1、1. Fill in the blanks(1) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes learning a language laborious. For learners of a foreign language, it is this feature of language that is more worth noticing than its arbitrariness. (大連外院2008）(2) Human language i

2、s arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. (人大2007）(3) human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication. This

3、quality is labeled as displacement.（北二外2006）(4) Halliday proposes a theory of metafunctions of language, that is, language has ideational, interpersonal and textual functions. （中山大學(xué)2008）(5) Our language can be used to talk about itself. This is the metalingual(元語言) function of language. （中山大學(xué)2005）(6

4、) when language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is phatic function. (北二外2005）(7) Pragmatics can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relatio

5、nship between language and society.(8) Descriptive grammars attempt to tell what is in the language, while prescriptive grammars tell people what should be in the language. Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described. (人大2006）（9） The descrip

6、tion of a language as it changes through time is a Diachronic（歷時） Linguistic study.10.There are two fields of morphology: the study of inflectional and the study of derivational . （人大2006研）11.A bound morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itself. （北二外2003）12.Affix is the collective term fo

7、r the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. Affixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and infix. （北郵）13. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: affix and bound root.14. Cohesion ref

8、ers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses. (人大2007)15.The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory.（中山2008）16. Synonymy is the

9、 technical name for the sameness relation. （北外2007）17. Terms like “rolling pin” and “l(fā)adle” are hyponyms of the term “kitchen implements”.（北二外2005）18. Antonyms like “husband” v. “wife” are converse antonyms. （北二外2003）19Idiolect refers to varieties of a language used by individual speakers, with pecu

10、liarities of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. In fact, no two speakers speak exactly the same dialect. Each speaker has certain characteristic features of his own in his way of speaking. （人大2007）20. “l(fā)inguistic relativity” was proposed by Sapir and whorf. （清華2001）21. Language itself is not sex

11、ist, but its use may reflect the social attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.22.Performatives were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.23.In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the

12、 Cooperative principle proposed by J.Grice24.In Austins How to Do Things with word, he first distinguishes performatives and constatives, later on Austin made a fresh start to distinguish Locutionary act, Illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.25.The type of language constructed by second or forei

13、gn language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as interlanguage. (中山2008）26.Interlanguage is formed when the learner attempts to learn a new language, and it has features of both the first language and the second language but is neither. （中山2006）27.Erro

14、r is the grammatically incorrect form; mistake appears when the language is correct grammatically but improper in a communicational context. （中山2008）28. According to Krashens (1985) Input hypothesis learners acquire language as a result of comprehending input addressed to them.29. In terms of the so

15、urce of errors, errors are often divided into Interlingual errors and intralingual errors.(1) By _c_ we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness. （西外2006） a. Arbitrariness b. duality c. creativity d. displacement(2) The word UN is formed in the way of _a_. （西安交大2008） A.

16、acronym B. clipping C.initialism D. blending(3) Compound words consist of _c_ morphemes. （北二外2003） A. bound B. free C. both bound and free(4) Which of the following words is formed by the process of blending? b（對外經(jīng)貿(mào)2006） A. WTO (acronym) B. Motel C. bookshelf D. red-faced(5) Which of the following i

17、s not a process of the lexical change? c（大連外國2008） A. Invention B. acronym C. lexicon(6) _A_ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world experience.(西交大2008） A. Reference B. concept C. semantics D. Sense （7）_D_ is a phenomenon that in some speech communiti

18、es two languages exist side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. （天津外院2011） A. Bilingualism B. DiglossiaC. Pidgin D. Creole（8）_ refers to the use of a word which is thought to be less offensive or unpleasant than another word. A

19、. Taboo B. Diglossia C. Euphemism D. Dialect（9）._C_ refers to a mixing of two codes or languages, usually without a change of topic. It can involve various levels of language, e.g. phonology, morphology, grammatical structures or lexical items. A. Code mixing B. restricted code C. code switching D.

20、elaborated code（10）In sociolinguistic studies, speaker are regarded as members of social groups, the social group that is singled out for any special study is called_A_. A. the speech community B. the linguistic group C. the linguistic community D. the speech variety group（11）The speech act theory w

21、as developed by _B_. （對外經(jīng)貿(mào)2006） A. John Searle B. John Austin C. Levinson D. G. Leech（12）_ is using a sentence to perform a function. (西外2006） A. Perlocutionary act B. an illocutionary act C. a locutionary act D. Speech act（13）By saying “you have left the door wide open”, a speaker might be performi

22、ng the three acts: locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutuionary_. （西安交大2008） A. at the same time B. one after another C. two first and then the other D. one first and then the other two14. The illocutionary Act was developed by _A_.（西安交大 2008） A. John Austin B. Levinson C. John Lyons D. John Searle15. According to the conversation maxim of _B_ suggested by Grice, one should speak truthfully. （西外2006) A. Quantity B. quality C. relevance D. manner16. Which of the following is not one of the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? D（對外經(jīng)貿(mào)2006）