1、Thomas Hardy(18401928),Great Victorian Novelist also, at the dairy, he notes that the milk sent to the city must be watered down because the townspeople cannot stomach whole milk. Angels middle-class fastidiousness makes him reject Tess whose nature is as innocent as Wessex Eve. When he parts from h

2、er and goes to Brazil, the handsome young man gets so ill that he is reduced to a mere yellow skeleton. All these instances are typically interpreted as indications of the negative consequences of mans separation from nature, both in the creation of destructive machinery and in the inability to rejo

3、ice in pure nature.,Ache of Modernism,Another important theme of the novel is the dual-sexual standard to which Tess falls victim; despite being a truly good woman, in Hardys view, she is despised by society after losing her virginity before marriage. However, although Hardy clearly means to critici

4、se Victorian notions of female purity, the double standard also makes the heroines tragedy possible, and thus serves as a mechanism of Tesss broader fate. Hardy variously hints that Tess must suffer either to atone for the misdeeds of her ancestors, or to provide temporary amusement for the gods, or

5、 because she possesses some small but lethal character flaw inherited from the ancient clan.,Dual-sexual Standard,From numerous pagan(異教的) and neo-Biblical references made about her, Tess has been viewed variously as an Earth goddess or as a sacrificial victim. Early in the novel, she participates i

6、n a festival for Ceres, the goddess of the harvest, and when she performs a baptism she chooses a passage from Genesis, the book of creation, over more traditional New Testament verses. At the end, when Tess and Angel come to Stonehenge, commonly believed in Hardys time to be a pagan temple, she wil

7、lingly lies down on an altar, thus fulfilling her destiny as a human sacrifice.,Religious Symbols,Influence of Thomas Hardy,The sad-sweet cadences of Victorian self-pity are not to be found in Hardys poetry, which is sterner, as though braced by a long look at the worst.,It is this sternnesssometime

8、s amounting to ruggedness together with his verbal and emotional integrity, his refusal ever to surrender to mere poetic fashion, his quietly searching individual accent, that has helped to bring about the steady rise in Hardys poetic reputation in recent years.,Influence of Thomas Hardy,D. H. Lawre

9、ncesStudy of Thomas Hardy(1936), indicates the importance of Hardy for him, Hardys work is a platform for Lawrences own developing philosophy. Hardys treatment of character, helped significantly in the development of Lawrences novel.,Influence of Thomas Hardy,A contemporary of Lawrence,John Cowper P

10、owyss first novel,Wood and Stone(1915) was Dedicated with devoted admiration to the greatest poet and novelist of our age Thomas Hardy.,Thomas Hardys works also feature prominently in the American playwrightChristopher DurangsThe Marriage of Bette and Boo(1985), in which a graduate thesis analysingTess of the dUrbervillesis interspersed with analysis of Matts familys neuroses.,Influence of Thomas Hard