1、Chapter 9 America During and after World War II,World War II 1. American attitude and actions before the War 2. the process of the War 3. Conferences during the War After the War 1. the foreign policy 2. the domestic affairs 3. from Eisenhower to Clinton 4. George Walker Bush and Barack Obama,World

2、War II(1939-1945) 1. American attitude and actions before the War P.80-81 1) isolationist policy-Neutrality Acts 2) “catch-and-carry” policy現(xiàn)購自運政策 3) expanding the power of troops in 1940 4) pass the Lend-Lease Act in 1941(租借法),2. the process of the War to Japan: 1) the sudden attack of the Pearl Ha

3、rbor in Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941 2) the battle of Midway in June 1942 to Italy: 1) in Nov. 1942, the US-British force landed in North Africa; 2) In July 1943, they invaded Sicily and the Italian mainland in Sep. to Germany: 1) On June 6, 1944, American and British forces, landed in Normandy 2) by the

4、beginning of 1945 the Allied forces were advancing into Germany itself.,3. the end of the war 1) Italy-in 1943, change the new government 2) Germany-in May, 1945, they surrendered. 3) Japan- on Aug. 14,4. The Conferences during the War 1) the Atlantic Charter time: in Aug. 1941, place: at sea off Ne

5、wfoundland nations: Britain, the US,羅斯福丘吉爾共同宣言(大西洋憲章)(節(jié)錄) (1941年8月14日) 第一，兩國不求領(lǐng)土或其他方面之擴張； 第二，兩國不愿目睹與有關(guān)人民自由表達的愿望不相符合之領(lǐng)土變更； 第五，兩國希望促成所有國家間在經(jīng)濟方面之最充分的合作，其目的在使所有各國均獲得勞動標準之改善、經(jīng)濟之進步與社會之安全； 第六，在納粹暴政最后摧毀以后，兩國希望目睹和平將告建立，此種和平將予所有國家在其本國疆土內(nèi)安居之道，并將保證全世界人類悉可度其終生而免于恐懼與匱乏。,2) the Cairo Meeting time: on Nov.23, 1943

6、place: in Cairo (on their way to Teheran) nations: the US, Britain, China (Jiang) content: a. mapped out plans for the fighting against Japan; b. be stripped of all territories,3) the Conference in Teheran time: on Nov. 28, 1943 place: in Teheran nations: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill (the first meet

7、ing they were all present) content: discussed the second front in detail 第二戰(zhàn)場 諾曼底登陸第二戰(zhàn)場是指二戰(zhàn)時期，新開辟除蘇聯(lián)戰(zhàn)場外，以西歐為主要區(qū)域的戰(zhàn)場，它的開辟以諾曼底登陸為標志。諾曼底登陸戰(zhàn)成功開辟了歐洲第二戰(zhàn)場，這同時也標志著世界反法西斯同盟開始了大反攻，加速了法西斯德國的滅亡。但是，在開辟歐洲第二戰(zhàn)場的問題上，反法西斯同盟內(nèi)部卻經(jīng)歷了數(shù)年的爭論。,第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，蘇聯(lián)、美國、英國三國首腦斯大林、羅斯福,丘吉爾討論盟國戰(zhàn)略以及戰(zhàn)后和平問題的第一次會晤。1943年11月28日12月1日在伊朗首都德黑蘭舉行。此

8、次會議是在世界反法西斯戰(zhàn)爭發(fā)生了有利于盟國方面的重大轉(zhuǎn)折、法西斯侵略集團開始瓦解的情況下召開的。會議著重討論了在西歐開辟第二戰(zhàn)場問題。斯大林十分關(guān)心開辟西歐戰(zhàn)場的“霸王”行動，要求立即確定其開始日期;丘吉爾先是堅持其進軍巴爾干的計 劃，繼而又提出從巴爾干和西歐兩路攻入歐洲的新方案，極力回避發(fā)起“霸王”行動的確切日期；羅斯福則居中調(diào)和，但傾向斯大林的意見，并表示不想推遲“霸王”行動。經(jīng)過反復(fù)協(xié)商，三方終于就對德作戰(zhàn)問題達成一致意見，簽署了秘密作戰(zhàn)計劃蘇美英三國德黑蘭總協(xié)定，規(guī)定“霸王”行動和進攻法國南部的戰(zhàn)役于1944年5月同時發(fā)起；屆時，蘇軍將在東線發(fā)動攻勢，以阻止德軍由東線調(diào)往西線。12月1

9、日會議結(jié)束時,三國首腦發(fā)表德黑蘭宣言,指出三國已經(jīng)議定關(guān)于消滅德軍的計劃，并已就從東面、西面和南面進行的軍事行動的規(guī)模和時間商得完全一致的協(xié)議；號召所有國家積極參加對德作戰(zhàn)，并歡迎它們參加戰(zhàn)后維護和平的國際組織。,4) the Conference on Dumbarton Oaks time: the fall of 1944 place: at Dumbarton Oaks near Washington D.C nations: the US, Britain, the Soviet Union and China content: worked out a provisional臨時的

10、 charter for a world organization to maintain peace,5) Yalta Conference time: in Feb. 1945 place: at Yalta nations: Roosevelt, Churchill Stalin content: agreed another conference of all the United Nations in San Francisco in April - developed and adopted the official charter of the UNO,After the War

11、 p83 1. foreign policy 1) the Cold War 2) Truman Doctrine杜魯門主義: (containmentpolicy遏制 政策) In 1947, he avoided communist domination in both Greece and Turkey for the economic aid and military supplies.,3) Marshall Plan馬歇爾計劃: In 1947, in his speech at Harvard University, he put the massive and systemat

12、ic American aid to Europe. two aims: 1. keep Communists out of political power in Europe. 2. Stabilize the international economic order in a way to capitalism. 4) the forming of the military alliance In 1949, - “the North Atlantic Treaty Organization”,2. the Civil Right Movement p84 1) In 1955, Mart

13、in Luther King organized a boycott of the bus service in Montgomery, Alabama. 2) In 1963, Martin led 200,000 people, marched to the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. 3) In 1964, he won the Nobel Prize for peace. 4) In 1964 and 1965, Congress passed civil rights laws that made discrimination illega

14、l in jobs, education, voting, and public facilities.,If we make the right choice, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our world into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. If we make the right choice, will be able to speed up the day, all over America and all over the world, when jus

15、tice will roll down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream. Martin Luther King, Jr.,Beyond Vietnam, 4 April 1967,3. From Eisenhower to Clinton 1) Eisenhower, Kennedy and Johnson In 1960s and 1970, American involved into the Vietnam War; 2) Nixon(19721976) a. planned to end the Vietnam W

16、ar b. opened the door to China; c. the disclosure of the Watergate scandal,水門事件（Watergate scandal）或譯水門丑聞，是美國歷史上最不光彩的政治丑聞事件之一，其對美國本國歷史以及整個國際新聞界都有著長遠的影響，在1972年的總統(tǒng)大選中，為了取得民主黨內(nèi)部競選策略的情報，1972年6月17日，以美國共和黨尼克松競選班子的首席安全問題顧問詹姆斯麥科德（James W. McCord, Jr.）為首的5人闖入位于華盛頓水門大廈的民主黨全國委員會辦公室，在安裝竊聽器并偷拍有關(guān)文件時，當場被捕。由于此事，尼克松于

17、1974年8月8日宣布將于次日辭職，從而成為美國歷史上首位辭職的總統(tǒng)。,3) Cater(19761980): p86 a. On the economy- b. In foreign affairs- Panama Canal China Israel and Egypt c. his failure-the American hostage in Teheran 伊朗人質(zhì)危機是伊朗伊斯蘭革命后，美國大使館被占領(lǐng)，66名美國外交官和平民被扣留為人質(zhì)的一次危機。這場人質(zhì)危機始于1979年11月4日，一直持續(xù)到1981年的1月20日，長達444天。很多人至今仍認為，這場人質(zhì)危機導(dǎo)致了當時的美國總

18、統(tǒng)吉米卡特連選失敗。,4) Ronald Reagan(19801988) a. He planed to cut taxes and social spending while vastly increasing the defense budget國防預(yù)算. b. “Star Wars” program in 1983, “Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)” 戰(zhàn)略防御計劃,5) George Bush (19881992) a. the major initiatives arms control proposals two summit meeting

19、s with Soviet leader Gorbachev b. In 1990, Bush ordered Operation Desert Storm to punish Iraq (P87) c. In 1991, he and Gorbachev declared an end to the arms race by signing the first nuclear arms reduction pact.,沙漠風暴行動,伊拉克入侵科威特不可避免地同在海灣存在巨大戰(zhàn)略利益、而且謀求建立“國際新秩序”的美國產(chǎn)生不可調(diào)和的矛盾。加上海灣地區(qū)一直是美國和西方的生命線(美國進口石油的20%

20、、西歐的35%、日本的70%都來自海灣)，為了控制海灣的石油資源，從經(jīng)濟和軍事上打垮伊拉克，維持中東地區(qū)的穩(wěn)定和勢力均衡，并顯示美國在世界上的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作用，重新確立美國在全球的支配地位，美國便打著“維護正義”和“解放科威特”的旗號，迅速出兵。,6) Clinton (19922000) p87-88 a. the emergence of “new economy” b. in foreign affairs-interventionism assuring the stability of Russias government in the Middle East in the Kosovo c

21、risis his love affair,7) George W. Bush(2001-2009) A series terrorist attacks911 attack launched war with Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003. During his second term, he received heated criticism-Hurricane Katrina in 2005 2007, US entered the longest post-war recession.,卡特里娜颶風即卡特里娜（2005年五級颶風）。 颶風卡特里娜于八月中在巴哈馬群島附近生成。它于8月24日增強為颶風后，于佛羅里達州以小型颶風強度登陸。隨后數(shù)小時，該風暴進入了墨西哥灣，在8月28日橫過該區(qū)套流時迅速增強為5級颶風?？ㄌ乩锬扔?月29日在密西西比河口登陸時，為極大的3級颶風。風暴潮為路易斯安那州、密西西比州及阿拉巴馬州造成災(zāi)難性的破壞。用來分隔龐恰特雷恩湖（Lake Pontchartrain）和路易斯安那州新奧爾良市的防洪提因風暴潮而缺堤，該市八成地方遭洪水淹沒。強風吹及內(nèi)陸地區(qū)，阻礙了救援工作。估計卡特里娜造成最少750億美元的經(jīng)濟損失，成為