1、Translation: Theory and Practice,陳 雋 ,Arrangements of this Course,Textbook: 實用英漢對比與翻譯 Arrangements: 18 weeks altogether, about 3 chapters of E-C translation.,Materials we use in class,PowerPoint Textbook: Exercise in class or after class,Assessment / Final Exam,Class Attendance: 20% Class performanc

2、e (including exercises, answer the questions in class, discussion, presentation, etc.) :20% Final exam (including what we have learned in class): 60%,Any Questions?,Chapter One,Fundamental Concepts and Principles of Translation,Brainstorm,What is translation ?,What is translation? Translation means

3、putting what is said in one language into another.,陳皮 Chens skin 麻婆豆腐 beancurd made by a pockmarked woman,某動物園： 請勿喂食動物！如有食物，請交給飼養(yǎng)員或值班警衛(wèi)。 Please do not feed animals. If you have suitable food, feed it to the guard on duty. 請不要喂動物，如果你有合適的食物，請喂值班警衛(wèi).,Tragic Mistakes Mokusatsu a. keep silent sophisticate

4、dly； b. ignore, despise,Hiroshima,Nagasaki,Moksatsu,Translation consists in reproducing the target language (TL) the closest natural equivalent of the source language (SL), first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene. A. Nida，奈達) A. 再現(xiàn)原文信息，而不是保留原文的結(jié)構(gòu)形式； B. 原文與譯文之間是對等關(guān)系； C. 對等是貼

5、切，自然的； D. 意義是優(yōu)先考慮的因素； E. 文體成分也很重要。,翻譯的定義,1. Origin and History of Translation,1. Bible Story of Noah 2. Tower of Babel 3. In the West: Bible translation 4. In China: Zhou Dynasty: “東方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄，北方曰譯?！?Xuan Zang,Noah,Noahs Ark,Tower of Bable,2. Famous Translators in Fujian Province,Fujian: Cradle f

6、or translators in Chinese modern times,譯界楷模嚴復，一百多年前他提出的信達雅翻譯標準一直影響著中國的譯學研究,譯界之王林紓，他譯介的西洋小說之多至今無人出其右,倡西學之始，開新學之路，最早組織翻譯班子譯夷書的林則徐,被西方人尊為東方文化圣哲的辜鴻銘,兩腳踏東西文化，一心評宇宙文章，畢生致力于傳播中華文化的文學、翻譯大師林語堂,集作者、學者、譯者于一身的文學、翻譯大師余光中教授,冰心,陳季同：“東學西漸”第一人； 許孟雄：首次把毛澤東的論持久戰(zhàn)等多篇著作譯成英文； 凌青：前中國常駐聯(lián)合國代表，外交翻譯家； 陳羽綸：主編并翻譯過福爾摩斯探案等西方名著 。 許

7、崇信：曾參加翻譯并審定聯(lián)合國及安理會文件43份，計120多萬字，并有大量譯著。,4. Principles and standards of translation. Western theories Chinese theories,嚴復,譯事三難“信、達、雅” 信(faithfulness): 為讀者準確傳達原作的內(nèi)容，譯文的意義不違背原文，譯文必須把原作的內(nèi)容完整而準確地表示出來。同時，還必須保持原作的風格：民族風格，時代風格，語體風格，作者個人的語言風格等。（書面體與口語體） 即：忠實準確,嚴復,達（expressiveness): 譯者將全文融會于心，則下筆抒詞，自然互備，至原文詞理

8、本深，難于共喻，則當前后引襯，以顯其意。凡此經(jīng)營，皆以為達，為達既所以為信也。 通順流暢：譯文語言必須通順易懂，符合規(guī)范，沒有語言晦澀，詰屈聱牙，文理不通，結(jié)構(gòu)混亂，邏輯不清的現(xiàn)象。,雅（elegance): “言之無文，行之不遠”，因為雅與文字有密切的關(guān)系，因此他主張用古漢語， “實則精理微言，用漢以前句法則為達易，用近世俗利文字則求達難。” 文字古雅. 從語用層面上看“雅”的原則：譯者處理語言在特定語境中的語用含義，達到語用層面上的“雅”，使譯文語言對譯文讀者產(chǎn)生相應的“語用效果”。,嚴復,傅雷,“神似” (spiritual similarity) The purpose of tran

9、slation is to achieve the “spirit” of the original. “以效果而論，反以應該像臨畫一樣，所求的不在形似，而在神似?！?化境 （conversion / perfection） 化境論： “翻譯的最高理想可以說是化。把作品從一國文字轉(zhuǎn)變成另一國文字，既能不因語文習慣的差異而露出生硬牽強的痕跡，又能完全保存原作的風味，那就算得入于化境?！?錢鐘書,On Reading,Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in

10、privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business.,參考譯文,讀書足以怡情，足以博采，足以長才。怡情，最見于獨處幽居之時；博采，最見于高談闊論之中；長才，最見于處世判事之際。,Summary,Faithfulness refers to that content and style of TL should be faithful to the SL. Smoothness requires that

11、version should be clear and distinct, flowing and easy to read without signs of the mechanical word-for-word translation, of obscure language, of grammatical mistakes, confused structure and logic.,5. Strategies for Translation,5.1異化(foreignization/ dissimilation) Foreignization is a strategy in whi

12、ch a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original. 翻譯必須有異國情調(diào)，就是所謂洋氣。 魯迅,異化：轉(zhuǎn)達原文意思的時候，使譯文的表達形式和句法結(jié)構(gòu)盡量同原文一致起來， 向原文作者靠攏，采取原文作者使用的表達方式傳達原文的內(nèi)容。,crocodile tear cowboy Forbidden fruit to cry wolf iron bowl dark horse Pandoras

13、 box,Kill two birds with one stone Armed to the teeth All roads lead to Rome Born with a silver spoon in ones mouth Though she was born with a silver spoon in her mouth, she was very frugal with her money.,The Trojan horse The Gold Apple Helen,優(yōu)點：保留的原文的文化意象，目的是使譯文保持原文的語言風格，向譯文讀者介紹源語文化，并豐富譯入語及文化。,5.2

14、 歸化（domestication/assimilation) 歸化：人類文化具有共同的范疇，因此，兩種語言在表達上出現(xiàn)意象相同的內(nèi)容，有的意象不同，意義基本一致，翻譯時用譯語的文化意象來取代原文里的文化意象，或用譯語現(xiàn)有的詞匯來翻譯。,All roads lead to Rome Where there is a will, there is a way Make hay while the sun shines There is no smoke without fire Look for a needle in a bundle of hay To cry wolf,Teach fish to swim Two heads are better than one Speak of the devil and he comes Great minds think alike,To shed crocodile tears Do not shed crocodile tears