1、TROPICAL FRUITS AND NUTS,David S. Seigler Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of IllinoisUrbana, Illinois 61801 USA/seigler,Tropical Fruits and Nuts: Outline,Importance Local World-wide Botanical Domestication Changes -some ancient Cultivation - p

2、ropagation - rarely monoculture - why not?,Most Important Bananas Citrus Pineapple Avocado Mango Tropical nuts- importance Coconut Cashew,READING,CHAPTER 4 IN TEXT.,Fruits from market in Panama,Courtesy Dr. Carol Augspurger,Tropical fruits in a Queensland market,Many types of tropical fruits. Some e

3、xotic and not found commonly in temperate regions of the world. Others are well-known cultivars such as tomatoes, squash, green peppers and cucumbers. Most of the other types of tropical crops are perennials that cannot be cultivated in temperate zones of the world.,Introduction,More types of fruits

4、 in the tropics than in temperate portions of the world Few previously known here. The situation has changed in recent years. Many exotic tropical fruits are in. In the tropics, most gathered wild or cultivated on a local scale and consumed locally.,Bananas, citrus crops, pineapples, mangoes, and av

5、ocados are major exceptions. See the table of tropical fruits and nuts on pg. 76. Tables of production, p. 77.,Bananas (Musa sp., Musaceae) are from southeast Asia. The taxonomy is complex. They were early taken to Madagascar and Africa by the Indonesians. In 600 B.C. they were in India. Alexander t

6、he Great saw them there. In 1522 in West Africa. To the Americas by 1516. Other evidence indicates that bananas were also domesticated in east Africa at an early date.,Bananas,Banana plantations in Jamaica,Musa sapientum, bananas, Musaceae,Carolina Biological Supply Co.,Banana leaves and plantains,M

7、ost banana species have seeds. Common cultivars are sterile triploids. Most bananas in the tropics cooked, but many also are eaten fresh. Most of bananas in the U.S. are the latter type.,Primitive, probably diploid, banana,Balick and Cox, Plants, People, and Culture,The rise of bananas as a cultivat

8、ed crop is linked to the history of the United Fruit Company. In 1900, the company developed a good transport system to ship bananas to market. They perfected the conditions to ship the fruits without spoilage and to ripen them at exactly the proper time for market. They also dominated the politics

9、of many Central American countries.,Bananas reproduced vegetatively. This leads to many fungal disease problems. See figures pg. 94. Musa textilis (abaca) is used as a fiber crop.,Domesticated members of this genus are difficult taxonomically because of selection of mutants and hybridization in agri

10、cultural practice. All have a hesperidium for a fruit. This is basically a berry with a leathery skin (exocarp and mesocarp together) and oil glands. The endocarp has modified fleshy hairs or juice sacs that are the part we eat.,Citrus crops,Citrus fruits,The Complete Book of Fruits & Vegetables, F.

11、 Bianchini, F. Corbetta, M. Pistola, Crown Publishers, New York, 1973,Citrus fruit keeps relatively well. None of this group is native to the low, wet tropical regions of the world. They seem to prefer dry climates with lots of sunshine. They cannot tolerate severe frosts well. The citron (Citrus me

12、dica) was the first introduced into Europe.,Almost all are propagated vegetatively. The orange (Citrus sinensis, Rutaceae) is the most widely cultivated of all of the Citrus crops. The wild ancestors are not known. Oranges transferred to the Persian empire. The Moors brought them to Spain. The Spani

13、sh and Portuguese introduced them into the New World. Most U.S. oranges from Florida, Texas and California. Diagram of orange flowers etc. p. 79.,Citrus aurantium or bitter orange used for marmalade and liquors. Citrus aurantifolia, the lime, from East Indies. The Arabs used them by 1000 A.D. They w

14、ere introduced into Europe by 12th or 13th century. Used to treat scurvy by the British. Citrus reticulata, the tangerine was brought to the U.S. and to Europe about 1800. From S.E. Asia.,Pomello, Citrus grandis, Rutaceae,Citrus paradisi, the grapefruit, arose spontaneously in the West Indies. Consi

15、dered to be a hybrid between the pummelo (C. maxima) and the sweet orange (C. sinensis) by some. Pink grapefruit (e.g., Ruby Red) are sports or somatic mutations. Ruby Red arose in McAllen, Texas, in 1929 and is propagated vegetatively.,Grapefruit, Citrus paradisi, Rutaceae,Lemon, Citrus limon, Ruta

16、ceae,Citrus limon often associated with Italian descent peoples. Lemons often used for flavoring foods.,Widely distributed in the New World when Columbus came. Pineapples domesticated by the Guaran Indians of Paraguay. Pineapples are multiple fruits. Most modern cultivars parthenocarpic. They set se

17、ed without fertilization. Normally, pineapples are reproduced vegetatively.,Pineapple, Ananas comosus, Bromeliaceae,Pineapple, Ananas comosus, Bromeliaceae,Pineapples were taken to many countries by the Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch. They were taken to Hawaii by the Dole family. In the 1970s, Hawai

18、i grew about 1/3 of worlds supply. Now about 2%.,Avocados native to Mexico and Central America. Exceptional in that they have lipids instead of sugars or starches. The mesocarp is rich in oil. 2000-2800 calories per kg. Avocados appear about 7000 B.C. in Mexico. May have been independently domesticated in a