in Step 2) carefully and notice whether it has the word of exam points (考點詞) Step 5 Find the right answer (NB: order principle) Step 6 Check your answer,做題步驟,（1）找出題目中的關鍵詞，最好先定位到原文中的一個段落。 將題目中的關鍵詞與原文各段落的小標題或每段話的第一句相對照。有些題目能先定位到原文中的一個段落，這必將大大加快解題時間，

32、并提高準確率。但并不是每個題目都能先定位到原文中的一個段落的 （2）從頭到尾快速閱讀該段落，根據(jù)題目中的其它關鍵詞，在原文中 找出與題目相關的一句或幾句話。 確定一個段落后，答案在該段落中的具體位置是未知的。所以，需要從頭到尾快速閱讀該段落，找出該段落中與題目相關的一句話或幾句話，通常是一句話。,做題步驟,（3）仔細閱讀這一句話或幾句話，根據(jù)第二大步中的原則和規(guī)律， 確定正確答案。 （4）要注意順序性，即題目的順序和原文的順序基本一致。 題目是有順序的。第一題的答案應在文章的前部，第二題的答案應在第一題的答案之后。這個規(guī)律也有助于大家確定答案的位置。,比較考點詞在是非無判斷題中的應用,A is than B OR A is asas B 1）A和B在有一方在原文中沒有出現(xiàn)，答案為NOT GIVEN 2）A和B都在原文中出現(xiàn)，但并未出現(xiàn)比較，答案為NOT GIVEN； 3）A和B都在原文中出現(xiàn)，且出現(xiàn)比較，但比較的內(nèi)容不一致，答案為NOT GIVEN； 4）如果A和B都在原文中出現(xiàn)，而且比較內(nèi)容相同，則根據(jù)方向來判斷答案為TRUE/YES還是FALSENO,比較考點詞,Example 20 Origina