1、第十章 分詞和動名詞,分詞的形式,分詞是一種非限定動詞，它兼有動詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，可以帶賓語 或受狀語修飾。分詞加賓語或狀語一起構(gòu)成分詞短語。 分詞有現(xiàn)在分詞（動詞原形+ing)和過去分詞(動詞原形+ed)兩種。,現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別,通常情況下現(xiàn)在分詞表示的意義是主動的，進行的；過去分詞表示的意義是被動的和完成的。 1. 語態(tài)不同：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，多用以描述事物對人的情感的影響力或作用。過去分詞多由及物動詞變來表示被動，用以描述人物的情感，表達外界事物對人所產(chǎn)生的影響。 a moving film/ a moved audience The explanation was con

2、fusing. I got confused.,也有一些過去分詞是由不及物動詞變來的，它們只表示完成，沒有被動的意思。如： fallen leavesthe risen sun departed friendsescaped prisoner a retired teacher returned students newly arrived goods,時間上不同：現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動作往往是正在進行；過去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成。如： developing countries （發(fā)展中國家） developed countries （發(fā)達國家） the rising sun/ the risen sun

3、 boiling water/ boiled water the changing world/ the changed world,分詞的句法功能,作定語：如果是單個的分詞放在中心詞前面;分詞短語放在中心詞后面, 相當(dāng)于定語從句。 Im reading a very interesting novel. Polluted air is harmful to peoples health. Per capital income is a nations entire income divided (which is divided) by the number of people in the

4、 nation.,作表語： 相當(dāng)于形容詞，現(xiàn)在分詞多指主語的性質(zhì)，過去分詞說明主語的狀態(tài)。如： The rumors were startling. The news looks quite encouraging. They were completely exhausted. He got excited about the result of the experiment.,作賓語補足語： He kept the machine running for ten hours. We saw her entering the cinema. The work left him exhaust

5、ed. I had my car repaired.（別人修的）,現(xiàn)在分詞和不定式作賓補在意義上有差別。前者表示動作正在發(fā)生；后者著重說明動作的全過程，表示動作發(fā)生了, 即動作全過程結(jié)束了。 I saw the girl getting on the bus. I saw the girl get on the bus. 如果賓補是一系列動作，要用不定式。如： I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out something and leave the room.,作狀語: 表時間、原因、方式或伴隨情況等。 Walking along

6、the street one day, she saw the car accident. When heated, ice will be changed into water. （為了突出時間，可在分詞前加 when 或while） Having no place to go, the man wandered bout in the street. Jane fell off the bike, cutting her leg. He came running back to tell us the news.,獨立結(jié)構(gòu),分詞短語的動作的邏輯主語通常是句子的主語。 The man giv

7、ing a lecture is a famous scholar. Watching TV in the room, I heard someone knocking at the door. 如分詞的動作不是句子的主語發(fā)出，必須在分詞前加上一個邏輯主語。其結(jié)構(gòu)叫獨立結(jié)構(gòu), 用作狀語，表條件，原因伴隨情況等。多用于書面語。如： Weather permitting, well have an outing The teacher came in, his hand carrying a book.,分詞的否定形式,現(xiàn)在分詞的否定由 not + 現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。如： Not knowing wh

8、ere to go, she went to the police for help. 過去分詞表否定，常借助un-等前綴來表示。 The boy was left uncared for.那孩子無人照管。 Not having completed the program, they have to stay there for another week.,分詞的完成時和被動語態(tài),只有現(xiàn)在分詞有完成時和被動語態(tài)。 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前，通常只作狀語不作定語，表時間或原因。 Having finished her work, the little girl began to

9、watch TV. Having lived here for years, she knew the city well.,現(xiàn)在分詞的被動語態(tài)分為一般時和完成時兩種。 The building being repaired is our library. （正在維修的那棟樓）一般時 Having been given a wrong number, I couldnt contact him. （原因） Having been trained for a year, the little dog can play many tricks. （經(jīng)過一年的訓(xùn)練）,動名詞,動名詞是一種非限定動詞，

10、它兼有動詞和名詞的特征。動名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞同形。它和現(xiàn)在分詞一樣有一般式和完成式，并有主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。因此有的語法學(xué)家把二者統(tǒng)稱為-ing分詞。 動名詞的句法功能 由于動名詞具有名詞的特征，因此在句中可作主語、表語、賓語和定語等。,作主語,Seeing is believing. (To see is to belie.) Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. 動名詞和不定式都能作主語，一般可以互換, 但有時略有區(qū)別。前者往往表示一般或抽象的多次行為，后者表示具體的或一次性的行為。 Smoking is prohib

11、ited here. （抽象） It is not good for you to smoke so much.（具體）,在It is no use/good, not any use/good, useless等后面一般用動名詞。如： It is no use arguing with him. 同他爭論是無用的。 It is no good learning English without practice. 學(xué)英語不練是不行的。,作表語,The real problem is getting to know the problems of the students. Her job is

12、 looking after the children. 動名詞和不定式作表語的區(qū)別：表抽象的一般行為多用前者；表某次具體的動作或具有將來時的意義時，多用不定式。如： My job is teaching English. My todays job is to teach you the gerund.,動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞作表語的區(qū)別：前者說明主語的內(nèi)容可轉(zhuǎn)換成主語；后者表示主語的特征相當(dāng)于形容詞。 His favorite sport is running. The film is very moving. 動名詞與進行時態(tài)的區(qū)別：進行時說明動作是由主語完成；動名詞說明主語的性質(zhì)或情況。 H

13、e is collecting stamps. His hobby is collecting stamps.,作賓語,必須以動名詞作賓語的動詞有： admitappreciate avoid consider deny delay escape enjoy finish fancy mind excuse forbidimagine permit quit regretreport require resent riskpostpone suggest practice,在動詞need, require, want作“需要”解時，其后須跟動名詞或不定式的被動語態(tài)作賓語，但這時動名詞的主動式表

14、示被動的意義。 The window needs (requires, wants) cleaning (to be cleaned). 這個窗戶需要清洗。,作定語,動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞作定語的區(qū)別：前者和它的中心詞在邏輯上沒有主謂關(guān)系，只是表明中心詞的目的或用途。后者則和中心詞有主謂關(guān)系。 a sleeping car = a car for sleeping 動名詞作定語 a sleeping baby=a baby who is sleeping 分詞作定語 常見的動名詞作定語的例子： Fishing pole flying suit sleeping pill Drinking water

15、 washing line walking stick,單元練習(xí),1. Nothing can stop me from _ to college. a. going b. gone c. be going d. went 2. I dont feel like _ the place again. a. to visit b. visiting c. visit d. visited 3. According to a recent U.S. survey, children spend up to 25 hours a week _ TV. a. to watch b. to watchi

16、ng c. watching d. watch,4. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity. a. to lose b. losing c. to be lost d. being lost 5. _ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. a. Dressed b. To dress c. Dressing d. Having dressed,6. In the dream P

17、eter saw himself _ by a fierce wolf. a. chased b. to be chased c. be chased d. having been chased,答案,1. A 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. a,用動名詞寫成下列句子的主語或賓語,1. I like (eat) _ at this restaurant. 2. We are very tired of (wait) _ for her. 3. (Study) _ at the university gave him a good background 4. (Drive) _ at night can be dangerous.,答案,1. eating 2. waiting 3. Studying 4. Driving,用動名詞表達下列句子,1. They want to dance. 2. We like to skate. 3. Lucy hates to boat.,答案,1.They want to