1、專題十四 詞義猜測,高考英語 (江蘇省專用),A組自主命題江蘇卷題組 Passage 1(2017江蘇,D)詞數(shù):690 Old Problem, New Approaches While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life, global warming will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions(排放) peak. So even if emissions were to begin to decrease today, we would still face th

2、e challenge of adapting to climate change. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation. When it comes to adaptation, it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard, but to a constantly

3、 shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at least, the US National Climate Assessment says that: “There is no one-size fits all adaptation.”Nevertheless, there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost. Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especiall

4、y in some poor countries. Floods,五年高考,have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries, schools, and health clinics, and are equipped with s

5、olar panels and other communi-cating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating connectivity(連接) to replace flooded roads and high-ways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level: his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvation during the wet season.

6、 Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Norphel lives in a moun-tainous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss of glaciers(冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in t

7、he rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphels inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timed irrigation(灌溉) wa-ter.

8、 Having created nine such ice reserves, Norphel calculates that he has stored about 200,000m3 of water. Climate change is a continuing process, so Norphels ice reserves will not last forever. Warm-ing will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be,able

9、 to find other means of adapting. Increasing Earths reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses(which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly, tempera

10、tures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example should act as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process. In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the

11、 entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is still far from clear. But the World Bank has included the project on its list of “100 ideas to save the planet”. More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend

12、 of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. But during the past decade declining rainfall has allowed him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like thiseither by growing new produce, or by g

13、rowing the same things differently. This is common sense. But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting,industries argue that weve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, its a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual. Human beings

14、 will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in that way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others. 1.The underlined

15、 part in Paragraph 2 implies . A.adaptation is an ever-changing process B.the cost of adaptation varies with time C.global warming affects adaptation forms D.adaptation to climate change is challenging 2.What is special with regard to Rezwans project? A.The project receives government support. B.Dif

16、ferent organizations work with each other. C.His organization makes the best of a bad situation. D.The project connects flooded roads and highways.,3.What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming? A.Storing ice for future use.B.Protecting the glaciers from melting. C.Changing the ir

17、rigation time.D.Postponing the melting of the glaciers. 4.What do we learn from the Peru example? A.White paint is usually safe for buildings. B.The global warming trend cannot be stopped. C.This country is heating up too quickly. D.Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming. 5.According to the

18、author, polluting industries should . A.adapt to carbon pollutionB.plant highly profitable crops C.leave carbon emission aloneD.fight against carbon pollution 6.Whats the authors preferred solution to global warming? A.Setting up a new standard.B.Reducing carbon emission. C.Adapting to climate chang

19、e.D.Monitoring polluting industries.,答案 語篇解讀本文為議論文,題材為環(huán)境問題類。話題為“老問題,新方法”適應(yīng)我們所面臨的嚴(yán)峻的氣候環(huán)境,而且要意識到環(huán)境的改變和適應(yīng)環(huán)境是一個過程。 1.A詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第二段主題句 When it comes to adaptation,it is important to understand that climate change is a process. 可知?dú)夂虻母淖兪且粋€不斷變化的過程。再結(jié)合后面幾段給出的事例可知,適應(yīng)也是一個不斷變化的過程,由此可推斷出畫線部分意為adaptation is an eve

20、r-changing process,故答案為A項(xiàng)。 2.C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第三句Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw on-ly disaster.及后面的描述可知他的非營利組織在充分利用糟糕的環(huán)境,故正確答案為C項(xiàng)。本題干擾項(xiàng)為D項(xiàng),由第三段第五句Rezwan is creating floating connectivity to replace flooded roads and highways.可知D項(xiàng)錯誤。,3.A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第六句He directed the wasted water into sha

21、llow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring.可知A項(xiàng)正確。 4.D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段首句In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the l

22、ife-giving ice.可推斷出答案為D。 5.D觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的When the polluting industries argue that weve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, its a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.可推知D項(xiàng)為正確答案。 6.B推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句But the most sensible form of adaptation

23、is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution.可知最明智的適應(yīng)應(yīng)該是改變我們的能量體系以減少碳排放污染,故B項(xiàng)正確。,長難句原句:When the polluting industries argue that weve lost the battle to control carbon pollu-tion and have no choice but to adapt, its a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual. 分析

24、:本句為復(fù)合句。when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中,that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句作動詞argue的賓語;its a nonsense.為主句,其中designed為過去分詞作后置定語修飾名詞nonsense。 譯文:當(dāng)污染企業(yè)辯解說我們已經(jīng)在控制碳污染的戰(zhàn)斗中失敗并且別無選擇只好適應(yīng)它時,這是慣用的為了商業(yè)利益而設(shè)計(jì)好的胡說八道的伎倆。 重點(diǎn)詞匯adaptation n.適應(yīng)adapt to適應(yīng)fundamental adj.基本的,根本的,Passage 2(2014江蘇,B)詞數(shù):399 However wealthy we may be,we can never find enough hours

25、in the day to do everything we want.Economics deals with this problem through the concept of opportunity cost,which simply refers to whether someones time or money could be better spent on something else. Every hour of our time has a value.For every hour we work at one job we could quite easily be d

26、oing another,or be sleeping or watching a film.Each of these options has a different opportunity costnamely,what they cost us in missed opportunities. Say you intend to watch a football match but the tickets are expensive and it will take you a couple of hours to get to and from the stadium.Why not,

27、you might reason,watch the game from home and use the leftover money and time to have dinner with friends?Thisthe alternative use of your cash and timeis the opportunity cost. For economists,every decision is made by knowledge of what one must forgoin terms of money and enjoymentin order to take it

28、up.By knowing precisely what you are receiving and what you are missing out on,you ought to be able to make better-informed,more reasonable decisions.Consider that most famous economic rule of all:theres no such thing as a free lunch.Even if someone offers,to take you out to lunch for free,the time

29、you will spend in the restaurant still costs you something in terms of forgone opportunities. Some people find the idea of opportunity cost extremely discouraging:imagine spending your entire life calculating whether your time would be better spent elsewhere doing something more profitable or enjoya

30、ble.Yet,in a sense its human nature to do precisely thatwe assess the advantages and disadvantages of decisions all the time. In the business world,a popular phrase is “value for money.”People want their cash to go as far as possible.However,another is fast obtaining an advantage:“value for time.”Th

31、e biggest restriction on our resources is the number of hours we can devote to something,so we look to maximize the re-turn we get on our investment of time.By reading this passage you are giving over a bit of your time which could be spent doing other activities,such as sleeping and eating.In retur

32、n,however,this pas-sage will help you to think like an economist,closely considering the opportunity cost of each of your decisions. 1.According to the passage,the concept of “opportunity cost” is applied to. A.making more money,B.taking more opportunities C.reducing missed opportunities D.weighing

33、the choice of opportunities 2.The “l(fā)eftover.time” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to the time. A.spared for watching the match at home B.taken to have dinner with friends C.spent on the way to and from the match D.saved from not going to watch the match 3.What are forgone opportunities? A.Opportuniti

34、es you forget in decision-making. B.Opportunities you give up for better ones. C.Opportunities you miss accidentally. D.Opportunities you make up for.,答案 語篇解讀本文屬于說明文,題材為技巧指導(dǎo)。文章主要介紹了如何更好地支配自己的時間和金錢,以及如何在作決定時考慮花費(fèi)的機(jī)會成本。 1.D推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段最后一句Thisthe alternative use of your cash and timeis the opportunity

35、 cost.可知,opportunity cost的意思就是對你金錢和時間的其他用法。由此可推斷opportunity cost和“對機(jī)會選擇的權(quán)衡”有關(guān)。故選D項(xiàng)。 2.C詞義猜測題。上文提到你打算去體育場觀看一場足球比賽,但門票太昂貴,而且從家到體育場的往返時間要花費(fèi)幾個小時。然后提到“為什么不在家里看比賽,而把剩余的金錢和時間用來和朋友共進(jìn)晚餐呢?”由此可推斷“l(fā)eftover.time”指的就是從家到體育場的往返時間。故選C項(xiàng)。 3.B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句.the time you will spend in the restaurant still costs you so

36、mething in terms of forgone opportunities.可知,即使有人帶你出去享用免費(fèi)的午餐,而從forgone opportunities的角度來看你卻要付出花費(fèi)時間的代價(jià)。再結(jié)合第二句By knowing precisely what you are receiving and what you are missing out on,you ought to be able to make better-informed,more reasonable decisions.可知,通過準(zhǔn)確了解你會得到什么和你會錯失什么獲利的機(jī)會,你應(yīng)該 能夠作出更明智的選擇。由此

37、可推斷forgone opportunities指的就是那些為了獲得更好的機(jī)會而放棄的機(jī)會。故選B項(xiàng)。,高級語塊1.miss out on 錯過失去的好機(jī)會 2.in terms of 就而言,在方面 3.in a sense從某種意義上說,長難句The biggest restriction on our resources is the number of hours we can devote to some-thing,so we look to maximize the return we get on our investment of time. 我們資源上最大的限制是我們可以投

38、入在某事上的時間,因此我們期盼我們能從時間投資上得到最大的回報(bào)。 整個句子是so連接的并列句。前一分句中we can devote to something為定語從句,修飾hours。后一分句中we get on our investment of time也是定語從句,修飾the return。,B組統(tǒng)一命題、省(區(qū)、市)卷題組 Passage 1(2017課標(biāo)全國,C)詞數(shù):291 After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves

39、 were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf popu-lation had grown to more than 170 wolves. Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental U-nited States, but they were gradually displaced by human development.

40、By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around. The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populationsmajor food sources(來源)for the wolfgrew rapid

41、ly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation(植被),which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the parks red foxes, and completely drove away the parks beavers. As early as 1966, biologist

42、s asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers,opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets. The government spent nearly 30 years coming u

43、p with a plan to reintroduce the wolves. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have

44、 made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well. 1.What is the text mainly about? A.Wildlife research in the United States. B.Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area. C.The con

45、flict between farmers and gray wolves. D.The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park. 2.What does the underlined word“displaced”in paragraph 2 mean? A.Tested.B.Separated.C.Forced out.D.Tracked down.,3.What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about? A.Damage to local ecology. B.A decline

46、in the parks income. C.Preservation of vegetation. D.An increase in the variety of animals. 4.What is the authors attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project? A.Doubtful. B.Positive. C.Disapproving. D.Uncaring.,答案 語篇解讀本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述的是,經(jīng)過多年的激烈爭論之后,灰狼又回到了黃石國家公園。 1.D主旨大意題。文章第一段第一句為文章的主題句,文章圍繞其展開,講述的就是

47、黃石國家公園再次引入灰狼這件事,故答案選D。 2.C詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第二段第一句和第二句可知,答案選C?；依窃?jīng)在黃石地區(qū)隨處可見,可后來由于人類的發(fā)展,該種群被漸漸驅(qū)離這里。 3.A推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段可以推斷灰狼的消失對生態(tài)造成了破壞。 4.B推理判斷題。由文章最后一段最后一句話中的a valuable experiment可知,作者覺得這個項(xiàng)目很有價(jià)值,說明作者的態(tài)度是積極的。 重點(diǎn)詞匯consume v.消耗;吃oppose v.反對reintroduce v.重新引入,Passage 2(2017課標(biāo)全國,D)詞數(shù):311 A build-it-yourself solar sti

48、ll(蒸餾器) is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, its an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since its all but impossible

49、to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 55 sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a containerperhaps just a drinking cupto catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt. To construct a w

50、orking still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catchers productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the

51、 rest of the line runs upand outthe side of the hole. Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheets center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圓錐體) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be cen

52、tered directly over, and no more than three inch-,es above, the cup. The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates(蒸發(fā)) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material, and fall off into the cup. When the container is full,

53、you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and wont have to break down the still every time you need a drink. 1.What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph? A.Its delicate.B.Its expensive. C.Its complex.D.Its portable. 2.What does the underlined phrase “the water

54、 catcher”in paragraph 2 refer to? A.The tube.B.The still.C.The hole.D.The cup. 3.What is the last step of constructing a working solar still? A.Dig a hole of a certain size.B.Put the cup in place. C.Weight the sheets center down.D.Cover the hole with the plastic sheet. 4.When a solar still works, dr

55、ops of water come into the cup from. A.the plastic tubeB.outside the hole C.the open airD.beneath the sheet,答案 語篇解讀本文為說明文,題材為科普實(shí)驗(yàn)類。文章具體描述了利用自制太陽能蒸餾器獲取飲用水的方法。 1.D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后兩句,尤其是尾句These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.可知該裝置是可折疊的、便攜的(portable),故答案為D項(xiàng)。 2.B詞義猜測題

56、。根據(jù)第二段前兩句可知,畫線短語指代的是該段首句中的a working still,故答案為B項(xiàng)。 3.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二、三段可知四個選項(xiàng)正確的順序是ABDC,故答案為C項(xiàng)。 4.D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)尾段前兩句可知該裝置是利用蒸發(fā)到塑料薄片上的水分凝聚成水滴,最后滴落到杯子中,故答案為D項(xiàng)。,長難句 原句:Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs upand outthe side of the hole. 分析:本句為復(fù)合句。主

57、句lay the tube in place為祈使句;so that引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句,從句是and連接的并列句。in place在恰當(dāng)?shù)牡胤?all the way自始至終。 譯文:接著把管子放在恰當(dāng)?shù)奈恢?使得管子的一端一直放在杯子里并且管子的其余部分向上延伸到所挖坑的外部。 重點(diǎn)詞匯substitute n.代用品component n.零件,構(gòu)成要素;成分productivity n.生產(chǎn)力;生產(chǎn)效率secure v.把弄牢fall off into落入,注入,Passage 3(2017課標(biāo)全國,B)詞數(shù):289 I first met Paul Newman in 1968, whe

58、n George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sun-dance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didnt want me for the filmit want-ed somebody as well known as Paulhe stood up for me. I dont know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or

59、 the studio powers. The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were respectful of craft(技藝) and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each otherbut always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core(核心) of our relationship off the screen. We shared the b