1、Unit Three,Lying,Text B White Lies,Pre-words cast a philosophers eye over the subject 以哲學家的眼光來審視這個話題 cast an eye over 粗略地看一眼 distinguish “white” lies from all the rest 區(qū)分“無傷大雅”的小謊與其他謊言,Main Ideas,第一段：white lies are the most trivial forms of deception I want to ask whether there are such (no injury)l

2、ies, whether their cumulative consequences are still no harm. 第二段：white lies in the most marginal sense -many subterfuges 第三段：giving a false excuse is deceptive,第四段 lies told in an effort to flatter, 第五段 lies told to bring some benefit, or to avoid a real harm 第六段 lies said in order to keep on the c

3、onversation 第七段 Utilitarians a white lies is trivial and harmless,第八段 Where some tell a few white lies, others may tell more (lies). The aggregate harm from a large number of white lies may be undesirable in the end 第九段 The post-Watergate period, lies tend to spread. 第十段 Trivial lies are different f

4、rom the costs of an entire practice.,Deep Understanding of the Text,Para.1 spectrum n. 光譜; 范圍; 幅度; deception - deceive - deceptive 欺詐，欺騙 trivial trvladj.瑣碎的，微不足道的 trivialitytrvlt n. 平凡，瑣事； 無聊的事物，無關緊要 duplicity n. 欺詐，表里不一 protective coloring 保護色,condemn vt.（通常因道義上的原因而） 譴責； 宣判； well-intentioned lies 用

5、心善良的謊言 momentous mments adj.重大的； 重要的 adhere to 遵循，堅持；附著 falsehood n. 謊言，假話， be of little moral import 沒有道德含義,cumulative consequence 日積月累的后果 cumulate accumulate/ pile up vt. 積累，堆積； to be without harm be harmless Some “harmful lies” are often defended as “white” lies (that mean harmless),I shall adher

6、e to the narrower usage: a white lies, in this sense, is a falsehood not meant to injure anyone, and of little moral import. 我將堅持更狹隘的意義：在這個意義上，無傷大雅的小謊是指無意傷害他人的，沒有什么道德意義的謊話。,I want to ask whether there are such lies; and if there are, whether their cumulative consequences are still without harm; and

7、finally, whether many lies are not defended as “white” which are in fact harmful in their own right. 我想問，是否真有這類謊言；如果有的話，其日積月累的最終后果是否果真不具有傷害性；最后，許多實際上原本就具有傷害性的謊言是否被辯白成了“無傷大雅”。,Para.2,subterfuge sbtfju:d n 托辭，借口 in the most marginal sense 在最含糊的意義上 in a sense 在一定程度上，在某種意義上 give an impression of an indi

8、fference 給人一種為人冷漠的印象,The justification for continuing to use such accepted formulations(公式，客套話) is that they deceive no one, except possibly those unfamiliar with the language. 一直使用這些公眾認可的套話的正當理由是他們騙不了任何人，那些不太熟悉這一語言的人或許是例外,Para 3,giving a false excuse 假造一個理由 prevent unwarranted interferences 阻止那些沒有正

9、當理由的干擾 an elaborately concocted story 一個煞費苦心捏造出來的故事 concoct v. 捏造； 圖謀；混合而制,Para.4,to throw a cheerful interpretation on depressing circumstance 對令人沮喪的境況做出使人高興的解說 dispel gloom and boredom 驅逐憂郁與厭煩 vt.消除（疑慮等）； 驅散（云霧等）； preserve v. 保存，保持 equilibrium ikwlbrm n. 平衡，均衡,Para.4,humaneness hju:meinis n. 深情，慈悲

10、 humane hju:mein adj. 人道的，有人情的， 仁慈的，仁愛的，富于同情心的 (學科)人文的，高尚的， excessive adj. 過度的，過分的 melancholy melnkl adj. 憂郁的； n. 憂郁；悲哀；愁思 indisposition n. 微恙；不愿意；嫌惡,Bacon 培根 (Francis Bacon 1561-1626) 英國散文作家，哲學家和政治家. Doth any man doubt Does anyone ever doubt 如果把自視過高的想法，奢望，不實的評價，一廂情愿，這些想法從人們腦海中趕走，那會使很多人感到空虛，悲哀，不舒服，討

11、厭自己, 有人對此有所懷疑嗎？,Para.5,advocate vt. 提倡，主張，支持 bringing a more substantial benefit 帶來實質上的利益/實實在在的好處 be innocuous nkjs to sb harmless adj. 良性的，無害的， placebo plsib n. 安慰劑,Para.5,innumerable common ailmentseilmnt 無數的常見疾?。ㄐ∶。?The pervasive use of inflated grade and recommendations ：the commonly used exagg

12、erated grade and recommendations 被拔高的成績和推薦信的廣泛使用,Para.6,redeeming features: 補救功效 redeem v. 挽回聲譽；彌補，補救；救贖 Here are five things Apple should do to redeem its fast-fading public image. 以下是蘋果想要挽回它日益衰落的公眾形象應當做的五件事 Rise up and help us; redeem us because of your unfailing love. 求你起來幫助我們，憑你的慈愛救贖我們,-on the s

13、pur of the moment 一時沖動 -for the want of reflection 因為缺乏深思熟慮 -to get out of a scrape 擺脫困境 v.n. 擦傷，刮，困境； -to pass the time 打發(fā)時間，消磨時光 -to boast or exaggerate,-to boast or exaggerate 夸大，夸張， 自吹自擂，自夸 -to deprecate and understate 輕描淡寫 deprecate v. criticize 反對，抨擊 -the embroidering on facts that seems too t

14、edious in their own right 對本身太乏味的事實添油加醋 embroider v. 刺繡，裝飾，,-the substitution of a quick lie for the lengthy explanation one might otherwise have to provide for something not worth spending time on. 與其為一個不值得花時間的小事做一番冗長的解釋，還不如找個簡單的托辭了事 -substitute A for B 用A替代B， -replace A with B 用B替代A,Para.7,utilita

15、rian j,tltern n. 功利主義者 tipping the scales of utility 使得實用性更加突出 If something tips the scales or tips the balance, it gives someone a slight advantage. 使稍占優(yōu)勢 weigh the minute pros and cons 權衡利弊,minute /manjut/ adj. 微小的 abomination bmne()n 令人厭惡的事物， 厭惡，憎恨 such insignificant distortions 失真，變形；曲解 這類無關緊要的失

16、實 make mountains out of molehills 小題大做,Para.8,-set limit to 限定，限制 -事物的瑣碎性質的確限制了什么時候作道德質詢是理智的。但是如果我們仔細觀察說安慰劑這樣的行為，很顯然，不是所有被辯解為無傷大雅的謊言都能輕易開脫的,Para.8,notoriouslynotrisli adv.眾所周知地， 惡名昭彰地 disputable adj. 有爭議的， perceive v. 感覺，察覺，理解，認知 perception n. 知覺，看法；洞察力 -blind liars to cumulative harm 使說謊者對日益積累的傷害視而

17、不見,Para.8,resort to sth 依靠，求助于 indiscriminate adj. 無差別的，不加鑒別的，任意而為的 discriminate v. 區(qū)別，辨別 aggregate grgt vt. n. 集合；合計 adj. 聚合的；集合的；合計的 undesirable adj. 不受歡迎的，不利的,Translate the last sentences of Pars.8 最終，大量微小的傷害集合在一起形成的總傷害會招致相當大的麻煩 對說謊者，被騙者是如此，更籠統(tǒng)地說，對誠信，對信任也是如此。,Para.9,No one need regard a concern()

18、 as far-fetched 在水門事件之后的年代里，誰也不會對欺騙行為造成的多方面的、長遠的影響表示憂慮看作很離奇 the combined and long-term effects of deception 欺騙行為造成的多方面的、長遠的影響 far-fetched adj. 牽強附會的，,with its peculiar and engrossing temptation, lies tend to spread. engrossngrs v.使全神貫注；獨占；吸引 engrossing adj. 引人入勝的 peripheral prfrl adj. 外圍的，次要的； propa

19、ganda prpgnd n. 宣傳 abound vi. 充滿，富于 on the grounds of 以為理由,在水門事件之后的年代里，誰也不會對欺騙行為造成的多方面的、長遠的影響表示憂慮看作很離奇?？墒羌词共话颜紊羁紤]在內，由于說謊具有獨特的誘惑力，謊言也呈現蔓延之勢。令人不快的事實被裹上了糖衣，使人傷心的消息被粉飾，或干脆被掩蓋。許多人對孩子撒謊，對那些有疑難問題的人撒謊，且涉及的問題已并非無關緊要，而是關系到出生、收養(yǎng)孩子、離婚等大事。騙人的宣傳以及誤導的廣告比比皆是。所有這些謊言，如同普通無傷大雅的小謊一樣，往往以無害和不值一提為理由而聽之任之了。,Para.10,take

20、a close look at 仔細觀察 markedly adv. 明顯地，顯著地 被認為無關緊要的謊言時常能夠聽到，這種說謊行為值得仔細研究一下。 一經研究，我們就能更清楚地看到，在一個孤立的謊言中看到的極輕微傷害，與整個欺騙行為付出的代價之間有著明顯的差距對個人和社會都是如此。,Class Activity,I. Judgment Read the two statements and make your own judgment on them. Consider to give your reason(s) respectively. Statement One: People ha

21、ve to lie in some cases. Statement Two: No one is allowed to lie for any reason.,II. Situation-Tactics As to Statement 1, describe the situation he/she were in ; If you failed in an English test and you wouldnt let your parents down yet found it guilty to lie to them, what would you do, say or expla

22、in when asked about the test?,III. Conclusion Generalize your groups conclusion after the discussion, giving your philosophy of life concerning truth and lies.,Additional Exercises,1. The story of Ruth has intrigued readers for different reasons for so many years. A. has inspired B. has upset C. has

23、 aroused sympathy of D. has aroused interest or curiosity of,2. She was surprised and a little offended by her daughters passionate tone but she knew enough not to argue. A. adamant B. irritated C. arrogant D. assailed,3. Many people believe that white lies are not worth the trouble of detecting, bu

24、t more stress the aggregate harm from too many marginally harmful practices. A. cumulative B. redeeming C. additional D. unexpected,4. The fact is eloquent that the recent increase in atmospheric CO2 is well documented. A. self-evident B. self-supporting C. convincing D. dependable,5. The young girl

25、 kept a diary of life during her first year of junior high school, and in it she wrote as if corresponding with an intimate though imaginary friend. A. sincere and honest B. real and faithful C. close and familiar D. kind and loyal,6. Dr. Smith wanted me to do a more intensive study, to count the ce

26、lls and cell types, but I was not in the mood to do that. A. felt gloomy about doing B. didnt feel like doing C. found it difficult to do,7. She used to be indulged in reading, drawing pictures and writing little stories for hours, and she could sometimes be prevailed upon to read aloud to her paren

27、ts though she dreaded their judgment . A. busy herself in be persuaded B. lose herself in be persuaded C. busy herself in be encouraged,8. It would be difficult to describe the subtle brotherhood of man established there, and easy to be caught in racial conflicts in the region, an anthropologist sai

28、d. A. fall in with B. get down to C. be trapped in D. be captured by,9. It is very expensive proposition to keep teenagers amused these days, and for now they can come here free, where it is safe and warm . A. at present B. immediately C. from now on D. up to date,10. He promised not to give away a

29、friends secret, I still believe there are times when he must nonetheless break his promise . A. give up B. betray C. surrender D. speak out,11. Key intelligence used to justify war in Iraq may have been wrong, US Secretary of State Colin Powell has conceded . A. said openlyB. admitted frankly C. ack

30、nowledged reluctantly as being true,12. Teaching, for the most part, is an exhausting but rewarding profession . A. on the whole B. as a whole C. at most D. most of all,13. Most scientists now assert that the greenhouse gases trap heat into the atmosphere, which increase the earths surface temperatu

31、re . A. assault B. allot C. provoke D. proclaim,14. He didnt understand why he indulged in such a wild and visionary idea at that moment, yet the illusion was at last dispelled. A. was occupied with B. was engrossed in C. was obsessed by D. was depressed by,15. Some writers seem to try to present themselves as fair-minded in spite of their clear positions and straightforward language . A. plain B. distinctive