1、Health, Stress, and Coping,Health Psychology and Behavioral Risk Factors,Health Psychology: Uses behavioral principles to prevent illness and promote health Behavioral Medicine: Applies psychology to manage behavioral problems Lifestyle Diseases: Diseases related to health-damaging personal habits B

2、ehavioral Risk Factors: Behaviors that increase the chances of disease, injury, or premature death Disease-Prone Personality: Personality type associated with poor health; person tends to be chronically depressed, anxious, and hostile,Figure 11.1,FIGURE 11.1 The nine leading causes of death in the U

3、nited States are shown in this graph. As you can see, eight of the top nine causes are directly related to behavioral risk factors (infection is the exception). At least 45 percent of all deaths can be traced to unhealthful behavior. The percentage of day-to-day health problems related to unhealthfu

4、l behavior is even higher.,Ways to Promote Health,Refusal Skills Training: Program that teaches young people how to resist pressures to begin smoking Life Skills Training: Teaches stress reduction, self-protection, decision making, self-control, and social skills Wellness: Positive state of good hea

5、lth and well-being,Table 11.2,Stress,Mental and physical condition that occurs when a person must adjust or adapt to the environment Includes marital and financial problems Eustress: Good stress (e.g., travel, dating) Distress Stress Reaction: Physical response to stress Autonomic Nervous System is

6、aroused Stressor: Condition or event that challenges or threatens the person More damaging when considered_ Intensified when perceived as a _,Burnout,Prolonged, stress can lead to burnout. Burnout: Job-related condition (usually in helping professions) of physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion.

7、Has three aspects: Emotional Exhaustion: Feel “used up” and “empty” Cynicism or detachment from others Feeling of reduced personal accomplishment,Appraising Stressors,Primary Appraisal: Deciding if a situation is relevant or irrelevant, positive or threatening Secondary Appraisal: Deciding how to co

8、pe with a threat or challenge Perceived lack of control is just as threatening as an actual lack of control,Figure 11.2,FIGURE 11.2 Stress is the product of an interchange between a person and the environment.,Threats and Frustration,Problem-Focused Coping: Managing or altering the distressing situa

9、tion Emotion-Coping Focusing: Trying to control ones emotional reactions to the situation Frustration: Negative _ state that occurs when one is prevented from reaching desired _. External Frustration: Based on external conditions that impede progress toward a goal Personal Frustration: Caused by per

10、sonal characteristics that impede progress toward a goal,Reactions to Frustration,Persistence More vigorous responding Circumvention Aggression: Any response made with the intention of doing harm Displaced Aggression: Redirecting aggression to a target other than the source of ones frustration Scape

11、goating: Blaming a person or group for conditions they did not create; the scapegoat is a habitual target of displaced aggression Escape: May mean actually leaving a source of frustration (dropping out of school) or psychologically escaping (apathy),Conflicts,A stressful condition that occurs when a

12、 person must choose between contradictory needs, desires, motives, or demands Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts: Approach-Avoidance Conflicts: Double Approach-Avoidance Conflicts: Vacillation: When one is attracted to both choices; seeing the positives and negatives of both choices and going “back and f

13、orth” before deciding, if deciding at all! Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflicts:,Anxiety,Feelings of tension, uneasiness, apprehension, worry, and vulnerability We are motivated to avoid experiencing anxiety,Freudian Defense Mechanisms: Psychological Defenders of You!,Defense Mechanisms: Habitual a

14、nd unconscious (in most cases) psychological processes designed to reduce anxiety Work by avoiding, denying, or distorting sources of threat or anxiety If used short term, can help us get through everyday situations If used long term, we may end up not living in reality Protect idealized self-image

15、so we can live with ourselves,Freudian Defense Mechanisms: Some Examples,Denial: Most primitive; Fantasy Intellectualization Isolation Repression: Projection: Rationalization: Reaction Formation: Regression,Learned Helplessness (Seligman),Acquired (learned) inability to overcome obstacles and avoid

16、aversive stimuli; learned passivity Occurs when events appear to be uncontrollable May feel helpless if failure is attributed to lasting, general factors,Depression,State of feeling despondent defined by feelings of powerlessness and hopelessness One of the most common mental problems in the world C

17、hildhood depression is dramatically increasing Some symptoms: Loss of appetite or sex drive, decreased activity, sleeping too much Mastery Training: Responses are reinforced that lead to mastery of a threat or control over ones environment One method to combat learned helplessness and depression,How

18、 to Recognize Depression (Beck),You have a consistently negative opinion of yourself. You engage in frequent self-criticism and self-blame. You place negative interpretations on events that usually would not bother you. The future looks grim. You cant handle your responsibilities and feel overwhelme

19、d. Suicide Ideations Gestures Serious Attempts,Stress and Health,Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS): Rates the impact of various life events on the likelihood of contracting illness Not a foolproof method of rating stress Are positive life events (getting married, having a child) always stressf

20、ul? People also differ in their reactions to stress Life Change Units (LCUs): Numerical values assigned to each life event on the SRRS,Cardiac Personalities,Type A Personality: Personality type with elevated risk of heart attack; characterized by time urgency and chronic anger or hostility Anger and

21、 hostility may be the key factors of this behavior Type B Personality: All types other than Type As; unlikely to have a heart attack,Hardy Personality,Personality type associated with superior stress resistance Sense of personal commitment to self and family Feel they have control over their lives See life as a series of challenges, not threats,Immunity (Similar to “Survivor?”),Immune System: Mobilizes bodily defenses like white blood cells against invading microbes and other disease