1、Discovering useful words and expressions,Ex. 1,Ex. 2,1. How do you measure the length of a race round a racetrack? 2. How would you feel if someone kept talking when you were trying to read? 3. In what way can a teacher check if you have learned the new words by heart? 4. What do you call an item wr

2、itten in a diary or in a dictionary? 5. What kind of instrument does a doctor need to examine viruses in blood? 6. How do you describe someone who is happy to meet new people? 7. What do you call students in the same year group and the same situation as you? 8. What do you call the behaviour of one

3、student to others?,ambition absence,suitable beneficial annoyed/annoying,clumsy firm noisy psychological,encouragement,lap,annoyed,dictation,entry,microscope,outgoing,fellow,conduct,Ex. 3,There was a time when children with mental disabilities were prevented from living a normal life _. They used to

4、 _ in their own homes after being educated in special schools. Other people sometimes _ them. But now things are changing. There are training programmes for young people with mental disabilities, which have proved very beneficial. Students like Xie Li, mentally disabled from birth, now have a chance

5、 to become athletes. But it is a challenge. She has to _ training programmes as well as mixing with other able-bodied athletes. “Xie Lis confidence has grown,” said her father. “She looks much better and is not so often _ after her training. _ her mother and I are very happy with her progress.” So,

6、instead of _ mainstream activities, mentally disabled students can become part of the mainstream. _ they can lead a more fulfilling life.,in many ways,sit around,make fun of,adapt to,out of breath,All in all,cutting out,In other words,Revising useful structures,Ex. 2,Jo: Oh! Am I late? Im sorry to h

7、ave kept you waiting. Sue: No, youre fine. Jo: Thank you. The trouble is I cant find my shopping list. Sue: Oh dear! Where on earth could you have put it. Jo: Well, it isnt in my bag. I might have left it on the kitchen table. I seem to have forgotten so many things now that Christmas is here. Sue:

8、I quite understand. So many presents to buy and so many cards to send! Jo: True. I was supposed to have finished all my shopping by now but Sue: Never mind. Nobody is said to have finished till theres no more left to buy! Jo: Quite right. Oh look, heres my list in my pocket. Sue: Lets get to work th

9、en!,Ex. 3,William Wilberforce was a great man. He is known _ (spend) eighteen years fighting for slaves. _ (free) slaves was his ambition. He was a very kind man, who did not like _ (see) people going hungry or in pain. He wanted to do some good in the world. The cause which attracted him most was t

10、he abolition (廢除) of the slave trade. Africans were taken from their homes and sold in markets. A master was able by law_ (treat) his servants as he wished even working them to death if he wanted to. Wilberforce was not the only person that was interested in his cause, but he was in politics and so

11、able _ (help pass) the law which made it illegal. Finally the slave trade was abolished in 1907. Wilberforce then resigned from government in 1825 and died in 1833, just after the law was passed which was eventually _ (abolish) slavery in England.,to have spent,To free,to see,to treat,to help pass,t

12、o abolish,Revise the Infinitive,Grammar,Do you believe I can fly like a bird?,How can you believe I can fly like a bird?,_is to believe. Its impossible for humans _now.,To see,to fly like a bird,不定式由“to+動詞原形”構(gòu)成,其否定形式是“not/never to do”,不定式可以帶賓語或狀語構(gòu)成不定式短語,沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化,但有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。不定式可以作主語、賓語、狀語、表語和定語，但不能單

13、獨作謂語。不定式的邏輯主語有時用“for+名詞或代詞賓格”構(gòu)成。,不定式,動詞不定式的作用 Functions of Infinitive,1 主語 (subject) 2 表語 (predicative) 3 賓語 (object) 4 賓補 (object complement) 5 定語 (attribute) 6 狀語 (adverbial) 7. 獨立結(jié)構(gòu) (absolute construction),1 不定式作主語 (subject),To keep smiling is healthy for you. Its important to look up the new wor

14、ds in the dictionary when you study English.,單個不定式作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 若不定式太長,往往用it作形式主語,不定式后置。,My job to protect the world. Your task is to _ .,is,2 不定式作表語 (predicative),Seeing is to believe. To see is believing. Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.,不定式常用在系動詞 be, seem, appear, get, remain等后作表語。,All

15、you have to do is (to) finish the job quickly.,如果主語部分有個表示不定式內(nèi)容的do, 用作表語的不定式常省略to。,Yao Ming likes to play basketball. I find it still necessary (for him) to _ if he wants to win.,3 不定式作賓語 (object),句型：think/ consider/ find it + adj.+ to do,常接動詞不定式作賓語的動詞有： agree, afford, appear, ask, attempt, care, cho

16、ose, claim, dare, decide, demand, deserve, determine, expect, fail, get, hate, hesitate, hope, hurry, intend, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, threaten, want, wish,4 不定式作賓補 (object complement),My mum asks me to play the piano two hours every day.,The teacher

17、 told me to clean the blackboard. I expect you to give me some help.,引導不定式作賓補的動詞：,warn, tell, allow, help, ask, force等,+sb to do sth,listen to,hear,watch,五看,see,look at,observe,notice,三使,let,make,have,二聽,一感:,feel,+ sb do sth （不帶to）,注意： feel十賓語to be的不定式時， to不可省略。 have，notice，watch不用于被動語態(tài)。 see，hear，ma

18、ke，listen to, notice，observe 變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)時，后面須要改接帶to的不定式；但let 變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)，而后面要接to的不定式時，to可保留也可省略。,1. They saw the boy fall suddenly from the tree. The boy was seen to fall suddenly from the tree.,例如：,Mother made John wash the car for a week.,John was made to wash the car for a week.,不定式用在介詞but, except, besides 后

19、時, 如果這些介詞前有行為動詞do的 各種形式, 那么介詞后的不定式不帶to, 相反則帶to。,She could do nothing but cry. I have no choice but to go. What do you like to do besides sleep.,不定式不帶to的常見情況,5 不定式作定語 (attribute),Kate is looking for a suitable coat to wear. Tom has a nice pen to write with.,1. 不定式做定語時常放在被修飾的名詞或代詞之后 (a) She was very b

20、usy and had no time to visit her friends. (b) Ladies and gentlemen, I have something important to tell you.,不定式作定語,不定式作定語與所修飾的詞之間有 三種關(guān)系：,I have a lot of work to do. 我有很多工作要做。 He is always the first to come. 他總是第一個來。 We all have a chance to go to college. 我們都有上大學的機會。,(1) 動賓關(guān)系,(2)主謂關(guān)系,(3)同位關(guān)系,2. 當名詞被t

21、he first ,the last, the only 等詞以及形容詞最高級修飾時 eg: She is always the first to come and the last to leave.,3. something, anything, nothing, everything等復合不定代詞常用不定式做后置定語。,注意比較：,1) Have you anything to send? 你有什么東西要寄嗎？ 2) Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要（我或別人）寄的東西嗎？,（不定式to send的動作執(zhí)行者是you）,（不定式to be sent的

22、動作執(zhí)行者是 已被省略的me 或someone else）,4. 如果不定式是不及物動詞, 則后面需適 當?shù)慕樵~。 Please pass me some paper to write_.,on,3. 也可用在have to do和there be 句型中。,There is no one to take care of her. I have no jewelry to wear.,I got up early to _.You came here to_.,in order to, so as to, enough to, only to, too.to,catch the train,6

23、 不定式作狀語 (adverbial),在一些短語中也有體現(xiàn),eg: He spoke loudly (so as / in order) to be heard.,1. 表示目的: to in order to so as to,6 不定式作狀語 (adverbial),2. 表示原因: 不定式可以用在作表語的形容詞后作狀語, sorry, surprised, happy, glad, eager, angry, foolish, right, wrong, slow, quick, rude, cruel, disappointed等。,eg: Im glad/pleased to se

24、e you. We were surprised to hear the news.,so + adj. / adv. + as to do such + adj. + n. +as to do adj. / adv.+ enough + to do too + adv. / adj. +to do,He was so foolish as to believe it. = He was such a fool as to believe it. = He was foolish enough to believe it.,3. 結(jié)果狀語:,To tell the truth, I am no

25、t happy at the moment.,to be frank, to be honest, to tell the truth,7 獨立成分 (absolute element),1. It is good to help others. 2. It is my ambition to make sure that the disabled people in our neighborhood have access to all public buildings. 3. My ambition is to work in the computer industry when I gr

26、ow up.,Identify its function.,(subject),(subject),(predicative),4. I dont have time to sit around feeling sorry for myself. 5. I am the only student in my class to have a pet snake. 6. A big company has decided to buy it from me. 7. My fellow students have begun to accept me for who I am.,(attribute

27、),(attribute),(object),(object),8. I have had to work hard to live a normal life. 9. Some days I am too tired to get out of bed. 10. We must call on local government to give financial assistance to disabled people.,(adverbial),(adverbial),(object complement),動詞不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài),to do,to have done,to be doin

28、g,to have been doing,to be done,to have been done,(1) They pretended not to see us.,(2) He pretended to be sleeping.,(3) She pretended to have known it before.,(一般式表示與謂語的動作同時/幾乎/發(fā)生在它之后。),(在謂語動詞發(fā)生的同時,不定式的動作也正在進行。),(完成式表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前。),(4) Were happy to have been working with you.,(完成進行式表示謂語動作發(fā)生之前, 不定式

29、的動作一直在進行而且可能之后也 繼續(xù)。),不定式的時態(tài),不定式的一般式 to do I am glad to see you. He has decided to give her some money. 表示的動作通常與謂語所表示的動作 或狀態(tài)同時或者幾乎同時發(fā)生，或是 在它之后發(fā)生。,不定式的進行式to be doing,I am very glad to be working with you. He pretended to be working hard when his boss passed him. 表示的動作通常與謂語動詞表示的動 作同時發(fā)生。,不定式的完成式 to have

30、 done,He happened to have seen the film before. The novel is believed to have been translated into Chinese. 不定式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動作 或狀態(tài)之前。,He wanted to have met you at the airport, but he didnt get there in time. 表示過去沒有實現(xiàn)的期待或者計劃 hoped, promised, wanted, wished, expected, planned,不定式的完成式 to have done,He wou

31、ld like to have played the violin at the concert. 不定式的完成式在would like后邊表示 未能實現(xiàn)的愿望。,不定式的語態(tài),主動語態(tài) to do 被動語態(tài) to be done It is an honor for me to be invited to attend the meeting. Everyone likes the hero to be praised.,省略to 與省略do,We asked him to stay till the next day, but he refused to. Are you a teache

32、r? Yes, and I have to be What we want to do now is lie down and have a good rest. I didnt say anything but to make a gesture.,固定詞組和句型,1. prefer n. (doing) to n. (doing) 2. prefer to do sth rather than do sth 3. would rather do 4. would rather + 句子（虛擬語氣） 5. advise/allow/permit/forbid sb to do advise/

33、allow/permit/forbid) doing,幾對易混淆的詞組： stop to do sth. 停下來去做某事 doing sth.停止做某事 forget to do sth.忘記去做某事 doing sth.忘記已做了某事,remember to do sth.記得去做某事 doing sth.記得曾經(jīng)做某事,The question is very difficult to answer. The problem is difficult to deal with.,1. 主語be +adj. +to do,能用于此句型的形容詞有: difficult, easy, comfo

34、rtable, fit, hard, pleasant, tiresome (使人疲勞的), interesting, nice, heavy, dangerous, light, important, etc.,主動形式表被動意義的不定式,The box is light enough to carry. The river water is warm enough to swim in.,2. 主語+be +adj. + enough +to do,The books seemed too heavy to carry. The ice is too thin to skate on.,3

35、. 主語+be +too +adj. +to do,練習,1. Last summer I took a course on_. A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made,2. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job. A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects 3. There are f

36、ive pairs_, but I am at a loss which to buy. A to be chosen B to choose from C to choose D for choosing,4. I find these problems are easy_. A. to be worked out B. to work them out C. to work out D. to be worked them out 5. _late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm. A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sl

37、eep D . Having slept,6. I would love _to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. having gone C. going D. to have gone 7. John was made _the truck for a week as a punishment. A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing,8. Tom kept quiet about the accident

38、 lose his job. A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to 9. The patient was warned _oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating,1 愛和被愛都是最大的幸福。 _ are both great happiness. 2 據(jù)說他已經(jīng)完成了他的工作。 He is said _ _. 3 根據(jù)報道他們已安全到達。 They are reported

39、 _.,To love and to be loved,to have finished/completed,his work,翻譯下面的句子,to have arrived safely,4 我想叫人立刻修理這輛自行車。 I want this bike _ _. 5 瑪利仿佛已經(jīng)被告知此事了。 Mary seemed _. 6 眾所周知，奧運會上他被授予了一枚 金牌。 He is known _ a gold medal at the Olympics.,to be repaired at once,to have been told about it,to have been given

40、,/immediately,I want to tell you something.,Make up a short passage using the infinitive as much as possible.,For example,Hi, I want to tell you something. I will go to Ruian for shopping this afternoon. Do you want to go with me? First, Id like to go to Kaitai Store. But to be frank, most of time I

41、 am there only to do some window shopping, because everything is expensive. Then, I plan to go to HongQiao Road to buy some clothes. I like to try the new fashion style of this season. By the way, do you know anything to entertain us? If so, I cant wait to have a try! Why not come and join me?,動詞不定式

42、 補充練習,exercise,My teacher was made _ his teaching because of poor health. giving up B. to give up C. give up D. given up 2.The sentence wants _ once more. explained B. to explain C. being explained D. explaining 3.The Arctic is considered _ the northern part of the Atlantic. having been B. to have b

43、een C. to be D. being,B,D,C,4.The Emperor ordered the wonderful cloth _ for him without delay. to have woven B. to be woven C. to be weaving D. to weave 5.I found the German language hard _. learned B. learning C. to be learned D. to learn 6.The light in the office is still on. - Oh, I forgot _. tur

44、ning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off,B,D,C,7.-How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers? -The key _ the problem is to meet the demand _ by the customers. to solving, making B. to solving, made C. to solve, making D. to solve, made 8.

45、-What do you think of the school? -It is a very good _. school to study in B. school for children to study C. studying school D. school to study,B,A,9. -Did you get a job? - No, I _ , but its no use. A. expected B. tried to C. managed to D. planned 10.We find it impossible for the work _ ahead of ti

46、me. A. to finish B. finishing C. being finished D. to be finished 11.-I usually go to Shanghai by train. -Why not _ there by boat for a change? A. to try to go B. try going C. to try going D. try to go,B,D,B,12._ a living, she had to work from morning till night. A. To make B. Made C. Making D. To have made 13. I would rather starve to death than _ for food. A. beg B. begging C. begged D. to beg 14.The boy pretended _ when his mother en