1、,Topic 2,被動語態(tài),英語的語態(tài)是通過動詞的形式表現(xiàn)出來的，用來表明主語與謂語動詞之間的關系，英語的動詞有兩種語態(tài)形式，即主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。 如果主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，謂語動詞用主動語態(tài)。如果主語是動作的對象，謂語動詞用被動語態(tài)。 如： They speak English.他們講英語。,概念：表示動作與主語之間是被動關系的句子是被動語態(tài)。,一、被動語態(tài)的構成 助動詞be(is/are/was/were)+(及物動詞的)過去分詞 eg.He opened the door.他打開了這扇門。（主動語態(tài)） _(變被動語態(tài)）,二. 主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)之間如何轉(zhuǎn)換,1、主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的步驟

2、： （1）將主動句的賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z： 注意：如果主動句的賓語是代詞，需將其由賓格變?yōu)橹鞲?。如?Tom killed him. ,主動結構的主語變?yōu)榻樵~by的賓語，組成介詞短語，放在被動結構中謂語動詞之后。在動作的執(zhí)行者無須說明或不必要強調(diào)時，by短語可以省略。 The door was opened.,注意：主動語態(tài)、被動語態(tài)兩種時態(tài)要保持一致。,（2）將動詞改為be+過去分詞。 They held a meeting yesterday. A meeting was held by them yesterday. He sang a song. ,2、主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的注意事項： 1）含

3、有雙賓語，即直接賓語（常指事物）和間接賓語（常指人）的句子，每個賓語都可變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語，即其被動語態(tài)有兩種形式。但多以間接賓語作主語。,Jack told us the truth.杰克告訴了我們真相。,We were told the truth by Jack. The truth was told (to) us by Jack.,常帶雙賓語的詞有：tell , show , lend , pass等。,2）. 在主動語態(tài)中，某些動詞之后帶有復合賓語，即賓語和賓語補足語，這個復合賓語由動詞不定式來充當，to被省略，但在被動語態(tài)中，這個to還要還原。 eg. I often hear

4、her sing this popular song . （主動語態(tài)） She is often heard to sing this popular song .（被動語態(tài)）, 有這種用法的常用動詞有：make , let , see , hear , watch , feel , notice等。,三.被動語態(tài)的特殊用法。,1.不及物動詞不用于被動語態(tài)。 Appear, rise, die, happen, occur, lie, depart, belong to, break out, take place等不及物動詞不能用于被動語態(tài)。 2.表狀態(tài)動詞不用于被動語態(tài) 常見的有：hold

5、, have, cost, contain, become, look like等 如：,3. 有些“be +過去分詞”的結構并不是被動語態(tài)，它們有可能是“系表結構（即系動詞之后由過去分詞來充當表語）?！?4.某些動詞的進行時可表被動 The meat is cooking.肉在煮著。 The cakes are baking,蛋糕在烘。 The book is printing.這本書正在印刷。,5.主動形式表被動意義。 某些感官動詞和系動詞接形容詞可以表示被動意義。如：look, smell, taste, feel, prove, wear, sound等 Her bedroom loo

6、ks very clean and tidy.她的臥室看起來非常干凈和整潔。,四. 各種不同時態(tài)的主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的對比,1.一般現(xiàn)在時：am/is/are +過去分詞 We are taught English by her.由她教我們英語。 2.一般過去時：was/were+過去分詞 A present was given to me by Mary.瑪麗給了我一件禮物。 3.一般將來時：will be+過去分詞 The desk will be mended by him.這張桌子將由他修理。 4.現(xiàn)在進行時：am/is/are +being + 過去分詞 The walls are

7、being painted now.正在粉刷墻壁。,5.過去進行時：was/were +being + 過去分詞 The talk was being given at this time yesterday.昨天這個時候正在作報告。 6.現(xiàn)在完成時：have/has been+過去分詞 The flowers have been watered.這些花已經(jīng)被澆了。,7.過去完成時：had been+過去分詞 She said this lift had never been used. 8.過去將來時：would be+過去分詞 The film would be shown again s

8、ometime next week. 這部電影下周的某個時候又將上映。,情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)結構為：情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞；其時態(tài)及句型的變化僅由情態(tài)動詞完成，be+過去分詞部分不變。如： Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石頭制造。 Tables could be made of stone at that time. 那時桌子可由石頭制造。（一般過去時） Can tables be made of stone? 桌子能用石頭制造嗎？（疑問句）,9.含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài),Exercise,1. A talk on Chinese history in the

9、school hall next week . A. be given B. has been given C. will be given D. will give 2. To make our city more beautiful , rubbish into the river . A. neednt be thrown B. mustnt be thrown C. cant throw D. may not throw 3. You may go fishing if your work . A. is done B. will be done C. has been done D.

10、 have done,4. The trees must three times a week . A. water B. is watering C. be watered D. waters 5.I like my new bike . It very well . A. rides B. is riding C. is ridden D. has ridden 答案：A （2003江西?。?7. Its time to do your homework , Jack . Yes , Mum . Ill turn off the TV as soon as the programme .

11、A. ends B. end C. will be ended D. will end 答案：A （(2003廣州市）,8. You to the meeting , why didnt you go ? A. be invited B. will be invited C. were invited D. are invited 9.A lot of trees along the river last year . A. planted B. are planted C. were planted D.had been planted,Topic 3 I will remember our

12、 friendship forever,Important points:,1.graduation ceremony,2. prepare for,3. as the saying goes/is,4. Its a piece of cake.,5. Its the thought that counts.,畢業(yè)典禮,為做準備,常言道,小菜一碟。,禮輕情義重。,Important points:,有志者事竟成。,Where there is a will,there is a way.,主謂一致,主謂一致是指謂語動詞與主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致,主謂一致必須遵循三原則：語法一致原則，意義一致原

13、則，就近一致原則。,語法一致原則,1. 語法一致原則：指主語是單數(shù)形式，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，主語是復數(shù)形式，謂語也用復數(shù)形式。,Tom is a good student. 湯姆是個好學生。 They often play football on the playground. 他們經(jīng)常在 操場上踢足球。,意義一致,2. 意義一致：指主語形式上為單數(shù)，但意義為復數(shù)，因此謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式；或主語形式上為復數(shù),但表示單數(shù)意義，這是謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。,My family are having lunch now. 我們一家人現(xiàn)在正吃午飯。,就近一致,3. 就近一致：指謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式還是用復數(shù)

14、形式，取決于最靠近他的主語。,Not only the teacher but also his students like playing football. 不僅老師喜歡踢足球，而且他的學生也喜歡踢足球。 There is a pen and some books on the desk. 課桌上有一支鋼筆和一些書。,主謂一致?？碱}型,1. 單數(shù)名詞(代詞)，不可數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)形式，復數(shù)名詞(代詞)作主語，謂語用復數(shù)形式。,一些水在瓶子里。,Some water is in the bottle.,2. many a+單數(shù)名詞作主語，意義雖為“許多”，但謂語要用單數(shù)形式。Man

15、y a student has been to Shanghai. 許多學生到過上海。 3. more than one+單數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。More than one student has ever been to Beijing. 不止一個學生曾經(jīng)去過北京,4. 表示時間，價格，重量，數(shù)目，長度，數(shù)學運算等的詞或短語作主語時，這些通常作一個 整體概念，謂語用單數(shù)形式。例如： Two months is a long holiday. 兩個月是一個長假。 Five minus four is one. 5減4等于1。,5. 主語是each/every+單數(shù)名詞+and(each/e

16、very)+單數(shù)名詞時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Each boy and each girl has got a seat. 每個男孩和女孩都有一個座位。 6. 動詞不定式，動名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。To see is to believe,7. 當主語部分含有with，together with，along with，but，like 等介詞或介詞短語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；但“名詞+as well as+名詞”時，謂語動詞一般應與第一個名詞一致。 Mike with his father has been to England. 邁克同他的父親去過英格蘭。 Mike,like his b

17、rother,enjoys playing football 邁克像他的哥哥一樣喜歡踢足球。,8. 由and連接的兩個單數(shù)名詞作主語時，一般用復數(shù)形式，但and所連接的并列主語是同一個人，事物，或概念時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。這兩種情況區(qū)分如下：a/the+單數(shù)名詞+and+單數(shù)名詞，指的是同一個人或物；a/the+單數(shù)名詞+and+a/the+單數(shù)名詞，指兩個人或物。 The writer and teacher is coming. 那位作家兼教師來了。(作家和教師指同一個人) The writer and the teacher are coming. 作家和老師來了。(作家和老師是兩個人),

18、9. people,police等集體名詞作主語，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式，family,class,group,team等集體名詞作 主語，若指一個整體時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，若指一個具體成員時，謂語動詞復數(shù)形式。 People here are very friendly. 這兒的人很友好。 His family isnt large. 他家的人不多。,10. the+形容詞表示一類人時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式，表示抽象概念時，用單數(shù)形式. The poor are very happy,but the rich are sad. The beautiful lives forever. 美是永存的

19、。,11. 以s 結尾的名詞本身不表示復數(shù)意義，謂語通常用單數(shù)形式，如news, maths, physics等， No news is good news. 沒有消息就是好消息。 Maths is very popular in our class 在我們班數(shù)學很受歡迎。,12. 由bothand連接兩個單數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式；由or, eitheror， neithernor, not onlybut also, notbut,連接兩個名詞或代詞作主語時，根據(jù)就近原則決定謂語動詞形式。 Either my wife or I am going.,Exercise,1. Either Jane or Steven _ watching TV now. A. were B. is C. was D. are 2. Two days _enough for me to finish the work, I need a third day. A. isnt B. is C. aret D. are 3. How many lessons do you usually haver a day? Six lessons a day. And each of them _4