1、1,大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試 寫作知識(shí)與技巧,2,（一） 四級(jí)作文的考試要求,1. 考生應(yīng)在30分鐘內(nèi)，根據(jù)題目要求及寫作提綱或規(guī)定情節(jié)，圖表等寫出120字以上，語言比較規(guī)范的短文。 2. 要求“內(nèi)容切題，包括提綱的全部要點(diǎn)，表達(dá)清楚，文字連貫。句式有變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞正確?！?3,（二） 四級(jí)作文的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),作文滿分為15分，閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)共分為五等：2分，5分，8分，11分及14分。閱卷人員根據(jù)閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對(duì)照樣卷評(píng)分，若認(rèn)為與某一分?jǐn)?shù)（8分）相似，即定為該分（8分）；若認(rèn)為稍優(yōu)或稍劣于該分，則可以加一分，即為9分，或減一分，即為7分，但不得加或減半分。具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下： 2分條理不清，思路混亂，語言支離破

2、碎或大部分句子均有錯(cuò)誤，且多為嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。 5分基本切題。表達(dá)思想不清楚，連貫性差，有較多嚴(yán)重的語言錯(cuò)誤。,4,8分基本切題。有些地方表達(dá)思想不夠清楚，文字勉強(qiáng)連貫，語言錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)多，其中有一些是嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。 11分切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語言錯(cuò)誤。 14分切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字通順，連貫性較好?；旧蠠o語言錯(cuò)誤，僅有個(gè)別小錯(cuò)，文字運(yùn)用較好。,5,注： 白卷、作文與題目毫不相干，或只有幾個(gè)孤立 的詞而無法表達(dá)思想，則給零分。 字?jǐn)?shù)不夠應(yīng)酌情扣分。如題目中給出主題句、起始句、結(jié)束句均不得計(jì)入所寫字?jǐn)?shù)。 只寫一段者，0-4分；兩段者，0-9分（指規(guī)定三段的作文）。,6,（三）四級(jí)作文通病

3、分析,通過對(duì)歷年英語短文寫作考生答卷的分析，考生寫作時(shí)已具有較大的主動(dòng)性和創(chuàng)造性。絕大多數(shù)考生都有一定的英語基礎(chǔ)，也已經(jīng)基本上掌握了表達(dá)自己觀點(diǎn)和想法的詞匯和語法知識(shí)。但從整體得分來看，多數(shù)考生短文寫作成績卻不盡人意。分?jǐn)?shù)主要集中在5-9分。,7,考生普遍存在著普遍的問題是思維單調(diào)，例證堆切，簡單羅例數(shù)據(jù)，片面描繪畫面，缺乏主題提升等方面的通病。究其原因，一方面存在著教學(xué)過程中忽略了對(duì)學(xué)生書面表達(dá)能力的培養(yǎng)，學(xué)生缺乏適量的作文訓(xùn)練；另一方面，還有些考生對(duì)英語短文寫作的考試要求不十分明確，靠背幾篇范文，壓幾道題，抱著碰運(yùn)氣的態(tài)度，就倉促上陣。,8,（四）四級(jí)作文常見的十大癥結(jié),1. 大小寫，標(biāo)點(diǎn)

4、符號(hào)，拼寫錯(cuò)誤; 2. 卷面不潔，字跡潦草，用鉛筆寫作； 3. 語法和結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤，造成文章結(jié)構(gòu)松散，脫節(jié)； 4. 代詞，連接詞或邏輯順序詞錯(cuò)用，而造成文章的邏輯混亂； 5. 用中文思維加英文翻譯所造成的語句生硬，錯(cuò)誤；,9,5. 文不對(duì)題，部分跑題或主題不突出所造成 的文章不切題現(xiàn)象。 6. 詞匯量匱乏，文章中難見高分詞匯； 7. 語法不通，復(fù)合句使用錯(cuò)誤多且表達(dá)不清； 8. 句型單一、句子無變化，表達(dá)方式單調(diào); 9. 不會(huì)正確使用常用套語，文章缺少層次感； 10. 作文普遍缺乏文采，打動(dòng)人的杰作奇缺。,10,（五）考試作文類型及命題,1. 短文寫作大致分為五種類型： A. 記敘文 (Narra

5、tion) B. 描寫文（Description） C. 說明文（Exposition） D. 論說文（Argumentation） E. 應(yīng)用文（Practical Writing）,11,2. 命題形式（主要有三種形式） A.命題類作文： 包括命題提綱式，命題提綱式附首段起始句，命題式附各段主題句等分支。 B.規(guī)定情景類：包括情景式給定標(biāo)題的論說文和情景式給定標(biāo)題的記敘文等。 C. 圖表，圖畫類作文：包括無題提綱式圖表類作文，無題提綱式漫畫或圖片類作文；命題提綱式圖表類作文和命題提綱式漫畫或圖片類作文。,12,英語好句子的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和要求,句子構(gòu)建是寫作的關(guān)鍵。字詞組合看似簡單其實(shí)奧妙無窮。不同

6、文化、不同風(fēng)格的作者肯定會(huì)寫出不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。句子有簡單句、并列句、復(fù)合句之分。僅僅簡單句可分為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂賓+賓結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、主（系）動(dòng)表結(jié)構(gòu)等等。而復(fù)合句有不同的組合關(guān)系如條件關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、讓步關(guān)系、對(duì)比關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。條件句又細(xì)分真實(shí)條件和非真實(shí)條件（虛擬）。,13,根據(jù)句子語態(tài)，句子有主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)之分。根據(jù)排列順序，句子可分為正常語序句和倒裝句。 一般說來，好的文章包含復(fù)合句、非真實(shí)條件句、被動(dòng)語態(tài)、倒裝句更多，因?yàn)樗鼈兪鞘芙逃潭雀叩偷闹饕饬恐笜?biāo)。它們的語法規(guī)則嚴(yán)格而復(fù)雜，受教育少的人是無法正確駕馭這種句子的構(gòu)建。同時(shí)它們也是正式語體和書面語

7、體的集中表現(xiàn)。,14,外語習(xí)得者要消滅寫句子時(shí)的錯(cuò)誤通常是不可能的，但是朝少犯錯(cuò)誤、不犯嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤的方向而努力奮斗，這應(yīng)該是受到鼓勵(lì)和勞有所報(bào)的過程。 正確無誤的句子的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下：,15,正確無誤的句子標(biāo)準(zhǔn),1.保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整。 2.首字母要大寫。 3.結(jié)尾要有句號(hào)或問號(hào)或感嘆號(hào)或省略號(hào)。 4.句子應(yīng)表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思。 5.句子前后要符合邏輯推理。 6.主語為代詞時(shí)要指代明晰。 7.句子時(shí)態(tài)要正確，主要指前后一致或符合 上下文場景。,16,For example:,1.From Shanghai, he at last became a high official in Beijing. No

8、te: This sentence is correct in grammar but not effective or logical in meaning, because his birthplace or former worksite does not ensure his promotion in Beijing. So this sentence lacks unity.,17,2.Mr. Bush said to his brother that he had done a good job. Note: The reader is not sure whom “he” sho

9、uld be referred to. So this sentence lacks coherence.,18,1.In the month of May people of different professions from all circles in each city hold voting meeting to elect their representatives, and these representatives will go to Beijing, the Chinese capital, in the month of October to attend a noti

10、onal congress of model workers from all corners of China.,19,Note: There are too many repetitions and unnecessary words in the sentence, such as “in the month of May”, “in the month of October”, “different professions from all circles”, “voting meeting to elect”, “their representatives, and these re

11、presentatives”, “Beijing, the Chinese capital”, “nationalfrom all corners of China”. So this is a wordy sentence.,20,1.What is common to all heroes is that they do not fear death, danger and hardships. Note: They emphasize the last meaning or thing whenever there are several additional words and phr

12、ases in the English culture. We stress the first word or phrase while there is parallelism in Chinese culture. Now that we are writing in English, we have to follow their suit.,21,1. Xiao Li was born in a small village. The village was not printed on any map. His father was a teacher in the village

13、school. He never left the village. Later he graduated from that school and entered a junior middle school in a town. On weekdays he had to live at school. Without parents there, he learned to look after himselfbuying food and washing clothes. Note: This is a childish composition, just as a diary fro

14、m a pupil. As an adult, we are advised upon more sophisticated writing at least not that monotonic. So to be various in style is to be encouraged if a good essay tends to turn up.,22,表示原因的常用句型,1）There are three reasons for this. 2）The reasons for this are as follows. 3）The reason for this is obvious

15、. 4）The reason for this is not far to seek. 5）The reason for this is that. 6）We have good reason to believe that.,23,例如：There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life. Firstly，peoples living standard has been greatly improved. Secondly，most people are well paid， and they c

16、an afford what they need or like. Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.,24,表示好處的常用句型,1） It has the following advantages. 2） It does us a lot of good. 3） It benefits us quite a lot. 4） It is beneficial to us. 5） It is of great benefit to us.,25,例如： Books are like friend

17、s. They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons. Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us.,26,表示壞處的常用句型,1） It has more disadvantages than advantages. 2） It does us much harm. 3） It is harmful to us.,27,例如： However，everything divides into tw

18、o. Television can also be harmful to us. It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television.,28,表示重要、必要、困難、方便、可能,1）It is important（necessary，difficult， convenient， possible）for sb. to do sth. 2）We think it necessary to do sth. 3）It plays an important role in

19、our life.,29,例如： Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business. Soon， computers will be found in every home，too. We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.,3

20、0,表示措施的常用句型,1）We should take some effective measures. 2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties. 3）We should do our utmost in doing sth. 4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with.,31,例如： The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and m

21、ore serious.Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it.,32,表示變化的常用句型,1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years. 2）A great change will certainly be produced in the worlds communications. 3）The computer has brought about many changes in education.,33,例如：Some changes have t

22、aken place in peoples diet in the past five years. The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek. Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins.,34,表示事實(shí)、現(xiàn)狀的常用句型,1）We cannot ignore the fact that. 2）No one can den

23、y the fact that. 3）There is no denying the fact that. 4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in. 5）However，thats not the case.,35,例如： We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution.To solve these problems， we can start by educating the publi

24、c about the hazards of pollution.The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment.,36,表示比較的常用句型,1）Compared with A，B. 2) AandBhasseveralpointsincommon.3)ItistruethatA.,butthechieffault B(obviousdefects)are. 4)AandBdifferinseveralways. 5)TheadvantagesofAarem

25、uchgreaterthanthoseofB. 6）I prefer to read rather than watch TV. 7）There is a striking contrast between them.,37,例如： Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable. Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum. Secondly，they do not cause the pollution prob

26、lem. Last but not least，they contribute to peoples health by giving them due physical exercise.,38,表示例舉的常用句型,1)Agoodcaseinpointis. 2)Asanillustration,wemaytake. 3)Suchexamplesmightbegiveneasily. 4).isoftencitedasanexample.,39,表示數(shù)量的常用句型,1）It has increased（decreased）from.to. 2）The population in this c

27、ity has now increased （decreased）to 800，000. 3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15 compared with that of January.,40,例如： With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of peoples income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased. 再如： From the g

28、raph listed above，it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000,41,表示看法的常用句型,1）People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth. 2）People have different opinions on this problem. 3）People take diffe

29、rent views of（on）the question. 4）Some people believe that.Others argue that.,42,例如：People have different attitudes towards failure. Some believe that failure leads to success. Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor. However， others are eas

30、ily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers. 再如：Do “l(fā)ucky numbers really bring good luck？Different people have different views on it.,43,表示結(jié)論的常用句型,1）In short，it can be said that . 2）It may be briefly summed up as follows. 3）From what has been mentioned above，we can com

31、e to the conclusion that .,44,例如： From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved.,45,部分常用套語,1）Its well known to us that . 2）As is known to us，. 3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about. 4）From the graph

32、（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that . 5）As a proverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way.,46,例如： As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus. The reason for this is obvious. Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the

33、campus is no longer an “ivory tower. As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus. Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate.,47,再如： Does it pay to be honest？This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people ha

34、ve different opinions on it.,48,實(shí)用的構(gòu)思方法,1.組織素材： 要想盡快，高效地收集，羅列素材，可分兩個(gè)步驟走： 第一步，圍繞文章的主題展開風(fēng)暴式思考（Brainstorming),盡可能多地 調(diào)集腦海中已有觀點(diǎn)和詞匯，可無序排列，但必須剔除不熟悉和不會(huì)拼寫的部分； 第二步，按素材的重要性，邏輯歸屬等標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對(duì)素材加以篩選，歸類和排列，整理，以備后用。,49,Title: Dining Out in a Fast Food Restaurant,要求： 1. Present situation for fast food. 2. Possible reasons

35、for its popularity. 3. Prospects of fast food in China. 文章構(gòu)思根據(jù)主題句將內(nèi)容分為幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)，再給出若干細(xì)節(jié)具體說明，如圖所示：,50,Reasons for the popularity of Fast Food Restaurant,A variety of fast food,Satisfy peoples needs,Reasons,relax,Taste food,Washing dishes,Traditional Chinese food,Pizza,Reasonable price,Listen to music,Fren

36、ch fries,hamburger,Do more important thing,nutritious,Benefit people a lot,Save time and trouble,cooking,convenient,delicious,shopping,Cleaning up tables,51,Dining Out in a Fast Restaurant,Nowadays, fast food is popular in China. Fast food restaurants have mushroomed everywhere and many working coup

37、les and school children now enjoy having their breakfast and lunch there.,52,Fast food restaurants are rapidly gaining popularity in China for quite a few reasons. Firstly, there are a variety of fast food available. If you are busy or tired of cooking, you may have American hamburgers, French fries

38、, an Italian pizza or numerous traditional Chinese food cooked quickly by modern techniques for a change. The food often looks so nice and smells,53,So good that you cannot help trying it yourself. Secondly, fast food satisfies peoples needs. It is convenient, nutritious and delicious; the price is

39、also reasonable so that everybody can afford it. Finally, with fast food, you can save time and a world trouble, such as shopping, cooking, cleaning up tables and washing greasy dishes. Consequently, it benefits people a lot. You may taste all kinds of food, listen to soft music, relax, and have tim

40、e to do more important things.,54,Fast food has already changed our ways of living. With the rapid development of science and technology, fast food will give us better service and possibly will become indispensable to our modern life.,55,文章總體構(gòu)建,1.合理布局篇章結(jié)構(gòu),56,2. 寫好引言，主體部分和結(jié)尾段落 3.遵循科學(xué)的寫作步驟 A. 審題 B. 組織

41、素材 C. 撰寫提綱 D. 行文 E. 修改與修訂,57,段落的基本結(jié)構(gòu),段落可以概括地定義為圍繞一個(gè)主題而展開的一組相關(guān)的句子。這組句子是密切關(guān)聯(lián)的信息組合，也是文字表達(dá)的一個(gè)基本單位。段落的中心思想通常有主題句概括，而主題句中提出的問題和論點(diǎn)要在段落中通過擴(kuò)展句進(jìn)行討論與回答。 段落常常有三部分構(gòu)成： 1. 主題句（topic sentence) 2. 擴(kuò)展句（supporting sentences) 3. 結(jié)尾句（concluding sentence),58,段落種類,1. 開頭段：概括陳述主題，提出觀點(diǎn)或論點(diǎn)，點(diǎn)明寫作目的。吸引讀者的興趣與好奇心。 2. 中間段：是一篇文章的正文，

42、其作用是對(duì)文章主題進(jìn)行解釋和證明。 3. 結(jié)尾段：是簡要地呼應(yīng)前面段落的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，點(diǎn)明主題，使文章的意思更明確，從而得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論。,59,general introductory remarks,Introduction,narrow controlling idea,Body,Topic sentence _ _ supporting details ( examples, reasons or arguments) _ concluding remarks,conclusion,restatement of controlling idea,final statement,60,

43、Title: Taxi,Outline: 1. Personal experience; 2. Advantages over buses; 3. Summary and my comments.,61,Taxi,I well remember the days when my mother sent me to kindergarten by bus every morning. We had to wait for hours until we finally got on board a bus. Being squeezed out of breath like satin in an

44、 overcrowded bus, we felt lucky when we saw women with children waiting helplessly at bus stops in heavy rain or bitter cold. Now we have taxi as an alternative, and people like its comfort, convenience and reasonable price.,62,Taxi is gaining popularity for several reasons. First, traveling in an a

45、ir conditioned taxi cab is comfortable. Wherever you go, the driver takes care of everything; what you do is just sitting in cozy seats, enjoying yourself in all kinds of weather at any time. Besides, it can save you time and a world of trouble of driving. Second, taxi is convenient, especially in a

46、n emergency or on special occasions.,63,For example, if you are suddenly very sick deep at night with nobody to turn for help in an unfamiliar place, taxi is always available to help you to a hospital. Finally, taxi fare is affordable.Even you have a car, you have to pay the bills of gas, insurance

47、and car maintenance. What is more, the many advantages of a taxi are recognized by more people.,64,With the rapid improvement of living standards, taxi has become an important means of transportation in China because of its reasonable price, its availability and the comfort it offers. In fact, many

48、people depend on taxi to go to work and almost everyone has the experience of taking a taxi on special occasions. I am happy for not having buses as the only choice anymore.,65,句子的安排,英語短文寫作既然是一種語言創(chuàng)作，就不可能像數(shù)學(xué)有嚴(yán)格的公式可套用，但卻可以找出一定的思路來遵循。 第一段：引言句擴(kuò)展句限制主題句 第二段：主題句擴(kuò)展句擴(kuò)展句擴(kuò)展句擴(kuò)展句段落小結(jié)； 第三段：連接詞+全文概括總結(jié)句擴(kuò)展句。 當(dāng)然這只是構(gòu)成

49、短文的基本思路，其中各段擴(kuò)展句的數(shù)量在不同的文章可適當(dāng)增減，以達(dá)到內(nèi)容清晰，主題突出的目的。,66,段落的擴(kuò)展,(1)主題句I find academic life endlessly fascinating. (2) 擴(kuò)展句 I find the class stimulating, most of the professors interesting, the reading and studying satisfying, and the student delightful. (3)擴(kuò)展句 I consider a big assignment a lively challenge.

50、(4) 擴(kuò)展句 But I like the leisure activities best of all. Every student may have his or her choice of activity: athletics, music, theater, lectures, discussions and student politics. (5) 結(jié)尾句 I believe the variety unequaled anywhere else and I may go to school for a long time.,67,主題句寫法示例,1. Science and

51、technology constitute the primary productive force. 2. Money is a good servant but a bad master. 3. Without Internet it is difficult to image modern life. 4. Nowadays college graduates have many job options. 5. A successful interview depends on three factors: job requirements, the qualification and

52、manners of the applicant.,68,首尾段的寫作方式 首段開篇的方式常見的有：1） 諺語法由于諺語一般已經(jīng)被大家所接受，用諺語提出自己的觀點(diǎn)也容易被讀者所接受。 As the saying goes, Money makes the mare go, but there are many things we cant buy with money, such as time and true love. ,69,2） 定義法定義法是通過對(duì)文章中的關(guān)鍵詞做一些簡單或正面或反面的解釋，限定其范圍，這樣比較有利于引出主題。 Practice makes perfect is a

53、n old saying. It tells us that it does not matter if we are clumsy at doing something. As long as we keep on trying and practicing, we will do a good job in the end.,70,3） 提問法通過提問一個(gè)或一連串的問題，可以激發(fā)讀者的興趣，從而引出主題。 a. Do you have many friends? Are they similar to you or different from you? Which kind of fri

54、ends do you prefer? b. What is a good student? Different people may have different answers to this question.,71,4） 概括法概括法指先總結(jié)文章內(nèi)容所涉及的現(xiàn)狀，然后引出主題。 In recent years, with the development of science and technology, the Internet has come into more and more homes and is playing a more and more important rol

55、e in our work and daily life. It has become a must to us, but at the same time, Internet has also brought with it a lot of problems.,72,5） 故事法故事法指用簡單有趣的故事激發(fā)讀者的興趣，從而提出自己的觀點(diǎn)。 6） 引語法Just as eating without liking harms the health, learning without interest harms the memory and cant be retained. From Vin

56、cis words we can see how important it is to motivate the students in language learning.,73,7） 調(diào)查法為了得到讀者的認(rèn)可，文章的開始可以引出調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)等，借以提出主題。 8） 假設(shè)法假設(shè)法是指通過假設(shè)提出一種選擇，交代文章要涉及的問題，從而提出文章的主題。Suppose you were offered two jobs, one is highly-paid but rather demanding, the other is less demanding, but poorly-paid, which

57、 would you prefer? 9） 綜合法具體寫作時(shí)，同學(xué)們沒有必要拘泥于一種方式，可以將上述方法總和起來。,74,常用與開頭的短語、句式,(1) With the（rapidly）growing popularity of （computers,/private cars/,our lives has been considerably changed ） in China，the quality of （2）With the（rapid）growth of（our economy/ population)，many problems such as （water shortages

58、 / waste of energy/lack of professionals and chaotic management）are begging to surface,75,（3） With the development of （science and technology/market economy），more and more/ an increasing number of people come to realize that （4） Currently there is a widespread/serious concern over (illegal publicati

59、on/drug abuse /negative influence of western cultures). （5） Nowadays ,a heated debated/discussion aboutis under way in China .some people believe that ,whereas others argue that,76,（6） There are some reasons for owning (private cars/ personal computers). To begin with, Next, Last, There are, on the other hand, many reasons against it, First,Second,Finally, （7）There are many advantages and