1、IELTS Writing：,task 1 writing,2012-11,Table,表格與餅圖一樣，都是靜態(tài)圖。切入點(diǎn)在： 總體趨勢(shì)（通常體現(xiàn)在總數(shù)上） 同一時(shí)間段數(shù)據(jù)相似或相異之處并用最顯著的數(shù)據(jù)加以說(shuō)明 其他附加參數(shù)的比較并以數(shù)據(jù)加以說(shuō)明 極值,The table below gives information about changes in modes of travel in England between 1985 and 2000. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features,

2、and make comparisons where relevant.,The table presents an overall view of various changing modes of travel in England in 15 years spanning from 1985 to 2000. According to the table, five sorts of travel modes were popular in 2000, namely, by cars, long distance buses, trains, taxis and others. With

3、 its average miles increasing considerably form 3199 in 1985 to 4806 in 2000, cars obviously ranked first in this group during the 15 years. Other ways of travel including long distance buses, taxis as well as other increased constantly, seeming to be cheered by travelled in the first and second tra

4、vel modes approximately tripled. On the contrary, the traditional travel modes by walking , bicycles and local buses lost its charm and attraction, which were once extremely enjoyed by many travelers in 1985.,Among them, the average travelling distance by local buses experienced the biggest decline,

5、 dropping from 429 to 274. On the other hand, the number of miles by walking and cycling fell slowly from 255(1985) to 237(2000) and from 51(1985) to 41(2000) respectively. Despite the decreases, the total miles of travel, however, jumped dramatically form 4740(1985) to 6475(2000). To summarise, the

6、 total travelling distance in England grew in the one and a half decades. Long distance buses, trains, taxis as well as other modes of travel were increasingly popular, while walking, bicycling and local transportation lost in popularity.,The take below gives information about the underground railwa

7、y systems in six cities. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.,A glance at the table provided reveals a number of clear differences between the major underground systems of the world in terms of age, scale and annual carrying cap

8、acity. One particularly interesting fact highlighted by the figure is that the more recently established underground systems are considerably shorter than the older ones. Completed in 1863, the London underground is the oldest of the metro systems listed and also the longest, extending for 394 kilom

9、eters. Likewise, the second oldest system is also the second longest: built in 1900, the Paris metro is some 199 kilometres in length. In stark contrast, however, the Kyoto and Los Angeles metro systems- established in 1981 and 2001 respectivelyare far shorter. The former covers a mere 11 kilometres

10、 and the latter just 28 kilometres.,With regard to yearly carrying capacity, the underground systems mentioned in the table vary greatly. The Tokyo metro is equipped to carry the largest number of passengers, at 1927 million. With 1191 million, meanwhile, the Paris underground has the second largest

11、 carrying capacity. The systems with smallest capacities are those of Kyoto and Washington DC, transporting just 45 million and 50 million people per year respectively.,The table below shows the sales at a small restaurant in a downtown business district. Summarize the information by selecting and r

12、eporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.,The sales at this small restaurant during the week of October 7 to 13th followed a fairly set pattern from Monday to Friday, and then showed notable shift on the weekend. The lunch and dinner sales during the week peaked on Friday and

13、then dipper down as the weekend set in. During the week of October 7-14th, the lunch sales averaged at approximately $2,400. The highest lunch sales occurred on Wednesday, and the lowest occurred on Sunday. Sundays lunch sales were approximately $1,000 less than the average lunch sales during the re

14、st of the week.,Dinner sales, which generated at least $1,000 to $1,500 more a day than lunch sales, also remained steady during the week. Just like the lunch sales, the dinner sales peak on Friday and dipped down for the weekend. Excluding Wednesday and Thursday, the lunch and dinner sales from Oct

15、ober 7-11 rose gradually until the end of the business week. Midweek, on Wednesday and Thursday, the sales were slightly lower than they were on Tuesday. According to the sales report, this restaurant has a steady lunch and dinner crowd. The most profitable day during the second week of October was

16、Friday. Sunday, was the least profitable day, with the full days sales totaling less than the Friday dinner sales. These numbers are reflective of a restaurant that is located in a business/financial district where business hours are Monday through Friday.,Write a report for a university lecturer de

17、scribing the information in the table below.,The table shows how people in different age groups spend their leisure time in Someland over the course of a year. It can be clearly seen that the amount of leisure time available varies considerably across the age groups and that people of different age

18、levels have very different ways of spending their leisure time. According to the figure, as people age in Someland, their social lives reduce. Specifically, teenagers and the people in their twenties spend on average 500 hours per year on socialising and the 20s spend 350 hours of that time with a g

19、roup of more than 4 people. Although the total hours of socialising in their 30s, 40s, 50s, and 60s is fairly constant(between 300 and 350), socialising with more than 4 people drops dramatically to 50 hours in the 30s and 40s age groups and only 25 from the 50s. Group and individual exercise follow

20、 a similar pattern.,People of all ages spend a good part of their leisure time on entertainment, such as TV/videos viewing and cinema. In both cases, teenagers and retired people spend around twice as much time as those who are at working age. Home entertainment ranges from just over a thousand hour

21、s of teenagers and retired people and an average of 600 hours for everyone else. Cinema accounts for 200 hours of the teenagers and retired people leisure time and 25-50 hours for the rest. In conclusion, we can see there is a significant trend towards solitary and smaller group activities as people

22、 grow older and that teenagers and retired people spend a lot more time on entertainment than those of working age do.,Practice: The table below shows the results of an airline survey in 2002 of economy class business travelers. The numbers indicate how many male or female passengers in each age gro

23、up rated a particular feature as their most important in-flight consideration. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.,組合圖,解題關(guān)鍵 分門(mén)別類，分段落詳細(xì)介紹各個(gè)圖表。 按順序?qū)D表描述出來(lái)。 總結(jié)圖表中得出的共同趨勢(shì)。 不畫(huà)蛇添足，主觀臆斷或猜測(cè)圖表之間的關(guān)系。,The graphs below show the marks obtai

24、ned by students of languages on degree courses at a British university. The examination mark possible was 100 and the pass mark was 40. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.,The graphs reveal the average grades achieved each year

25、in a four-year modern languages degree program by students at a British university together with their average final resultsIn both graphs，values refer to the decade from 1991 to 2000(概括兩個(gè)圖表含義，點(diǎn)明圖表中的中間狀態(tài)，暗示時(shí)態(tài)為一般過(guò)去時(shí)。) Figure 1 compares examination scores in French，German and Spanish for each of the f

26、our years of the degree programAlthough the scores were quite dissimilar in year one，with a difference of over 25 between the highest and the lowest marks，these had more or less converged by year three，with only a 15 difference reappearing between the highest and lowest grades in year four.（開(kāi)頭句為主題句，

27、點(diǎn)明表1的主題，并對(duì)三個(gè)國(guó)家的分?jǐn)?shù)做出對(duì)比。）,Figure 2 shows that nearly 60 of modern language students obtained either an upper second or a lower second class degree, while a further 20 were awarded a pass degreeOnly 14 gained a first class degree and 9 actually failed the courseNo comparisons can be made in this case b

28、etween individual languages（一般英文段落的主題句會(huì)落在開(kāi)頭、中間或結(jié)尾。考試時(shí)，最好將開(kāi)頭句設(shè)為主題句，一目了然，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰。） In conclusion, there was a dramatic rise in marks for Spanish throughout the four-year course, a less dramatic fall in marks for French，which were nevertheless the best for the period taken as a whole，whereas those for Ger

29、man showed very little changeMost students obtained second-class degrees(210 words)（總結(jié)兩個(gè)圖表中得出的結(jié)論。）,The charts below show the percentage of their food budget the average family spent on restaurant meals in different years. The graph shows the number of meals eaten in fast food restaurants and sit-dow

30、n restaurants.,The graphs show the trend of food consumption from the year of 1970 to 2000. The pie chart presents percentage of the food budget the average family spent on restaurant meals in these years. The line chart shows the number of meals eaten in two different restaurants - fast food restau

31、rant and sit-down restaurant. Over the past 30 years, the average family has dramatically increased the number of meals that they eat at restaurants. The percentage of the familys food budget spent on restaurant meals steadily climbed. Just 10 percent of the food budget was spent on restaurant meals

32、 in 1970, and 15 percent in 1980. That percentage more than doubled in 1990, to 35 percent, and rose again in 2000 to 50 percent.,Where families eat their restaurant meals also changed during that 30-year period. In 1970, families ate the same number of meals at fast food and sit-down restaurants. I

33、n 1980, families ate slightly more frequently at sit-down restaurants. However, since 1990, fast food restaurants serve more meals to the families than do the sit-down restaurants. Most of the restaurant meals from 2000 were eaten at fast food restaurants. If this pattern continues, eventually the n

34、umber of meals that families eat at fast food restaurants could double the number of meals they eat at sit-down restaurants. In brief, the first graph indicates that people tended to visit restaurant more often than cooking at home in the past three decades. The second chart reveals the fact that fa

35、st food became more and more acceptable in people life.,The table below shows CO2 emissions for different forms of transport in the European Union. The Pie Chart shows the percentage of European Union funds being spent on different forms of transport.,The chart shows CO2 emissions per passenger kilo

36、metre for various methods of transport in the European Union while the pie chart shows European Union spending on transport. Flying by air produces by far the greatest CO2 emissions, approximately three times as much as passenger cars which are the next largest producers. Very little is spent by the

37、 EU on air travel while roads make up more than half of the EU transport budget. Trains produce about three times less CO2 emissions per passenger kilometre than passenger cars and eight times less than air travel. Nearly a third of EU transport funds are spent on railways. Ships are a clean form of

38、 transport and produce about the same amount of CO2 per passenger kilometre as trains do. However, only 2 percent of EU funds are spent on ports. A further one percent is spent on inland waterways. Coaches are the cleanest form of transport. Emissions of CO2 per passenger kilometre from coaches are

39、half those of buses. Buses emit less than half as much CO2 per passenger kilometre as cars. The European Union spends 10 percent of its transport budget on public transport, such as buses and coaches.,The line graph below shows the number of annual visits to Australia by overseas residents. The tabl

40、e below gives information on the country of origin where the visitors came from. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information given.,The given line graph illustrates information on the number of overseas visitors traveling to Australia in millions of people. Overall, one notab

41、le trend seems to be that Australia has steadily become more popular as a destination spot. For example, there were 20 million more visitors to Australia in 2005 than in 1975. Thats a jump from 10 million to 30 million in 20 years. The second table gives statistics showing the countries whose reside

42、nts went to Australia between 1975 and 2005. In both years, the largest number of visitors came from Japan, followed by South Korea and Europe. Britain, the United States and China also had many people traveling to Australia in these years. In fact, the number of people visiting Australia grew in ev

43、ery one of these countries. For example, in 2005, 12 million people went there from Japan compared with only 3.2 million in 1975.,Practice: Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information below.,流程圖 Flow chart,流程圖特點(diǎn)： 1 流程圖基本不會(huì)出現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)，文字信息占主要地位； 2 流程圖以描述為主，比較的機(jī)會(huì)比圖表題少； 3 流程圖中出現(xiàn)的信息都需要描

44、述，而普通圖表則不需要描述每一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)； 4 流程圖的時(shí)態(tài)多比較單一，主要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)； 5 流程圖的分段比較靈活，只要不同階段之間的差距很明顯，就可以另起一段。,描述流程五大步 1首先說(shuō)明該過(guò)程是做什么工作的，目的是什么。 2準(zhǔn)備工作。 3按時(shí)間過(guò)程先后描述。 4結(jié)果。 5簡(jiǎn)單總結(jié)(可有可無(wú))。 描述一個(gè)實(shí)物器具的工作過(guò)程 1實(shí)物是什么，做什么用的。 2基本結(jié)構(gòu)。 3工作過(guò)程。 4簡(jiǎn)單總結(jié)。,Write a description of how glass is recycled. Use the information in the diagram and write a descripti

45、on of this process.,The diagram presents the recycling process of glass bottles. The whole recovering and renewable process of glass can be divided in to three main stages. In the first stage, used glass bottles are collected at a collection point and subsequently are transported by a truck from rec

46、ycle bins to the recycling factories where they are reproduced through five vital steps.,In the second stage, first workers will rinse the glass bottles because the bottles are contaminated. When the glass is hygeian, it is ready for the next stage of the recycling process. After being cleaned, diff

47、erent bottles are put into different recycling plants according to their color such as brown and green. When heated in the furnace, the glass will melt in to liquid and then the liquid glass is swiftly poured in to the modes and transformed into new glass bottles. At the final stage, new and empty b

48、ottles can be filled with liquid commodities and then packed and sent to the supermarkets and be purchased by consumers. Obviously, the next cycles will go on and on.,The first diagram shows that there are four main stages in the life of the silk worm. First of all, eggs are produced by the moth and

49、 it takes ten days for each egg to become a silkworm larva that feeds on mulberry leaves. This stage lasts for up to six weeks until the larva produces a cocoon of silk thread around itself. After a period of about three weeks, the adult moths eventually emerge from these cocoons and the life cycle

50、begins again. The cocoons are the raw material used for the production of silk cloth. Once selected, they are boiled in water and the threads can be separated in the unwinding stage. Each thread is between 300 and 900 metres long, which means they can be twisted together, dyed and then used to produ

51、ce cloth in the weaving stage. Overall, the diagrams show that the cocoon stage of the silkworm can be used to produce silk cloth through a very simple process.,Brick manufacturing,The process by which bricks are manufactured for the building industry can be outlined in seven consecutive steps. Firs

52、t the raw material, clay, which was just below the surface of soil in certain clay-rich areas has to be dug up by a digger. Then the lumps of clay are placed on a metal grid in order to break up the big chunks of clay into much smaller areas, which fall through the metal grid onto a roller, whose mo

53、tion further segregates the bits of clay. Sand and water are added to make a homogenous mixture, which is then either formed in moulds or cut into brick-shaped pieces by means of a wire cutter.,Those fresh bricks are then kept in a drying oven for at least 24 and a maximum of 48 hours, several dozen

54、s if not hundreds of bricks at a time. The dried bricks are then transferred to a so-called kiln, another type of high temperature oven. First they are kept at a moderate temperature of 200 -1300 . This process is followed by cooling down the finished bricks for 48 to 72 hours in a cooling chamber.

55、Once the bricks have cooled down and have become hard, they get packaged and delivered to their final destination, be it a building site or storage. (215 words),The diagram below shoes how The Australian Bureau of Meteorology collects up-to-minute information on the weather in order to produce relia

56、ble forecasts. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.,The process diagram illustrates in four stages how the Australian Bureau of Meteorology gathers its weather information in order to make weather forecasts. According to the dia

57、gram, in the first stage there is the “incoming information”. Specifically, weather data is collected from outer space, on land, or at sea, using satellite, radar, and drifting buoy respectively. Next, in the second step, this data is analyzed and forecast by experts. At this stage experts study sat

58、ellite photos, radar screens, and synoptic charts to determine weather conditions. Stage three of the process is when the information is prepared for broadcast. This is done through computer which sends all necessary data to the fourth stage. At the point the weather data is broadcast to the general

59、 public via TV, radio and telephone (recorded announcement). Thus, the process diagram clearly shows how weather data is collected, studied, prepared, and finally broadcast.,The chart below shows the shaping and growth of the forests in Yellowstone National Park after a fire disaster. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.,The process diagram illustrates in four stages the recovery of the forests in Yellowstone National Park after a devastating forest fire. According to the diagram, in the first picture