1、英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài),2020/9/5,時(shí)態(tài)概述,時(shí)態(tài)是一個(gè)語(yǔ)法范疇，是用以表示各種時(shí)間和動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞形式。不同的語(yǔ)言具有不同的時(shí)態(tài)。有的語(yǔ)言甚至沒(méi)有時(shí)態(tài)。漢語(yǔ)基本上是借助詞匯表示各種時(shí)間和動(dòng)作。英語(yǔ)不但有時(shí)態(tài)，而且種類(lèi)較多，區(qū)別細(xì)微，習(xí)慣性強(qiáng)。因此學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)，應(yīng)當(dāng)抓住基本概念，注意其各種用法，相互進(jìn)行比較，多做練習(xí)。,2020/9/5,時(shí)態(tài)的“時(shí)”,“時(shí)”就是時(shí)間，它是一個(gè)語(yǔ)法范疇，和我們常識(shí)中的時(shí)間并不完全相同。在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中，粗略得講，時(shí)間可分為現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去、將來(lái)和過(guò)去將來(lái)四個(gè)主要部分。細(xì)加區(qū)別則分為以下九個(gè)部分： 先現(xiàn)在 -指現(xiàn)在范疇中的過(guò)去 現(xiàn)在 現(xiàn)在 -指說(shuō)話(huà)人說(shuō)話(huà)的時(shí)刻 后現(xiàn)在 -指現(xiàn)在范疇中的

2、將來(lái) 先過(guò)去 -指過(guò)去的過(guò)去 過(guò)去 過(guò)去 -指說(shuō)話(huà)人的過(guò)去 后過(guò)去 -指過(guò)去的將來(lái) 先將來(lái) -指將來(lái)的過(guò)去 將來(lái) 將來(lái) - 指說(shuō)話(huà)人的將來(lái) 后將來(lái) -指將來(lái)的將來(lái),2020/9/5,時(shí)態(tài)的“態(tài)”,“態(tài)”可以作形態(tài)、形式講，從語(yǔ)法方面，四個(gè)“態(tài)”分別為： 一般 、 完成 、 進(jìn)行 和 完成進(jìn)行。 1.一般形態(tài)：用以敘述一個(gè)單純的事實(shí)，時(shí)間可以很不具體。 動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的一般方面作為整體多表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。 2.完成形態(tài)：用以表述一個(gè)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成的事實(shí)。 3.進(jìn)行形態(tài)：表示動(dòng)作在一段時(shí)間中進(jìn)行。 4.完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)：兼有完成形態(tài)與進(jìn)行形態(tài)的特點(diǎn)。,2020/9/5,時(shí)態(tài)的“類(lèi)”,英語(yǔ)的四種“時(shí)”和四種“態(tài)

3、”構(gòu)成了十六種時(shí)態(tài)。,2020/9/5,動(dòng)詞的“體”,靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞 1.表示內(nèi)心活動(dòng)：want 、know、think、believe、understand 2.表示愛(ài)惡等情感：like、hate、love 3.表示各種知覺(jué)：see、hear、smell 4.表示身體感覺(jué)：feel、hurt、ache 5.表示相互關(guān)系者：be、have、belong、contain、own 動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞 1.瞬間動(dòng)詞：jump、hit、 kick、knock、begin 2.有限動(dòng)詞，表動(dòng)作歷時(shí)有限者：gather、bind、produce、build 3.無(wú)限動(dòng)詞（持續(xù)動(dòng)詞）：lie、sit、sleep、live、

4、work、study 4.重復(fù)動(dòng)詞：giggle、struggle、twinkle,2020/9/5,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成 肯定形式：動(dòng)詞原形(第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)詞尾加s或es) 否定形式：do/does + 動(dòng)詞原形 疑問(wèn)式： do/does +主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形 I like to watch TV. I dont like to watch TV. Do you like to watch TV?,2020/9/5,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用法 1.表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常與always、often、sometimes、usually、everyday等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 A storm

5、 is often followed by a calm. I usually wake up early. Are you busy now? 2.敘述逐日例行之事。 The boys wake up at seven oclock,wash,dress quickly and run into the dining-room for breakfast. They wait until they hear the bell and then go to school. 3.表示客觀(guān)真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)以及客觀(guān)存在。,2020/9/5,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),Knowledge is power. The e

6、arth moves around the sun. 4.和since或for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，表示從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的情況。 For weeks and months nothing happens here at all. We are away from our families for a year or more.,2020/9/5,一般過(guò)去時(shí),一般過(guò)去時(shí)的構(gòu)成 肯定形式：動(dòng)詞原形詞尾加ed 否定形式：did not +動(dòng)詞原形 疑問(wèn)形式： did+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形 I went to see a movie yesterday. I did not g

7、o to see a movie yesterday. Did you go to see a movie yesterday?,2020/9/5,一般過(guò)去時(shí),一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法 1.表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和 表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，如：yesterday、since then、then、at that time、at that moment、just now、 a few days ago 等。 Where were you yesterday? They had a baby last month. She became silent since then. 2.用于談?wù)摶蛟u(píng)價(jià)

8、已經(jīng)死去的人。 Shakespeare wrote a lot of plays. were you a friend of the desceased?,2020/9/5,一般過(guò)去時(shí),3.表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。 When he was in Beijing , Mark came to see me everyweek. We often practiced swimming last year. 4.用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的是將的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。 Its high time we went. It seems as if I were a monster. I wish I were a

9、bird. I would buy the car if I had the money.,2020/9/5,一般將來(lái)時(shí),一般將來(lái)時(shí)的構(gòu)成 肯定形式：shall（第一人稱(chēng)）/will（二三人稱(chēng))+動(dòng)詞原形 否定形式：shall/will not +動(dòng)詞原形 疑問(wèn)形式：shall/will +主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形 I will open the door. I will not open the door. Shall I open the door ?,2020/9/5,一般將來(lái)時(shí),一般將來(lái)時(shí)的用法 1.表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。 You will be twenty tomorrow. Hugo

10、will get there early in the morning. 2.和表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或條件狀語(yǔ)連用，引導(dǎo)這種狀語(yǔ)從句的詞或短語(yǔ)有： when , while, before, after , until, as soon as 等。 When I am free,I will go to see him. While I am there tomorrow , I shall buy one. After I finish my task , Ill go home. If you dont take my advice, you will not success. We sha

11、ll go unless it rains.,2020/9/5,一般將來(lái)時(shí),3. be going to do表示打算或準(zhǔn)備好要做的事或有跡象表明會(huì)發(fā)生的事。 What are you going to do during the summer holidays? The train is going to arrive. Look at the black cloud . Its going to rain. We are going to have a meeting this afternoon. 4.be to do 表示約定、命令、或按計(jì)劃要做的事。 When are they to

12、 come? We are to meet at the school gate. You are to finish the work by noon.,2020/9/5,一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的構(gòu)成 肯定形式：should（第一人稱(chēng)）/would（二三人稱(chēng))+動(dòng)詞原形 否定形式：should/would not + 動(dòng)詞原形 疑問(wèn)形式：should/would + 主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形 You would work. You would not work. Would you work?,2020/9/5,一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的用法 1.表示過(guò)去的將來(lái)在某一時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)

13、，常用語(yǔ)間接引語(yǔ)中。 I was twenty-three years old now,and I would be thwety-four the next year. I didnt think they would have any objection to it. I know he would come the next day. Hebe told me that the play wouldnt act. Whenever he had time , he would come to see his parents. 2.用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣中。 If I had money, I wo

14、uld buy a car. It is necessary that we should invite him.,2020/9/5,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成 肯定形式：am/ is /are +doing 否定形式：am/is/are not +doing 疑問(wèn)形式：am/is/are +主語(yǔ)+doing I am doing my homework now. I am not doing my homework now. Are you doing your homework now?,2020/9/5,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 1.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作正在說(shuō)話(huà)人說(shuō)話(huà)的時(shí)刻進(jìn)行，

15、可與now,at present, at this moment, today,this week , these days, this year 等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 What are you doing now? I am writing. How are you feeling today? Tom is tired these days and he is sleeping. 2.有些表示過(guò)程的詞，如：change come , mature, widen, deteriorate , meet,shoot,drop 等，用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)性。 The weather is chan

16、ging for the better. His health is improving each day. She is maturing into a self-possessed and articulate young women. 她逐漸成為一個(gè)鎮(zhèn)定自若，言談清新的年輕女子。,2020/9/5,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),3.表示某種感情色彩，常與always, constantly等詞連用。 Brian is living a happy life. Frieda is always complaining. My father is forever criticizing me. 4.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

17、用于when, while , as 等連詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中。 When you are talking to the children,you use simple words and sentences. He passed out as he is standing up. 他站起來(lái)時(shí)昏了過(guò)去。 5.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)，按計(jì)劃或是已經(jīng)安排好要做的事。這一用法只適合于某些動(dòng)詞，如：go,come,leave,start,arrive,return,spend等。 I am leaving by train tonight. Are you going abroad next year?

18、,2020/9/5,過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成 肯定形式：was/were + doing 否定形式：was/were not + doing 疑問(wèn)形式：was/were + 主語(yǔ) +doing I was watching TV at this moment yesterday. I was not watching TV at this moment yesterday. Were you watching TV at this moment yesterday?,2020/9/5,過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 1.表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 We were having dinner

19、 when they came. I was reading a newspaper at nine oclock yesterday evening. What were you doing last summer? 2.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)常與soon，the next moment,in minutes ,moments later,等狀語(yǔ)連用，表示一個(gè)新的動(dòng)作剛剛開(kāi)始。 In a few moments he was standing by the window. 過(guò)幾分鐘他就站在窗戶(hù)旁。 One after began to choke,and at the end all the women

20、 were weeping. 一個(gè)接一個(gè)哽咽起來(lái)，最后婦女們都哭了。 We were talking abvout you this morning.,2020/9/5,過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),3.表示過(guò)去某段時(shí)間內(nèi)持續(xù)的動(dòng)作。 I was painting a picture yesterday evening. They were building a dam last spring. I was staying at home all last week. 4.表示過(guò)去將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。 He didnt know whether she was coming. He was meeting his mo

21、ther at the airport the next day. 5.表示為實(shí)現(xiàn)的打算或愿望。 I was coming. 我本來(lái)要來(lái)的。 Did he go to the part? I dont know,but he was hoping to. 他去舞會(huì)了嗎？我不知道，不過(guò)他希望去的。,2020/9/5,將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí),將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成 肯定形式：shall/will be doing 否定形式：shall /will not be doing 疑問(wèn)形式：shall / will + 主語(yǔ)+be doing I will be setting a new goal the next ye

22、ar. I will not be setting a new goal the next year. Will you be setting a new goal the next year?,2020/9/5,將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí),將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 1.表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常常表示已經(jīng)安排好或?qū)⒁l(fā)生的事。 We will be having some new subjects for the next semester. What will you be doing this time tomorrow? She will be taking holiday soon, Whe

23、n will you be leaving?,2020/9/5,過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí),過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成 肯定形式：should/would be doing 否定形式：should /would not be doing 疑問(wèn)形式：should / would + 主語(yǔ)+be doing 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 表示在過(guò)去的將來(lái)某一時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，和表示過(guò)去將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 Bruce told me that he would be living in China some day. He called me in NweYork to le me know what time he

24、 would be arriving.,2020/9/5,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成 肯定形式：have/ has + 過(guò)去分詞 否定形式：have/has + not+ 過(guò)去分詞 疑問(wèn)形式：have/has + 主語(yǔ)+ 過(guò)去分詞 I have finished my homework. I have not finished my homework. Have you finished your homework?,2020/9/5,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法 1.表示動(dòng)作或狀況已經(jīng)完成。發(fā)生在以前的某個(gè)未經(jīng)說(shuō)明的時(shí)間段，給現(xiàn)在留下了結(jié)果或是造成了影響。 I have seen the

25、film.我看過(guò)那部電影。（我知道它的內(nèi)容） He was turn off the light.他已關(guān)了燈。（現(xiàn)在屋里是黑的） Cora has learned to skate. 科拉學(xué)過(guò)滑冰。（科拉現(xiàn)在會(huì)滑冰） Brian has been to China. 布萊恩去過(guò)中國(guó)。（現(xiàn)在不在中國(guó)，但對(duì)中國(guó)有了解） 2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)經(jīng)常與for 或since連用。 Its only since I have been blind that I have gegun to dee through him. 只有在我失明之后我才看透了他。 I havent seen you for ages.,20

26、20/9/5,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以和表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，如：just，ever， often，always，never，seldom，already，sometimes，recently，lately，formerly，before，in the past,in the past few years等。 It has rained every day this week. I have written to my mother this month. Have seen Tom this day? I have seen him only once this year. 4.現(xiàn)在

27、完成時(shí)也可以用在when,before,after,until,as soon as 等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中。這種從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成或結(jié)果，或強(qiáng)調(diào)從句的動(dòng)作與主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作之間有時(shí)間間隔。 I will go to the party as soon as I have finished my homework.(強(qiáng)調(diào)完成） They often go for a walk after they have had supper.（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的先后）,2020/9/5,過(guò)去完成時(shí),過(guò)去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成 肯定形式：had + 過(guò)去分詞 否定形式：had + not+ 過(guò)去分詞 疑問(wèn)形式：had

28、+ 主語(yǔ)+ 過(guò)去分詞 I had finished my homework by nine oclock yesterday. I had not finished my homework by nine oclock yesterday. Had you finished your homework by nine oclock yesterday?,2020/9/5,過(guò)去完成時(shí),過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法 1.表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一件事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成。 When they got there , the train had already left. Grace realized she had

29、made a mistake. They had completed the project by the end of 1999. 2.過(guò)去完成時(shí)常常用在一般過(guò)去時(shí)之后的間接引語(yǔ)中。 They said that they had planted the trees on the hillside. Jack told me that he had read the book before. Judie said that she had gone to see me the day before. 3.用于對(duì)過(guò)去事實(shí)進(jìn)行虛擬的條件句中。 If I had hurried, I wouldn

30、t have missed the bus. If you had been at the party , you would have met him.,2020/9/5,將來(lái)完成時(shí),將來(lái)完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成 肯定形式：shall/will have + 過(guò)去分詞 否定形式：shall/will have + not+ 過(guò)去分詞 疑問(wèn)形式：shall / will + 主語(yǔ)+ have + 過(guò)去分詞 將來(lái)完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成 1.表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間或在此之前完成的動(dòng)作，對(duì)將來(lái)某一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生影響，常與by和before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 Will you soon have finished laying t

31、he table? Before long, he will have forgotten all about the matter. I shall finished my homework by the end of the weekend.,2020/9/5,過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí),過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成 肯定形式：should/ would have + 過(guò)去分詞 否定形式：should/ would have + not+ 過(guò)去分詞 疑問(wèn)形式：should/ would + 主語(yǔ)+ have + 過(guò)去分詞 過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)的用法 1.表示過(guò)去的將來(lái)某一時(shí)間或在此之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 The day

32、was drawing near when we would have completed the task. 我們完成任務(wù)的日子不遠(yuǎn)了。 Andy told me that he would finished by nine oclock. 2.用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 If you had not help me , I would not have succeeded.,2020/9/5,現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成 肯定形式：have/ has been + 現(xiàn)在分詞 否定形式：have/ has +not + been + 現(xiàn)在分詞 疑問(wèn)形式：have/ has + 主語(yǔ)+ been+

33、現(xiàn)在分詞 I have been teaching for 20 years. I have not been teaching for 20 years. Have you been teaching for 20 years?,2020/9/5,現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 1.表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，而且有可能一直持續(xù)下去。 During the night I having been thinking the matter over. The old man has been living there for thirty years. 2.表示重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 Tom has been telling the story for ten years. He has been reaching plenty of goals this season. Anne has been contributing articles to this magazine all these years.,2020/9/5,過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí),過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成 肯定形式：had been+ 現(xiàn)在分詞