1、,confucius,Confucius,Born in 551 B.C. died in 479 B.C.,Confucius,He is a man who had many wise ideas and thoughts about nature,the world and human behavior. He is a great teacher whose wise sayings have influenced many people in different countries.,About Confucius,Confucius (BC 551 - BC 479), name

2、Qiu, styled Zhong Ni, was born in Lu. He is a great ancient thinker and educator and social philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period. He is a very important person in history of the development of national culture . His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of soci

3、al relationships, justice and sincerity. These values gained prominence in China over other doctrines, such as Legalism (法家) or Taoism (道家) during the Han Dynasty (206 BC 220 AD). Confucius thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism (儒家).,His teachings may be foun

4、d in the Analects of Confucius (論語), a collection of brief aphoristic fragments, which was compiled many years after his death. For nearly 2,000 years he was thought to be the editor or author of all the Five Classics (五經(jīng)) such as the Classic of Rites (禮記) (editor), and the Spring and Autumn Annals(

5、春秋) .,The Analects of Confucius In the Analects (論語), Confucius presents himself as a transmitter who invented nothing. He puts the greatest emphasis on the importance of study,and it is the Chinese character for study that opens the text. In this respect, he is seen by Chinese people as the Greates

6、t Master. Far from trying to build a systematic theory of life and society or establish a formalism of rites, he wanted his disciples to think deeply for themselves and relentlessly study the outside world To know your faults and be able to change is the greatest virtue. 知錯能改，善莫大焉 What you do not wi

7、sh for yourself, do not do to others. 己所不欲，勿施於人。,Ethics The Confucian theory of ethics as exemplified in L (禮) is based on three important conceptual aspects of life: ceremonies associated with sacrifice to ancestors and deities of various types, social and political institutions, and the etiquette

8、of daily behavior. It was believed by some that l originated from the heavens. Confuciuss view was more nuanced. Just as action according to L should be adapted to conform to the aspiration of adhering to y, so y is linked to the core value of rn (仁). Rn is the virtue of perfectly fulfilling ones re

9、sponsibilities toward others, most often translated as benevolence or humaneness;,Philosophy Although Confucianism is often followed in a religious manner by the Chinese, arguments continue over whether it is a religion. Confucianism does not lack an afterlife, the texts express simple views concern

10、ing Heaven, and is relatively unconcerned with some spiritual matters often considered essential to religious thought, such as the nature of the soul. Confucius principles gained wide acceptance primarily because of their basis in common Chinese tradition and belief.,Politics Confucius political tho

11、ught is based upon his ethical thought. He argues that the best government is one that rules through rites (l) and peoples natural morality, rather than by using bribery and coercion.,Disciples and legacy Confucius disciples and his only grandson, Zisi, continued his philosophical school after his d

12、eath. These efforts spread Confucian ideals to students who then became officials in many of the royal courts in China, thereby giving Confucianism the first wide-scale test of its dogma. While relying heavily on Confucius ethico-political system, two of his most famous later followers emphasized ra

13、dically different aspects of his teachings.,Memorial ceremony of Confucius The Chinese have a tradition of holding spectacular memorial ceremonies of Confucius (祭孔) every year, using ceremonies that supposedly derived from Zhou Li (周禮) as recorded by Confucius on the date of Confucius birth. This tradition was interrupted for several decades in mainland China. where the official stance of the Communist Party and the State was that Confucius.,Hometow Soon after Confucius death, Qufu, his hometown in the state of Lu and now in present-day Shandong Province, bec