1、西方語言學(xué)流派,第五章 布拉格學(xué)派和哥本哈根學(xué)派,布拉格學(xué)派創(chuàng)始于1926年10月6日，布拉格語言學(xué)會召開第一次會議 馬泰修斯、特魯別茨柯依、雅克布遜 特點：國際性、成員積極參加國際學(xué)術(shù)活動、獨立刊物布拉格語言學(xué)論叢,Contents,1. 結(jié)構(gòu)-功能語言觀 2. 音位對立 3. 歷時音位學(xué) 4. 區(qū)別性特征 5. 句子功能展示成分 6. 哥本哈根學(xué)派的基本理論,第一節(jié) 結(jié)構(gòu)-功能語言觀,基本觀點： 重視歷時語言研究的同時，強調(diào)共時語言研究的首要地位 語言是一個價值系統(tǒng) 研究實現(xiàn)各種功能的語體 從語言功能入手，然后去研究語言形式 結(jié)構(gòu)-功能語言觀,第一節(jié) 結(jié)構(gòu)-功能語言觀,功能語言觀 雅克布遜

2、語言學(xué)與詩學(xué) 對話6個因素：語境、講話人、聽話人、信息、接觸方式、語碼 話語聚焦一個因素時，就產(chǎn)生一種功能 語境=所指功能（referential）、講話者=表情功能（expressive）、聽話者=呼吁功能（conative）、信息=詩學(xué)功能（poetic）、接觸方式=寒暄功能（phatic）、語碼=元語言功能（metalingual）,第一節(jié) 結(jié)構(gòu)-功能語言觀,布拉格學(xué)派注重語義研究，這是與美國結(jié)構(gòu)主義的根本區(qū)別 功能文體和功能方言 語言系統(tǒng)的開放性 模糊性,第二節(jié) 音位對立,布拉格學(xué)派的突出貢獻是區(qū)分了語音學(xué)和音位學(xué) Langue vs. Parole 區(qū)分音位對立的標準 與整個對立系統(tǒng)

3、的關(guān)系 對立成員之間的關(guān)系 區(qū)別力量的大小 雙邊/多邊對立、均衡/孤立對立、否定/分級/等價對立、抵消/永恒對立,第三節(jié) 歷時音位學(xué),音位學(xué)研究方法不僅適用于共時語言學(xué)，也適用于歷時語言學(xué) 歷時音位學(xué) 用音位學(xué)的觀點來研究語音演變 和諧原則和經(jīng)濟原則,第四節(jié) 區(qū)別性特征,特魯別茨柯依找出了經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的語音對立的音位特性 雅克布遜發(fā)展了音位理論 聲學(xué)頻譜分析語音（從描寫一個音如何產(chǎn)生到描寫一個音聽起來是什么樣子） 雙分法,第五節(jié) 句子功能展示成分,句子功能展示成分 用信息論的原理來分析話語或文句，測量一句話的各個部分對全句意義的貢獻 三分法 vs. 二分法 交際力 一個語言單位交際力的大小就是它對

4、交際展開過程的貢獻大小，即推動交際向前發(fā)展的作用的大小,第五節(jié) 句子功能展示成分,Communicative Dynamism (CD) J. Firbas Linguistic communication is dynamic, not static. CD measures the amount of information an element carries in a sentence. The degree of CD is the effect contributed by a linguistic element. He was cross. The lowest degree

5、of CD is carried by he, and the highest degree of CD is carried by cross, with the degree carried by was ranking between them.,第五節(jié) 句子功能展示成分,Theoretically, any element - sentence, phrase, word, morpheme - may be singled out in order to establish a sharp contrast. The only element conveying new inform

6、ation has significant semantic content, whereas all the other elements conveying known information are determined by the context. The contextually dependent elements carry the lowest degree of CD.,第五節(jié) 句子功能展示成分,Contextual dependence or independence is determined by the very purpose of the communicati

7、on.,第五節(jié) 句子功能展示成分,Normally the subject carries a lower degree of CD than the verb and/or the object and/or adverbial provided either the verb or the object and/or adverbial are contextually independent. This is because a known or unknown agent expressed by the subject appears to be communicatively le

8、ss important than an unknown action expressed by the finite verb and/or an unknown goal (object or adverbial of place) at or towards which the action is directed. - A man broke into the house and stole all the money.,第五節(jié) 句子功能展示成分,If the subject is followed by a verb expressing “existence or appearan

9、ce on the scene” and is contextually independent, then it will carry the highest degree of CD, because an unknown person or thing appearing on the scene is communicatively more important than the act of appearing and the scene itself. - An old man appeared in the waiting room at five oclock.,第五節(jié) 句子功

10、能展示成分,If the subject is contextually dependent, a contextually independent adverbial of time or place becomes an important local and temporal specification, carrying greater degree of CD than both the subject and the finite verb, as in - The old man was sitting in the waiting room.,第五節(jié) 句子功能展示成分,Firb

11、as defined FSP as the distribution of various degrees of CD. The initial elements of a sequence carry the lowest degree of CD, and with each step forward, the degree of CD becomes incremental till the element that carries the highest. Contextually dependent elements are always thematic. Non-thematic elements do not always depend on the context, and not every contextually independent elemen