1、大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試寫(xiě)作策略與方法,Li You,Outline,總 述 真題回顧 應(yīng) 用 文 議 論 文 高分策略,議論文,一、真題分析 二、萬(wàn)能框架 Exercise,常見(jiàn)的寫(xiě)作類(lèi)型,觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比 現(xiàn)狀說(shuō)明 原因列舉 歸納結(jié)論 圖表描述 利弊分析 建議措施 舉例論證 注：對(duì)于某一個(gè)段落，我們可以單獨(dú)運(yùn)用某一種寫(xiě)作方法，也可以將以上方法相互融合,第一段,第二段,第三段,萬(wàn)能框架第一段,現(xiàn)狀說(shuō)明 1. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to realize that 描述現(xiàn)狀 . As to whether or not, there is no

2、consensus of opinions/ there are some controversies/ there is no agreement. (Some people claim that, while others believe that.) 2. There is a nationwide/ extensive/ general discussion today about the issue of 現(xiàn)象. Peoples opinions differ greatly concerning/ regarding this phenomenon.,萬(wàn)能框架第一段,現(xiàn)狀說(shuō)明 3.

3、 These days 現(xiàn)象 often hits the headlines of newspapers and has been brought into focus of the public. Indeed, it is widely accepted / acknowledged that it has gained increasing popularity among people in all walks of life/ college students. 4. Along with the advance of the society, more and more prob

4、lems are brought to our attention, one of which is that 描述現(xiàn)狀 .,萬(wàn)能框架第一段,現(xiàn)狀說(shuō)明 when asked about 5. when it comes to 現(xiàn)象 , faced with peoples ideas/ views vary from person to person. The vast majority of/ Most people believe that 描述觀點(diǎn)一 , but other people regard 現(xiàn)象 as 描述觀點(diǎn)二 /consider differently. 6. Recen

5、tly, there is a tendency that 描述現(xiàn)狀. For instance, 舉例說(shuō)明現(xiàn)狀, especially 現(xiàn)狀出現(xiàn)的范圍.,萬(wàn)能框架第一段,圖表描述 (注意時(shí)態(tài)) 1. As can be seen from the table, great changes have been taking place in 2005. 2. From the above table it can be seen that 描述圖表中的趨勢(shì). 3. As it is shown in the table, 描述圖表中的趨勢(shì).,萬(wàn)能框架第一段,圖表描述 (注意時(shí)態(tài)) 4. In

6、2001, it increased/ decreased/ rose/ fell fromto 5. By comparison with 1999, it increased/ decreased by 6. The figure has nearly doubled, compared with that of last year. 7. It accounts for/ takes uppercent of the total.,萬(wàn)能框架第一段,圖表描述 (注意時(shí)態(tài)) twice 8. The number is 4 times as much as that of 2003. hal

7、f half 9. The number was, less than a third of more than quarter the 1997 total.,萬(wàn)能框架第二段,觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比 1. Those who are in favor of 現(xiàn)象 maintain that 描述觀點(diǎn)1. In their view, 闡釋觀點(diǎn)1. On the contrary, those who are against 現(xiàn)象 hold/ point out that 描述觀點(diǎn)2. Besides, 闡釋證實(shí)觀點(diǎn)2 . 2. Some people advocate that 描述觀點(diǎn)1. From t

8、heir point of view, 闡釋觀點(diǎn)1. Others hold the opposite opinion/ adopt a totally different view/ take an opposite side. They believe 描述觀點(diǎn)2.,萬(wàn)能框架第二段,觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比 3.Those who criticize 現(xiàn)象 argue that 描述觀點(diǎn)1 They believe that 闡釋觀點(diǎn)1 But people advocate 現(xiàn)象 , on the other hand, claim that 描述觀點(diǎn)2. In their eyes, 闡釋觀點(diǎn)2 .

9、4. Although a lot of people believe that 描述觀點(diǎn)1, others doubt/ wonder whether the argument bears much analysis. 經(jīng)得起分析 hold water. 經(jīng)得住考驗(yàn) They consider/ insist that 描述觀點(diǎn)2 .,萬(wàn)能框架第二段, 原因列舉 1. There are plenty of/ a number of/ numerous reasons explaining this phenomenon. First and foremost, 解釋原因1. Secondl

10、y, 解釋原因2. Last but not the least, 解釋原因3. 2. There are many reasons that may account for/ contribute to / be responsible for 現(xiàn)象. To begin with, 解釋原因1. Then, 解釋原因2. Moreover, 解釋原因3. 3.Three major elements/factors would be taken into consideration when analyzing 現(xiàn)象. First of all, ,萬(wàn)能框架第二段, 原因列舉 4. The

11、reasons of 現(xiàn)象 briefly/ roughly lie in two aspects. For one thing, 解釋原因1. For another, 解釋原因2. 5. The reasons that caused changes are diverse. On the one hand, 解釋原因1. On the other hand, 解釋原因2. 6. The phenomenon/ change in 某方面 mainly results from/ arises from the fact that 解釋原因.,萬(wàn)能框架第二段,利弊分析 1. 某物/某現(xiàn)象

12、undoubtedly plays an essential/ significant role in modern life. 2. The merits of 某物/某現(xiàn)象 are obvious. As we all know, it brings us benefits and convenience Despite these advantages, some people claim, we should not lose sight of its adverse effects on people/ environment, etc.,萬(wàn)能框架第二段,利弊分析 3. Good/

13、Convenient /Beneficial/Useful as A is, it has its own disadvantages. For one thing, 解釋原因1 ; for another, 解釋原因2. 4. Admittedly, they(it) might benefit us in a short term. Unfortunately, they will do us harm in more than one way/ lead to a number of problems.,萬(wàn)能框架第二段,利弊分析 5. There is no denying that e

14、very thing has one more face and 某物/某現(xiàn)象 is no exception. On the one hand, . On the other hand, 6. The advantages of 某物/某現(xiàn)象 far outweigh the potential disadvantages.,萬(wàn)能框架第二段,舉例論證 1.To illustrate this point, I can think of no better example than the following example. 2. Numerous examples can be given

15、, but this/ these will suffice. (v.足夠) 3. This case effectively clarify the fact that 4. This story tells that,段 首,段 末,萬(wàn)能框架第三段,歸納結(jié)論 (段首) 1. From my perspective, I approve of In my opinion, I stand on the side of As far as I am concerned, proper measures should be Personally speaking, taken to (do st

16、h.) 2. From what has been discussed above, we may safely Taking into account all those features, + draw the Judging from all evidence offered, conclusion that,萬(wàn)能框架第三段,歸納結(jié)論 (結(jié)尾) 3. It is high time that we placed great emphasis on(虛擬)我們?cè)缇驮撝匾曔@個(gè)問(wèn)題了。 4. It is high time we put an end to the undesirable ph

17、enomenon of(虛擬) 5. There is no doubt/ no denying that further attention must be paid to the problem of 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題應(yīng)給予進(jìn)一步的關(guān)注。,萬(wàn)能框架第三段,建議措施 1. It is necessary that effective actions should be taken to prevent the situation from getting worse. 2.We should appeal to the authorities to make strict laws to

18、 control this problem. 3. Only in this way can we solve the problem.,萬(wàn)能框架第三段,建議措施 4. Hence, it is imperative for us to enhance/ cultivate/ raise the awareness of (e.g. environmental protection) 5. I believe we humans can overcome this difficulty and we will have a brighter future.,觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比型模板一,1 Nowaday

19、s, wherever you go, you will hear people talk about 現(xiàn)象 . 2 Whether you like it or not, it has become a part of our life. 3 Some people who are in favor of 現(xiàn)象 maintain that 概述觀點(diǎn)一 . 4 In their view, 詳述觀點(diǎn)一 . 5 On the contrary, those who are against 現(xiàn)象 argue that 概述觀點(diǎn)二 . 6 Besides, 詳述觀點(diǎn)二 . 7 From my poi

20、nt of view, I stand on the side of觀點(diǎn)一或二 . 8 For one thing, 解釋原因一 . 9 For another, 解釋原因二 . 10 Therefore, 總結(jié) .,觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比型模板二,1 Views on (Attitudes towards) 現(xiàn)象 vary from person to person. 2 Some people think that 概述觀點(diǎn)一 . 3 They hold this opinion because (they think) 詳述觀點(diǎn)一 . 4 Others, however, take a negativ

21、e / positive attitude to 現(xiàn)象 . 5 From their point of view, 概述觀點(diǎn)二 . 6 Moreover, 詳述觀點(diǎn)二 . 7 As far as I am concerned, /If asked my attitude, I am inclined to agree with the former/ the latter point of view. 8 I hold this attitude / opinion/ view because 原因 . 9 Its true that 描述觀點(diǎn)一或二的優(yōu)點(diǎn) , but it doesnt me

22、an that 描述觀點(diǎn)一或二的缺點(diǎn) . 10 Therefore / In a word/ In short, 總結(jié) .,1 At present/ In recent years/ Nowadays, great importance has been attached to 現(xiàn)象. 2 It may someday become the main trend when 詳述現(xiàn)狀. 3 Three major elements/factors would be taken into consideration when analyzing this phenomenon. 4 First

23、of all, 解釋原因一. 5 Moreover,解釋原因二. 6 Last, 解釋原因三. 7 For instance, 舉例說(shuō)明. 8 Everything has both positive and negative aspects, and 此現(xiàn)象is of no exception. 9 On the one hand, 描述此現(xiàn)象的優(yōu)點(diǎn). 10 However, 描述此現(xiàn)象的缺點(diǎn).,原因列舉型模板(現(xiàn)狀-原因-評(píng)價(jià)),原因列舉型模板(現(xiàn)狀-原因-措施),1 Along with the advance of the society, more and more issues a

24、re brought to our attention, one of which is that 描述現(xiàn)象 . 2 To name only a few, 舉例說(shuō)明此現(xiàn)象. 3 There are many reasons that may account for/ contribute to /be responsible for the above phenomenon. 4 To begin with, 解釋原因一. 5 Then,解釋原因二. 6 Moreover, 解釋原因三. 7 A case in point is that 舉例說(shuō)明原因 . 8 In view of the

25、seriousness of this problem, it is high time that 概述解決方法. 9 On the one hand, 詳述措施一. 10 On the other hand, 詳述措施二. 11 With these measures taken, it is reasonable for us to believe that the problem will be solved in the near future.,利弊分析型模板一,1 Recently the issue of whether or not 討論現(xiàn)象 has been in the l

26、imelight and has aroused wide concern in the public. 2 There are two major arguments that can be made for the merits of 現(xiàn)象. 3 For one thing, 描述優(yōu)點(diǎn)一. 4 For another, it is widely hold that 描述優(yōu)點(diǎn)二. 5 Despite these advantages, some people claim, we should not lose sight of its adverse effects on 缺點(diǎn)一. 6 Fo

27、r instance, 舉例說(shuō)明缺點(diǎn)一. 7 In addition, 描述缺點(diǎn)二. 8 Personally speaking, the advantages of 此現(xiàn)象 far outweigh the potential disadvantages. 9As long as 提出措施 , we can maximize the benefits and minimize the harmful influence.,利弊分析型模板二,1 Nowadays, following the high speed of the development of information techno

28、logy/ economy, 描述現(xiàn)狀. 2 Taking a look around, we can find examples too numerous to list, ranging from 例一 to 例二 . 3 Undoubtedly, 此現(xiàn)象 plays an essential/ significant role in modern life. 4 Firstly, 描述優(yōu)點(diǎn)一. 5 And secondly, 描述優(yōu)點(diǎn)二. 6 Just as a popular saying goes, “every coin has two sides”, 此現(xiàn)象 is no exce

29、ption. 7 To begin with, 描述缺點(diǎn)一. 8 In addition, 描述缺點(diǎn)二. 9 From my perspective, 此現(xiàn)象 should be viewed as a two-edged sword, which presents us with both advantages and troubles. 10 Whatever effects it has, one thing is certain, 此現(xiàn)象 itself is neither good nor bad. 11 It is the uses to which it is put that

30、determine its value to our society.,圖表型模板,1 It is obvious in the graphic/table that the rate/ number/ amount of 縱軸 has undergone dramatic changes. 2 It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years (as varies). 3 At the point of 橫軸, 縱軸 reaches its peak value of 數(shù)字. 4 A number of fact

31、ors could account for the change in the chart, but the following are the most critical ones. 5 First of all, 列舉原因一 .6 More importantly, 列舉原因二 . 7 Most important of all, 列舉原因三. 8 From the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future. 9 It is reasonable for u

32、s to believe that 描述趨勢(shì) (if necessary measures are not taken).,問(wèn)題解決型模板,1At present, the problem arousing widest concern is 現(xiàn)象 . 2 Actually, citizens in mounting numbers are inclined to 描述現(xiàn)象 . 3 This point can be illustrated by the fact that 舉例說(shuō)明. 4 Nevertheless, the prevalence of 此現(xiàn)象, directly or ind

33、irectly, causes a host of dilemma. 5 For one thing, 描述危害一 . 6 For another, 描述危害二 . 7 In my perspective, the remedy for problems lies in 措施一 . 8 Also, governments and authorities concerned should 措施二 . 9 In a word, though these solutions may not be once-for-all ones, we have every reason to hope thes

34、e obstacles could be overcome in the near future.,Back,Exercise 2,Directions: for this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On Training Classes. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 1.社會(huì)上有各種各樣的培訓(xùn)班 2.該現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因 3.我的看法,All across the country

35、a great diversity of custom-made classes are mushrooming, in which special training is provided concerning computer skills, arts, sports, and other extracurricular specialties like maths and writing. Among them language crash courses for various tests, such as CET, BEC, TOFEL, IELTS, GRE and so fort

36、h, are especially noticeable for its wide range and high attendance rate. Some consider it advisable to attend such classes while others believe it unnecessary. The former argues that its far more effective to command these special skills with the help of an experienced trainer than to work at them

37、on their own. They are,convinced that these training classes can make up for what is not taught in school, hence, more competitive edge over their peers. The latter group of people, nonetheless, criticize it as a sheer waste of resources. They warn that the quality of most training courses is questi

38、onable, as they are marketed to get money out of our pocket rather than get knowledge into our head. As far as I am concerned, a little bit of such special training does us no harm, but too much of it can only prove to be counter-productive. Anyhow, the deprived free time can be better invested in r

39、ecreation at weekends, talking to an old friend, or simply enjoying a long-overdue vacation.,Exercise 3,Directions: for this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled My View on American TV Dramas. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 1.在中國(guó)，美劇

40、越來(lái)越受到年輕人的歡迎 2.有人認(rèn)為看美劇能夠提高英語(yǔ)水平，有人認(rèn)為美劇會(huì)給青少年帶來(lái)不良影響 3.我的觀點(diǎn),Nowadays, there is a tendency for the youth to watch American TV dramas. More and more people, especially the Englishlearnersare keen on them. Some people hold the opinion that watching AmericanTV dramas can foster their language sense. While en

41、joying the fantastic stories, they can learn some English expressions and practice their listening. Other people think the American TV dramas may play a negative role in young peoples lives due to different cultural background.,As farasI am concerned, I prefer the former opinion. Instead of learning

42、 English with difficulty, I would rather master it thought an easy way . In addition, American TV dramas present us with not only different cultures but also native English expressions which are vital to have a good command of it .,高分策略,一、5C法則 二、經(jīng)典句型 三、遣詞 四、連貫性的處理,Next,高分策略-5C法則,1、字跡清楚，段落明朗(clear)：字

43、體不要太大，也不要太小，以行間距的三分之一到二分之一為合適；另外，大小要一致，不要忽大忽小；字母的傾斜方向要一致，不要東倒西歪；要抵著給出的虛線寫(xiě)，不能上竄下跳；段落一般為三段，采用段首縮進(jìn)式，即每段開(kāi)頭空4至8個(gè)字母的格，每段段首縮進(jìn)的量要一致，要讓閱卷人一目了然。 2、內(nèi)容完整，緊扣提綱(complete)：一般來(lái)說(shuō)，四、六級(jí)寫(xiě)作都會(huì)給出三點(diǎn)漢語(yǔ)提綱，考生應(yīng)嚴(yán)格按照三點(diǎn)寫(xiě)成三段。不要有遺漏，也不要隨意改變提綱要點(diǎn)的順序。,3、首保正確，再求閃光(correct)：在寫(xiě)作時(shí)間和篇幅都比較短的情況下，考生寫(xiě)出的內(nèi)容幾乎是一樣的，唯一的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)幾乎就是語(yǔ)言的質(zhì)量。要首先保證語(yǔ)法和拼寫(xiě)正確，有能力

44、的話再追求閃光的詞句。例如: There is no denying the fact that the vital of name has been a hotly debated topic in China. 注意：1）vital，是個(gè)形容詞，而這里應(yīng)該用名詞。作者可能想用一個(gè)牛詞來(lái)替換importance以顯示用詞多樣，結(jié)果弄巧成拙。 2）name之前應(yīng)該有冠詞a，缺乏基本的語(yǔ)法意識(shí)。其實(shí)作文中常犯的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤除了冠詞錯(cuò)誤，還包括時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤、名詞和動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)錯(cuò)誤、代詞不一致錯(cuò)誤、詞性錯(cuò)誤以及句子主謂不完整錯(cuò)誤。,4、先總后分，連詞用上(coherent)：這里說(shuō)的是段落的結(jié)構(gòu)和連貫性的問(wèn)題

45、。英語(yǔ)文章特別喜歡先總后分或開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山的格局，另外，段落之間和句子之間的形式連接手段特別明顯，即關(guān)聯(lián)詞用的很多。在寫(xiě)作的時(shí)候，幾乎就是把給出的三點(diǎn)提綱作為每段的開(kāi)頭句，然后再加上兩三個(gè)擴(kuò)展句即理由或例證句就可以了。當(dāng)然有時(shí)候?yàn)榱苏撟C自然或擴(kuò)展字?jǐn)?shù)也可以加上一點(diǎn)鋪墊的句子。論證句或擴(kuò)展句之間最好有連接詞，如First, Second, Besides, Also, Similarly, In the same way, However等等。,5、語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練，論據(jù)得當(dāng)(concise)：不要啰嗦，不要過(guò)于重復(fù)和堆砌。有些考生背誦了一些經(jīng)典的句型，為了湊字就全用上了，給人低層次的感覺(jué)。如：As far

46、as I am concerned, weighing the pros and cons of the arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter point of view. 考生應(yīng)盡量平時(shí)多練，以期在考場(chǎng)上也能很快想到一些有力的理由和貼切的例證。另外，要敢于表達(dá)自己的思想，不要一味地為了保證語(yǔ)言正確而裹步不前，只說(shuō)一些小學(xué)生的話。如有同學(xué)寫(xiě)道：Some people think that names are important. They say that, if a person has a name, we can rememb

47、er him. If he does not have a name, we cannot remember him. 這樣的作文即使沒(méi)有語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤，但肯定也得不了高分。,Back,高分策略經(jīng)典句型,1）主語(yǔ)從句 It is common knowledge that It is self-evident/ conceivable / obvious / apparent thatIt goes without saying that It is universally acknowledged thatIt is . that .,高分策略經(jīng)典句型,2）賓（表）語(yǔ)從句 Can you tell

48、 me what kind of show they are putting on? The problem is not who will go, but who will stay.,高分策略經(jīng)典句型,3）定語(yǔ)從句（限定性和非限定性） As is shown/ demonstrated/ illustrated/ depicted/ describedin the cartoon/ picture/ graph/ table, Students can choose the teacher according to their interests, which will be helpfu

49、l for their future careers.,高分策略經(jīng)典句型,4）狀語(yǔ)從句（時(shí)間，原因，地點(diǎn)，條件，讓步，轉(zhuǎn)折等） As long as we can arrange the time reasonably, they will definitely provide more benefits for us. Whatever the reason is, there are still some problems with student use of computers.,高分策略經(jīng)典句型,5）分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ) Those wishing to join this club

50、 should sign here. Abundant recreational activities are available for people to release their strain and stress, ranging from sports to online activities.,高分策略經(jīng)典句型,6）倒裝句 Only through these measures can we hope to solve the problem. Not only should we enhance our awareness, (but) we should also appea

51、l to the authorities to make strict laws.,高分策略經(jīng)典句型,7）被動(dòng)句 Some measures should be taken to deal with the problem. Many instances could be found to support this type of opinion. It is believed that,Back,高分策略-遣詞,因?yàn)?on account of; owing to; given that; seeing that 關(guān)于 concerning; surrounding; regarding 經(jīng)

52、常 frequently; commonly; normally 很;非常 exceptionally; significantly; extremely 越來(lái)越 increasingly; an increasing number of 應(yīng)該 be supposed / expected / obliged / to do 當(dāng)前;現(xiàn)在 currently; presently; at present 許許多多 a great many; many a; a large number of 大部分 A vast / An overwhelming majority of 一些 A number

53、 of; quite a few;,高分策略-遣詞,巨大的 immense; enormous; tremendous; giant; vast 好的 positive; useful; effective; outstanding; remarkable; excellent; splendid 不好的 negative; inefficient, harmful; fruitless; profitless 重要的 major; significant; vital; key; essential; predominant; 著名的 well-known; prominent; distinguished; renowned 認(rèn)為 argue; consider; insist; harbor the idea that; hold the belief / view that; take the attitude that 造成 give rise to; result in; contribute to 得到 obtain; acquire; attain 增加；擴(kuò)大 add; enlarge; magnify; expand;