1、Linguistics and translation,Lecture 4,Speech organs,Vowels and consonants,Classification of the English consonants,The English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation (發(fā)音方法）and also in terms of place of articulation （發(fā)音部位）。,Manner of articulation,Stops（塞音）：when the obstructio

2、n created by the speech organ is total, the speech sound, produced when the obstruction is audibly released, is called a stop or a plosive. The English stops include pbtdkg. Fricatives(擦音) ：when the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the mouth with friction, the

3、 speech sound thus produced is a fricative. The English fricatives produced include fvsz h.,English consonants,Affricates (塞擦音):when the obstruction, complete at first, is released slowly with friction resulting from partial obstruction as in fricatives, the sounds thus produced are affricates. The

4、English affricates are t d,English consonants,Liquids(流音): when the airflow is obstructed but is allowed to escape through the passage between part (s) of the tongue (the sides or the tip) and the roof of the mouth, the sounds thus produced are liquids . The liquids in English are land r.,Consonants

5、,Nasals (鼻音)： When the nasal passage is opened by lowering the soft palate at the back of the throat and the air is allowed to pass through it, the sounds thus produced are called nasals. There are three nasals in English:mn Glides (音渡，半元音) ; Sometimes called semivowels, are a rather marginal catego

6、ry of articulation. The English glides are wj,both voiced and formed in the same manner as ui,with a narrower passage between the tongue and the hard palate or between the lips.,Place in the mouth,Bilabial (or simply labial) (雙唇音): The lips are brought together to create the obstruction. The bilabia

7、l are pbmw Dental (齒音)： The lip of the tongue is brought into contact with the upper teeth to create the obstruction. The dental sounds are ,Consonants, place in the mouth,Alveolar (齒齦音): The tip of the tongue is brought into contact with the upper teeth-ridge to create the obstruction. The alveolar

8、 sounds are tdnszlr Palatal(腭音): the back of the tongue is brought into contact with the hard palate. The palatal sounds are t dj,Consonants,Velar(軟腭音): the obstruction is created between the back of the tongue and the velum, or the soft palate. The velar sounds are kg Glottal(喉音): The vocal cords a

9、re brought momentarily together to produce the glottal sound h,Super-segmental features(超切分特征),Stress, including both word and sentence stress. Tone languages: in some languages the pitches of words can make a difference in their meaning. Such languages are called tone languages. English is not a to

10、ne language, but Chinese is.,Intonation,Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language. Three tones are frequently used in English: the falling tone, the rising tone, and the fall-rise tone, e.g. : Thats not the one he wants.,Others in this lecture,Minimal p

11、air : e.g. , beat, bit; bead, bid Assimilation :e.g. Since, sink; mince, mink Liaison: an apple, translation and interpreting,Exercise 1,Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired. The big clock which use

12、d to strike the hours day and night was damaged many years ago and has been silent ever since. One night, however, our vicar woke up with a start: the clock was striking the hours! Looking at his watch, he saw that it was one oclock, but the bell struck 13 times before it stopped. Armed with a torch

13、, the vicar went up into the clock tower to see what was going on.,Exercise 1,In the torchlight, he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkins, our local grocer. “Whatever are you doing up here Bill?” asked the vicar in surprise.“Im trying to repair the bell,” answered B

14、ill. “Ive been coming up here night after night for weeks now. You see, I was hoping to give you a surprise.”“You certainly did give me a surprise!” said the vicar. “Youve probably woken up everyone in the village as well. Still, Im glad the bell is working again.”“Thats the trouble, vicar,” answere

15、d Bill. “Its working all right, but Im afraid that at one oclock it will strike 13 times and theres nothing I can do about it.”“Well get used to that Bill,” said the vicar. “13 is not as good as one but its better than nothing. Now lets go downstairs and have a cup of tea.”,Exercise 2,Some time ago,

16、 an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of Kea. An American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient city on the promontory of Ayia Irini. The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization. Houses, often three store

17、ys high, were built of stone. They had large rooms with beautifully decorated walls. The city was even equipped with a drainage system, for a great many clay pipes were found beneath the narrow streets.,Exercise 2,The temple which the archaeologists explored was used as a place of worship from the 1

18、5th century B.C. until Roman times. In the most sacred room of the temple, clay fragments of 15 statues were found. Each of these represented a goddess and had, at one time, been painted. The body of one statue was found among remains dating from the 15th century B.C. Its missing head happened to be among remains of the 5th century B.C. This head must have been found in Cl