1、中考英語復(fù)習(xí)方案 語法部分,第一篇 詞法 一、 名詞,復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn) 1.名詞的種類 2.名詞的數(shù) 3.復(fù)數(shù)名詞的變化規(guī)則 4.判斷可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的方法 5.名詞所有格 6.正誤辨析 7.例題解析 8.課時(shí)訓(xùn)練,知識(shí)概要 名詞的概念在不同的語法教課書中有不同的解釋和分類方法，但就實(shí)際應(yīng)用來講還是不要過分地追求其理論概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其應(yīng)用上來。我們不妨把它分為兩大類：專有名詞與普通名詞。顧名思義，專有名詞是指：個(gè)人、事物、機(jī)關(guān)等所專有的名稱，如，the Great Wall， America它們是不能隨意變動(dòng)的。而普通名詞中則包括個(gè)體名詞，如pen, worker它表示單一的個(gè)體人或

2、事物；集體名詞，如：family, class， team,它表示的是由若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體；物質(zhì)名詞，如：water, paper它表示的是一種物質(zhì)，原材料；而后一種是抽象名詞，如:work, time它表示著一種在實(shí)際生活中看不見、摸不到，但卻與實(shí)際生活緊密相關(guān)的某些動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)的抽象概念。,名詞一覽表,難點(diǎn)鏈接,1、名詞的數(shù) 不可數(shù)名詞不能用數(shù)字計(jì)算，所以它通常只有單數(shù)形式。它包含有專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞等，如：English, air, water, cotton, work可數(shù)名詞是可以用數(shù)量加以計(jì)算的名詞，所以它具有單數(shù)形式和復(fù)數(shù)形式兩種。,2、復(fù)數(shù)名詞的變化規(guī)則 A.

3、規(guī)則變化 (1) 一般情況加s,如：penpens, doctordoctors, boyboys. (2) 在以s,sh,ch,x結(jié)尾的名詞后面加es，如：busbuses, classclasses. (3) 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，要將y變?yōu)閕再加es，如：factoryfactories, countrycountries, familyfamilies.但要注意的是以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式只加s，如:boyboys, daydays。 (4) 以o結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式一般要加es，但如果o前面是元音字母或外來詞，縮寫詞以o結(jié)尾的則只加s，如：tomatotomatoes,

4、 heroheroes; photophotos, radioradios, pianopianos (5) 以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式要將f或fe變?yōu)関再加es，如：knifeknives, leafleaves。,難點(diǎn)鏈接,B.不規(guī)則變化 不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是要單個(gè)記憶的，它沒有規(guī)律可循，常見的有: manmen, womanwomen, childchildren, footfeet, toothteeth, mousemice,3.判斷可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞的方法 1）可以在該詞之前試著加一加基數(shù)詞來進(jìn)行判斷。一般能用基數(shù)詞數(shù)的名詞，通常是可數(shù)名詞，例如：a boy , three b

5、oys, some boys an apple , 9 apples , some apples 2）物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞一般都是不可數(shù)的。不可數(shù)名詞沒有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)的區(qū)別，例如：water , ice , tea , meat , milk , age , time , help , luck , work 3）有少數(shù)物質(zhì)名詞也有復(fù)數(shù)形式，不過它們的含義則有所不同了，例如： glass 玻璃 glasses 眼鏡water 水 waters 某個(gè)河流、湖泊的水順便說一下，有些物質(zhì)名詞本身也是可數(shù)名詞，但其含義也有所不同了。例如：glass 玻璃 a glass 玻璃杯；paper 紙張 a pa

6、per 報(bào)紙，論文；wood 木頭 a wood樹林；gold 金子 a gold 金牌,難點(diǎn)鏈接,5.名詞所有格 所有格用來表示人或物的所有，以及領(lǐng)屬關(guān)系。表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數(shù)形式是加s其復(fù)數(shù)形式是s，如其結(jié)尾不是s的復(fù)數(shù)形式仍加s，如：a students room, students rooms, Childrens Day.在表示時(shí)間、距離、世界、國(guó)家名詞的所有格要用s，如：a twenty minutes walk.但無生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結(jié)構(gòu)，如：the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers,4.特例

7、（1） 單復(fù)同形的名詞有： fish, sheep, Chinese等。 （2）單數(shù)形式但其意為復(fù)數(shù)的名詞有:people, police等。,正誤辨析,1. 誤Please give me a paper. 正Please give me a piece of paper. 析不要認(rèn)為可以數(shù)的名詞就是可數(shù)名詞，這種原因是對(duì)英語中可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞的概念與中文中的能數(shù)與不能數(shù)相混淆了，所以造成了這樣的錯(cuò)誤，因paper在英語中是屬于物質(zhì)名詞一類，是不可數(shù)名詞。而不可數(shù)名詞要表達(dá)數(shù)量時(shí)，要用與之相關(guān)的量詞來表達(dá)，如：two pieces of paper. 2.誤Please give me tw

8、o letter papers. 正Please give me two pieces of letter paper. 析paper作為紙講是不可數(shù)名詞，而作為報(bào)紙、考卷、文章講時(shí)則是可數(shù)名詞，如：Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt. 3.誤My glasses is broken. 正My glasses are broken. 4.誤I want to buy two shoes. 正I want to buy two pairs of shoes. 析英語中g(shù)lasses，shoes，trousers等由兩部分

9、組成的名詞一般要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果要表示一副眼鏡應(yīng)用a pair of glasses而這時(shí)的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與量詞相一致。如：This pair of glasses is very good.,正誤辨析,5. 誤May I borrow two radioes? 正May I borrow two radios? 析以o結(jié)尾的名詞大都是用加es來表示其復(fù)數(shù)形式，但如果o前面是一個(gè)元音字母或外來語時(shí)則只加s就可以了。這樣的詞還有zoozoos, pianopianos.以及一些縮寫詞，如：photo-photos, kilo-kilos. 6.誤This is a Marys dictionary.

10、 正This is Marys dictionary. 析如名詞前有指示代詞this, that, these those,及其他修飾詞our, some, every, which, 或所有格時(shí)，則不要再加冠詞。 7.誤There are much people in the garden. 正There are many people in the garden. 析可數(shù)名詞前應(yīng)用many, few, a few, a lot of 來修飾，而people是可數(shù)名詞，而且是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，如：The people are planting trees here. 8.誤I want a few

11、water. 正I want a little water. 析不可數(shù)名詞前可以用a little, little, a lot of, some來修飾，但不可用many, few來修飾。 9.誤Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me. 正Thank you very much. Your family are very kind to me. 析把family看作整體時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)，而強(qiáng)調(diào)family中的所有成員時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。,正誤辨析,10. 誤Toms and Marys family are waiting

12、for us. 正Toms and Marys families are waiting for us. 誤Im sorry. I have to go. Toms families are waiting for me. 正Im sorry. I have to go. Toms family are waiting for me. 析集合名詞如果指某個(gè)集合的整體，則應(yīng)視為單數(shù)，如指某個(gè)集合體中的個(gè)體則應(yīng)視為復(fù)數(shù)。如:My family is a big family. When I came in, Toms family were watching TV. 即湯姆一家人正在看電視。這樣的

13、集合名詞有：family， class, team等。 11.誤Dont eat too much meats. 正Dont eat too much meat. 誤Food in that restaurant is very good. 正The food in that restaurant is very good. 析物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，在使用中不可以加s，即它沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。也不可加不定冠詞。但如果用于特指某一物質(zhì)時(shí)可以加定冠詞。如：I dont like drinking coffee, but the coffee in that cup is really good.,正誤辨

14、析,12. 誤Please give me two waters. 正Please give me two glasses of water. 析物質(zhì)名詞如要加計(jì)量時(shí)，一定要加量詞，如：two cups of tea, two glasses of water, a glass of milk, a loaf of bread, a piece of bread, a box of sugar, a bowl of rice, a bottle of orange, a bag of earth 例： Ill tell you a piece of good news. 13.誤Can you

15、 give me the newspaper of today? 正Can you give me todays newspaper? 析加s構(gòu)成所有格的名詞一般應(yīng)指有生命的人或物。如：Marys hair，但在英文的習(xí)慣用法中對(duì)時(shí)間、距離等名詞的所有格多用s來構(gòu)成而不用of結(jié)構(gòu)。如：a five minutes walk.,正誤辨析,14. 誤Please make a room for the lady in the school bus. 正Please make room for the lady in the school bus. 析英語中更多的名詞是含有多種用法和多種含意的，如：

16、 room為可數(shù)名詞時(shí)為“房間”，如：I live in Room 5.而room為抽象名詞時(shí)為空間，上面一句話應(yīng)譯為“請(qǐng)給老婦人在校車上留個(gè)地方?！边@樣的詞還有：glass 玻璃glasses 眼鏡stone 石頭a stone 一塊石頭time 時(shí)間two times 兩次wood 木頭woods 樹林 15.誤There is a flowers garden behind my house. 正There is a flower garden behind my house. 析名詞除了在句中作主語、賓語、表語外，還可以用來修飾另一個(gè)名詞，這時(shí)作修飾詞的名詞一般要用單數(shù)形式，如：sho

17、e factory (鞋廠),post office(郵局),evening paper (晚報(bào)),night school (夜校),head master (校長(zhǎng)),a law school (法律學(xué)院)。但也有例外，如:a goods train(貨車),a sports meeting (運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì))。 16.誤My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning. 正My mother bought two fish for supper this morning. 析英語中有些名詞單復(fù)同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, Ch

18、inese (中國(guó)人), means (方法)。所以應(yīng)講one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese. 如果講There are five fishes in the pool.應(yīng)譯為池中有五種魚而不是五條魚。,正誤辨析,17. 誤Mary expressed her thank to her friend. 正Mary expressed her thanks to her friend. 析英語中有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式，如： thanks, greens， 而有些詞單數(shù)形式與復(fù)數(shù)形式有不同的詞意。如:clothes 為衣服，而cloth則是布， s

19、and沙子，而sands是沙灘。 18.誤I offered my son my congratulation on his success. 正I offered my son my congratulations on his success. 析英語中表示祝賀的詞雖有單數(shù)形式，但一般要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。如握手為shake hands. 19.誤We have five Germen in this meeting. 正We have five Germans in this meeting. 析英國(guó)人Englishman的復(fù)數(shù)形式為Englishmen，而German 則要加s，因?yàn)樗皇怯?/p>

20、國(guó)名與man的組合詞。 20. 誤There are two As in this word. 正There are two As in this word. 析在大寫字母縮寫形式的復(fù)數(shù)表達(dá)法中應(yīng)加s，但如字母是A、I時(shí)，為了防止與As和Is相混，則要用s即As，Is 21.誤There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number. 正There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number. 析在小寫字母與數(shù)字的復(fù)數(shù)形式表達(dá)法中要用s,正誤辨析,22. 誤We have many woman t

21、eachers in our school. 正We have many women teachers in our school. 析一般組合名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)只將詞中心詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù),但要注意的是：man drivermen drivers(男司機(jī)) woman doctorwomen doctors(女大夫)grown upgrown ups(成年人) 但是boy student則變?yōu)閎oy students 23.誤Physics are very difficult to learn. 正Physics is very difficult to learn. 析雖以s結(jié)尾但只能用作單數(shù)名

22、詞有：科學(xué)，學(xué)科名字：Physics. Mathematics, politics; 專有名稱：Niagara Falls(尼亞加拉瀑布) , 其他名詞：news(消息，新聞) 24.誤There is a people in the room. 正There is a person in the room. 正There is a man in the room. 析people是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，不可用作單數(shù)，如要用來講一個(gè)人時(shí)應(yīng)用a person, a man, a woman。同樣的詞有police.要講一個(gè)警察時(shí)則要用a policeman, a policewoman。 25.誤Where

23、 is my shoe? 正Where are my shoes? 析常常只用作復(fù)數(shù)形式的詞有trousers, pants, shorts(短褲)，socks, shoes, gloves(手套)。但如果只找其中的一個(gè)則要指明，這時(shí)還是應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如：Wheres my left glove?(我左手的手套在哪?),正誤辨析,28.誤There are many fruit in the shop. 正There are many fruits in the shop. 析物質(zhì)名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，但是用來表示種類時(shí)則可以用作可數(shù)名詞，這里應(yīng)譯為各種各樣的水果。 29.誤There is a

24、new car. It is Jones and Marys. 正There is a new car. It is Jone and Marys. 析有生命名詞的所有格，如果是單數(shù)名詞則加s如：Marys car.如果是以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞則只在s后面加如：teachers offices.如果是復(fù)數(shù)名詞但不是以s結(jié)尾，則只加s，如：childrens palace 組合名詞的所有格是在最后一個(gè)詞尾加s如：girl friend girl friends, someone elsesomeone elses ,a week or threea week or threes如名詞后有同位語時(shí)，則

25、應(yīng)加在同位語的詞尾上，如：It is my girl friend, Marys car.要注意的是當(dāng)兩個(gè)名詞并列時(shí)，如表示歸兩人共同所有，則在最后一個(gè)名詞后面加s，如果表示分別所有則在兩個(gè)名詞后分別加s，如：This is Mary and Jones home.即Mary與Jone是一家人。這是他們共同的家。而These are Marys and Jones homes.則應(yīng)譯為這里是Mary的家與Jone 的家。,正誤辨析,30. 誤Please give me the newspaper of today. 正Please give me todays newspaper. 析無生命

26、名詞的所有格應(yīng)用of結(jié)構(gòu)。但是s形式的所有格可用于以下無生命的名詞：表示時(shí)間的詞：todays newspaper, a twenty minutes walk, an hours rest ;表示長(zhǎng)度的詞：three metres distance, a boats length， twenty miles journey ;表示重量的名詞：two pounds weight價(jià)格名詞：two dollarsworth;擬人化的名詞：Natures work, natures lesson(大自然的教訓(xùn))及國(guó)家、機(jī)關(guān)、團(tuán)體、城市等機(jī)構(gòu)性名詞：the universitys library 31

27、.誤He is an old friend of my father. 正He is an old friend of my fathers. 析這是英語中的一種習(xí)慣用法而不要根據(jù)語法去推理。如：This pen is Toms brothers. 32.誤My father is a good cooker. 正My father is a good cook. 析一般動(dòng)詞加上er后則轉(zhuǎn)意為執(zhí)行該動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，如:teachteacher, thinkthinker, drivedriver, sell(賣)seller(賣物者)但不能總是以此類推，比如cook是動(dòng)詞“做飯”。而cook也可

28、作為名詞“廚師”講，而cooker則為廚具，餐具，即鍋、碗、勺等做飯用具。 33.誤The young is dancing there. 正The young are dancing there. 析英文中用定冠詞加上形容詞表示一類人時(shí)應(yīng)按復(fù)數(shù)名詞對(duì)待，如：the rich 富人，the poor(窮人),the wise 聰明人，但如果用定冠詞加形容詞來表示事物則要用作單數(shù)名詞，如：The beautiful is still here.美麗的風(fēng)景依舊。,正誤辨析,34. 誤The stories of the book was written many years ago. 正The s

29、tories of the book were written many years ago. 析這句話的真正主語應(yīng)是stories，所以應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。 35.誤This is one of the English-Chinese dictionary. 正This is one of the English-Chinese dictionaries. 析one of意為“之一”，of后面的名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 36.誤Lets go to uncle Wang for supper. 正Lets go to uncle Wangs for supper. 析uncle Wangs 意為“王

30、叔叔家”，doctors意為“醫(yī)院或私人診所”。 37.誤I think we will make a friend with each other. 正I think we will make friends with each other. 析make friends 為習(xí)慣用法，即交朋友。 38.誤I want to tell you much pieces of good news. 正I want to tell you many pieces of good news. 析news為不可數(shù)名詞，但加了量詞之后則要用many來修飾量詞，因?yàn)榱吭~是可數(shù)名詞，或可以說I want to

31、tell you some good news.因some 即可用在可數(shù)名詞前，也可用在不可數(shù)名詞前作形容詞，如：I want to tell you some pieces of good news. 39.誤The teacher with five students are coming here. 正The teacher with five students is coming here. 析要注意由with引出的介詞短語不是本句的主語，這與連詞and有很大的區(qū)別，如：The teacher and five students are coming here. 這里由介詞引出的短語僅

32、僅是teacher的修飾語。,正誤辨析,40. 誤There are a lot of information here, but we dont need them. 正There is a lot of information here, but we dont need it. 析information為不可數(shù)名詞，而用作代替它的詞要用it而不能用them. 41.誤The children wear very good cloth to go to school today. 正The children wear very good clothes to go to school to

33、day. 析英文中cloth,clothes,clothing是易混之詞：cloth是物質(zhì)名詞，意為“布”，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，而clothing是指衣物的總稱，也沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。clothes是指衣服，但沒有單數(shù)形式，如：This clothing is needed in warm countries. Her clothes are made of fine cloth.英文中的dress則指較正規(guī)的服裝，如：a school dress 校服，an evening dress晚禮服。 42.誤I like to study the English. 正I like to study Engli

34、sh. 析作為一種學(xué)科名詞前不要用冠詞，而作為某一特指學(xué)科則要加冠詞，如：I like to study history. I like to study the history of America. 43.誤The Browns is going to visit China. 正The Browns are going to visit China. 析定冠詞加姓加s，則意為“Brown先生一家人”。所以應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。此句應(yīng)譯為：Brown先生一家將要訪問中國(guó)。,例題解析,1. Lucy and Lilyin the same class. A. am B. is C. are D.

35、 be 答案C. 析由and連接兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)應(yīng)按復(fù)數(shù)名詞來搭配謂語動(dòng)詞。 2. Which is the to the bus stop， please? A road B way C street D address 答案B. 析這是考察同意詞辨析，road是指較寬闊的大道，意為“鄉(xiāng)間公路”，而street意為道路兩邊的建筑物較高，可視為街道之意，而way則多為要到達(dá)某地所要經(jīng)過的途徑，還可引深為方式、方法。而address則為“地址”。如：There is a car running along the country road. I live at 105 Park street

36、. Can you show me the way to the National Museum? 3. Hurry up! There is time left. A little B a little C few D a few 答案A. 析因time作為時(shí)間講為不可數(shù)名詞，所以不可用few，a few來修飾。另外，英文的表達(dá)法與中文不同，中文講，快點(diǎn)，時(shí)間不多了，而英文要講，快點(diǎn)，沒時(shí)間了。因此，要用little而不用a little. 4. How many can you see in the picture? A tomatos B tomatoes C tomato D the

37、tomato 答案B. 析用How many提問時(shí)，其名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，而tomato的復(fù)數(shù)要加es.,例題解析,5. is the meat. Please? Ten yuan a kilo. A How much B How many C How old D How long 答案A. 析由對(duì)話的答語可看出其問句問的是價(jià)格。錢數(shù)作為整體、價(jià)格講時(shí)，不論其值是多少都是不可數(shù)名詞，要用how much 提問。 6. The boys name is James Allen Green. So his given name is. A James Allen B Allen Green C Ja

38、mes Green D Mr. Green 答案A. 析英文的習(xí)慣與中文不同，中文是姓在前名字在后，而英文則是姓在最后，其第一個(gè)名字是由父母所起的，中間的名字可能是父母、教父所起的，但都可稱作given name,而姓在英文中是family name. 7 . Shanghai is one of the biggestin our country. A city B citys C citys D cities 答案D. 析復(fù)音字母以y結(jié)尾的單詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式要把y變成i再加es。one of 加名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。 8 Would you please pass me? A two p

39、aper B two papers C two pieces of paper D two pieces of papers 答案C. 析paper是不可數(shù)名詞，如講一張、兩張紙時(shí)，要用量詞piece.,例題解析,9 September 10th is Day. A Teacher B Teachers C Teachers D Teachers 答案D. 10 I only have bread for lunch today. A a bit B a bit of C little D few 答案B. 11 “What would you like, Ann? ”“Id like two

40、.” A glass of milk B glasses of milk C glass of milks D glasses of milks 答案B. 12 There isnt paper in the box. Will you go and get for me? A any, some B any, any C some, some D some, any 答案A. 析any用于否定句與疑問句，但如果要表達(dá)說話者真心實(shí)意希望得到肯定答復(fù)（即問得比較客氣時(shí)）時(shí)，問句中要用some而不要按一般語法規(guī)律用any. 13 June 1st is. A Childrens day B chi

41、ldrens Day C Childrens Day D childrens day 答案C. 14 These foreign friends are. A German B Germen C Germany D Germans 答案D.,例題解析,15 All the students are busy, so of them will go to the cinema. A many B little C a few D few 答案D. 析student是可數(shù)名詞，而few用于可數(shù)名詞，意為：幾乎沒有學(xué)生去電影院。 16 There are threeand sevenin the p

42、icture. A deers, sheeps B deers, sheep C deer, sheep Ddeer, sheeps 答案C. 析deer與sheep均是單復(fù)同形的名詞。 17 Whose room is this? Its. A my B Kikes and Johns C our D Kike and Johns 答案D. 析因?yàn)閞oom為單數(shù)，所以不可能是Kike的一間與John的一間，應(yīng)為二者共用的一間房子。,課時(shí)訓(xùn)練,1.The rich_not always happy. A.are B.is C.have D.has 2.In Britain,_are all painted red. A.letter boxes B.letters boxes C.letter box D.letters box