1、Place-based (在地為本)Approach for Social Policy Development and Delivery: Implications for Chinas Social Policy in the “Economic-Social New Normal” Context,Miu Chung Yan (殷妙仲), PhD Professor University of British Columbia School of Social Work,Guangdong University of Foreign Studies， June 2016,Social p

2、olicy, as a process, tend to be a top-down process. The legislative body dictates the process while implemented by lower level governments and other institutional actors Central coordination and monitoring Social policy, as a police framework, tend to universalize the targeted population. Fairness a

3、nd equality Standardized assessment Standardized benefit,Two Tendencies of Social Policy,Wicked problems (制度性壞問題) “cross departmental boundaries and resist the solutions that are readily available through the action of one agency” (Perri 6 et al. in Bradford, 2005: 4). Hierarchical immutable （分層性不流通

4、） Departmental silos, red-tape, policy loophole etc. Institutional disconnection between different layers of actors: distortion of policy intention Rigidity （僵硬）: Standardization ignores diversity Equality but not equity (Chinese banquet effect) Regional discrepancies and competition Cookie cutter a

5、pproach real needs are not met Incapability in tackling the detrimental effects of globalization on local community,Challenges Caused by the Two Tendencies,Social exclusion = (marginalized needs + geographical variation) X (centralization + standardization) Examples: Poverty: Regional economic varia

6、tion impacted by globalization various (un)employment condition Health: Medical resource for aging population in smaller urban centres which experience shrinking population Education: Changing population size affecting schooling needs in aging community, children with special needs Housing needs: Ri

7、sing property cost in some urban centres due to the in-flow of global capitals homeless, substandard housing condition,Complexity of Social Exclusion,In Britain, National Health Service piloted Total Place initiative to try to minimize duplications and waste by integrating local resources and servic

8、es. (Humphries Conway, 2004).,What is Place?,Common Characteristics of PlaceBased Approaches for Social Policy,Are designed (or adapted) locally to meet unique conditions Engage participants from a diverse range of sectors and jurisdictions in collaborative decisionmaking processes governing through

9、 collaboration with civil society and each other Are opportunitydriven, dependent on local talent, resources, and constraints Have an evolving process due to adaptive learning and stakeholder interests Attempt to achieve synergies by integrating across silos, jurisdictions, and dimensions of sustain

10、ability Leverage assets and knowledge through shared ownership of the initiative Frequently attempt to achieve behaviour change,Policy Horizons Canada 2011,A Place-based Delivery Model: Settlement House,Toynbee Hall (1848), London East End, traditionally the immigrant and poor area A place-based app

11、roach neighbourhood level Machinery of connection: brought wealthy university students and volunteers to impoverished neighbourhood to serve the residents.,Neighbourhood Houses in Vancouver,Vancouver West Gordon NH Kitsilano NH,Low income immigrant in Vancouver, 2001,Vancouver East Downtown Eastside

12、 NH Kiwassa NH Frog Hollow NH Mt Pleasant NH Cedar Cottage NH Collingwood NH Little Mountain NH South Vancouver NH,NHs in Action,A study of NHs in Metro Vancouver (Details of the study, please refer to http:/nhvproject.ca/) Four Dimensions The Evolution of the NH Model Over the Years NHs Pathway fro

13、m service to social inclusion NH as Place-based Collective Action and Advocacy Linking and intermediary function between government and community,Evolution of the NH Model,Historical role of NHs in Metro Vancouver: Its inception and key milestones NHs resiliency youth mobilization, seniors involveme

14、nt in volunteer activities and immigrant staffs accounts of their journey and connection with NH and through it the larger community Multi role of NHs as mediator, connector, recipient and referral of residents, volunteers and partners to a host of heterogeneous resources, services and networks.,Pla

15、ce-based Collective Action Coalition building; Participation in broader projects/work; Staff and volunteer sharing; Means of referral; NH as a liaison; Connection among resources Nature of collaborations: Advocacy, Informal Support, Information Exchange, Service Referral Helps build local capacity a

16、nd leadership; Responsive to local needs; Assists with resource redistribution and sharing; Advocacy on rights and local issues; Helps build awareness on issues; Platform to represent communitys voice Impact of Public Funding on NHs Autonomy and Service Provision: Challenges in securing and accessin

17、g funding, competition amongst organizations for limited resources, challenges in designing and ensuring programs for service users,New Economic-Social Normal: Slow down of economic growth, emergence of new social problems, worsening of existing social problems Governments new commitment to use soci

18、al policy to assure the minimum protection Existing socio-economic context: Unequal geographical (East vs. West, Urban vs. Rural) distribution of economic resources and social problems Increasing income inequality Traditional policy practice: State-centred: lack of civil society organizations, inade

19、quate democratic participation of local residents Top-down administrative coordination and control (with bottom-up experimentation) (Yan and Gao, 2005) Complex institutional matrix: 條條塊塊,Chinas Social Policy Context,Can the existing state-centred, centrally control and coordinated system effectively

20、 resolve the new and worsened social problems? 王思斌，2015:6: 積極的社會(huì)政策不同于被動(dòng)的、依附性的、完全補(bǔ)漏式的政策，它具有積極有為、系統(tǒng)完整、功能整合的特點(diǎn)。積極地實(shí)施社會(huì)政策不是政策制定者和執(zhí)行者消極地、機(jī)械地、應(yīng)付任務(wù)式地對(duì)待政策對(duì)象，而是積極主動(dòng)地了解政策對(duì)象的需求，準(zhǔn)確和能動(dòng)地實(shí)施社會(huì)政策，以達(dá)目的。,Implications of Place-based Approach to China,Effective social policy is a policy that makes a positive difference

21、to the everyday life of targeted people in the local context: Creating a multi-level interconnected feedback loops and service network Supporting the development and building partnership with civil society organizations Democratization of local governance: raising the commitment of citizens to resolve local problem Governments commitment of delegating discretion and resource to local partner institutions and actors to customize social policies and programs t