1、Unit,7,Species Survival,Book 2,Think and Discuss,Viewing the World,Exploring the Theme,Analytical Listening,Sharing Your Ideas,Engaging,Further Listening,Content,Unit 7 Species Survival,Think and Discuss,Look at the photo and read the information on this page. What topics do you think you will discu

2、ss in this unit? Over time, giraffes have developed very long necks. Why do you think this happened? How are long necks helpful to giraffes?,Giraffes in South Africa,Questions,Example Answers We will probably discuss different species of animals and how those animals survive.,Questions,Look at the p

3、hoto and read the information on this page. What topics do you think you will discuss in this unit?,Questions,2. Over time, giraffes have developed very long necks. Why do you think this happened? How are long necks helpful to giraffes?,Example Answers Giraffes probably developed long necks through

4、the process of natural selection. For them, long necks were an advantage. Individual giraffes with longer necks than other giraffes could reach and eat more tree leaves, and survive to have more babies than other giraffes. The babies, of course, were likely to also have longer necks.,Exploring the T

5、heme,Unit 7 Species Survival,Species Survival,Charles Darwin (18091882): a British scientist. He is remembered for the promotion of the theory of evolution in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. 查爾斯達(dá)爾文,Species Survival,Congo Basin: a large basin in Africa. It is the drai

6、nage (排水) basin of the Congo River. The region is home to large areas of tropical rainforest and wetlands. 剛果盆地,Look at the photos and read the captions. Then discuss the questions. What did Darwin do in the Galpagos? What is his theory called? What are two examples of useful traits that help animal

7、s survive? What are scientists doing to help species survive?,Species Survival,Sullivan Bay, Bartolome Island, Galpagos Islands,Species Survival,The Galpagos Islands and Natural Selection Charles Darwin, an English naturalist, visited the Galpagos Islands where he studied many interesting species of

8、 animals and developed his theory called “natural selection”. According to his theory, animals of the same species have slightly different traits. Animals that have helpful traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. The offspring of these animals inherit the helpful traits from their parents,

9、and over time, all of the members of a species have this helpful trait.,Species Survival,Darwin studied how small differences in certain traits within each species of animal could be helpful for its survival. For example, the shells of the giant tortoises in the Galpagos were different sizes and sha

10、pes depending on which island they lived on and what they ate.,How Nature and Science Help Species Survive,Species Survival,Over time the Arctic hare has developed a very useful trait a thick white coat, which keeps it warm in the winter. The hares white coat also makes it difficult for its predator

11、s to see it against the snow and ice.,How Nature and Science Help Species Survive,Species Survival,Scientists and researchers are traveling to places like the Congo Basin in Africa and making notes and keeping track of all of the different species they find. They are doing this in order to help prev

12、ent the species there from becoming extinct.,How Nature and Science Help Species Survive,Species Survival,Answer Keys In the Galpagos Islands, Charles Darwin studied the animals that lived there and observed small variations in the species. He later developed his theory of natural selection using hi

13、s data from the Galpagos.,Species Survival,What did Darwin do in the Galpagos? What is his theory called?,Answer Keys The first example is the shells of the giant tortoises in the Galpagos. The shells are different sizes and shapes depending on which island they live on and what they eat. The second

14、 example is the thick white coat of the Arctic hare. The hares coat keeps it warm in the winter and also makes it difficult for its predators to see it against the snow and ice.,Species Survival,2. What are two examples of useful traits that help animals survive?,Answer Keys Scientists are traveling

15、 to places like the Congo Basin and creating records of all the species found in those areas. They hope this will help to prevent the extinction of certain species.,Species Survival,3. What are scientists doing to help species survive?,Analytical Listening,Unit 7 Species Survival,prehistoric a. 史前的，

16、有歷史記載以前的 diversity n.（ 人或事物的）多樣性，多元化 finch n. 雀科鳴禽 goldfinch n. 黃雀；紅額金翅雀 beak n. 鳥嘴，喙 greenfinch n. 金翅,Listening 1,the Beagle voyage: a sea voyage on the ship H.M.S. Beagle. The ships main job was to map the coast and harbors of South America for two years, but its voyage lasted for five years. Char

17、les Darwin joined the expedition mainly as a companion for the ships captain, but it is the results of Darwins work that have made the ship famous. 比格爾航行,Listening 1,Listening 1,An adult finch (with red beak) teaches its songs to a chick (雛鳥). The chick has a gene that makes it able to learn singing

18、.,Before Listening,Listening 1,To be continued ,Listening 1,A | Note-Taking. Listen to a talk about Charles Darwin and the voyage of the Beagle. In your notebook, make a list of some of the key words you hear. Dont worry about writing complete ideas yet.,Listening 1,B | Note-Taking. Listen to the ta

19、lk again and take notes in your notebook. This time, write complete ideas, but do not write down function words.,Listening 1,C | Note-Taking. Listen again and take new notes in your notebook. Write complete ideas using only key words, abbreviations, and symbols.,Listening 1,D | Discussion. Compare y

20、our notes from exercise C with a partners. Did you identify the same main ideas and use the same key words? Did you leave out function words? Did you use similar abbreviations? (See pages 132133 of the Independent Student Handbook for more information on note-taking.),Listening 1,E | Predicting Cont

21、ent. You are going to listen to a biologist in the U.K. leading a bird-watching trip. What topics do you expect to hear and learn about? Discuss your ideas with your partner.,Listening 1,Lecturer: Many people know the story of Charles Darwin and the voyage of the Beagle. But some of the story isin f

22、actlegend. First of all, it was a long voyage. It lasted for over five years. And Darwin did not go directly to the Galpagos Islands. He was in South America for over three years before he ever went to the Galpagos. Now, most people do know that Darwins ideas about how animals change and adapt began

23、 on the Beagle voyage. Darwin saw that modern animals looked a lot like prehistoric animals, so he thought that modern animal species actually changed and adapted from those prehistoric species. He was right about that. When the ship arrived in the Galpagos, Darwin saw the amazing diversity of anima

24、l life there. As a result, he began to think about ways the environment affects animals, and that led to his ideas about the process of natural selection.,Listening 1,A | Using a Graphic Organizer. Listen to the talk and complete the notes in the graphic organizer.,A Biologists Talk About Birds,List

25、ening,Listening 1,U.K. , other parts of Europe,Male: long beak Female: shorter beak,Fall together they make the skeleton d. very small, dry particles of sand or dirt e. something that is much larger than others of its kind; huge, 1. fossil (n.) 2. bone (n.) 3. giant (n. / a.) 4. meteorite (n.) 5. du

26、st (n.),b c e a d,B | Explaining Causes and Effects. With a partner, list as many words or phrases to signal causes and effects as possible. Then use each expression from your list to explain the causes and effects below.,Before Viewing,B | Explaining Causes and Effects. With a partner, list as many

27、 words or phrases to signal causes and effects as possible. Then use each expression from your list to explain the causes and effects below.,Before Viewing,Example Answers 1. Since fossils reveal a lot about life in the distant past, scientists often look for them. 2. Some plant-eating dinosaurs wer

28、e huge. Therefore, these plant-eating dinosaurs had to eat a lot of plants every day. 3. Plant-eating dinosaurs couldnt defend themselves against meat-eating dinosaurs, so plant-eating dinosaurs lived together in groups. 4. Because a giant meteorite hit the earth, a lot of dust was sent into the air

29、, and this changed the environment. 5. Due to the fact that modern-day birds have a lot in common with dinosaurs, scientists think that birds might be related to dinosaurs.,Before Viewing,A | Read the statements. Then watch the video and check () T for true or F for false.,While Viewing,While Viewin

30、g,1. Dinosaurs lived on Earth for around 225 million years. 2. The largest dinosaurs were called “sauropods”. 3. The dinosaur jobaria weighed over 32,000 kilograms. 4. Unlike birds, dinosaurs did not sit on their eggs. 5. Dinosaurs died off quickly around 65 million years ago. 6. Scientists have pro

31、ved that dinosaurs live on in birds.,While Viewing,Example Answers 1. F (They lived on Earth for around 150 million years.) 2. T 3. F (The dinosaur jobaria weighed 22,000 kilograms.) 4. F (One fossilized dinosaur died while she was sitting on her eggs.) 5. T 6. F (Not all scientists agree, and ongoi

32、ng research and fossil analysis are trying to determine the connection between birds and dinosaurs.),B | Note-Taking. Watch the video again and complete the notes.,While Viewing,midnight,walk the earth.,noon,die out,humans,C | Compare your notes from exercise B with your partners. Then take turns re

33、telling the information about dinosaurs using the notes.,While Viewing,A | Discussion. Discuss the questions with your partner.,After Viewing,1. Which parts of the video were interesting or surprising to you? Why? 2. Do you think its important for people to learn about dinosaurs? Why or why not?,Aft

34、er Viewing,Example Answers I thought the analogy of the earths history as one 24-hour period was interesting, and it was surprising to me that modern-day birds might be related to dinosaurs.,After Viewing,1. Which parts of the video were interesting or surprising to you? Why?,After Viewing,2. Do you

35、 think its important for people to learn about dinosaurs? Why or why not?,Example Answer 1 Yes, I do think its important because the earth is facing changes in its climate now. Perhaps we can learn more about climate change by studying dinosaurs.,After Viewing,2. Do you think its important for peopl

36、e to learn about dinosaurs? Why or why not?,Example Answer 2 No, I dont think its important because there are no dinosaurs alive now. We should spend our time studying modern species.,B | Critical Thinking. Read the statements from the video. Then discuss the questions below with two or three other

37、students.,After Viewing,“Most scientists think a giant meteorite may have hit the earth. This sent a lot of dust into the air and reduced the amount of sunlight. The planet became cold and dark, causing the dinosaurs to die off.”,B | Critical Thinking. Read the statements from the video. Then discus

38、s the questions below with two or three other students.,After Viewing,1. What had you heard about this theory before today? 2. How might colder temperatures and less sunlight cause the deaths of so many animals? 3. Which animals today are being affected by changes in temperatures or climate?,Example

39、 Answers Before today, I had heard that a giant meteorite struck the earth in the area where the Gulf of Mexico is today. I hadnt heard anything about this theory before today.,After Viewing,1. What had you heard about this theory before today?,Example Answers Enough sunlight (animals need plants, p

40、lants need photosynthesis, photosynthesis needs sunlight) and a proper temperature are the very essential prerequisites for most of the lives on Earth, so the animals might die due to cold weather and having no food.,After Viewing,2. How might colder temperatures and less sunlight cause the deaths o

41、f so many animals?,Example Answers Nearly all animals today are being affected by changes in temperatures or climate. Sea levels and temperatures are affecting sea life, and severe weather is affecting life on land. Specifically, polar bears are starving due to a lack of ice in the Arctic, which the

42、y need for hunting. Coral reefs are becoming “bleached” and are dying because of higher average temperatures.,After Viewing,3. Which animals today are being affected by changes in temperatures or climate?,Narrator: These scientists are digging for fossils. Fossilized bones tell the story of dinosaur

43、sanimals that once lived on Earth, beginning about 225 million years ago. Dinosaurs lived on the planet for 150 million yearsmuch longer than humans have been around. Imagine the period of time from the moment dinosaurs appeared until now as a single day. At midnight, dinosaurs first walk the earth.

44、 Theyre doing fine at noon . and they die out at around five in the afternoon. The first modern humans only appear a minute and a half before the end of that day! Dinosaurs had many different shapes and sizes. The smallest dinosaur was less than one meter long. The largest were giants called “saurop

45、ods”. This sauropod called “jobaria” was longer than a city bus and weighed more than 22,000 kilograms, about 50,000 pounds.,To be continued ,It had to eat a lot of plants every day. The plants passed through a throat six meters longthe animals neck was as tall as a house! Each step jobaria took was

46、 heavy enough to crush a car. Although many dinosaurs were huge, they share some traits with modern animals. For example, most dinosaurs laid eggs. This dinosaur died while she was sitting on her eggs. Her partner probably brought food to her, like birds do. The mother also moved the eggs into a cir

47、cle, much like a bird. Some dinosaurs ate plants. As they had no way to defend themselves against meat-eating dinosaurs, they lived together in groups. But 65 million years ago, something happened which caused the dinosaurs to go extinct. No one knows exactly why, but all the dinosaurs suddenly disa

48、ppeared. Most scientists think a giant,To be continued ,meteorite may have hit the earth. This sent a lot of dust into the air and reduced the amount of sunlight. The planet became cold and dark, causing the dinosaurs to die off. Dinosaurs may not be around anymore, but some scientists believe they

49、may live on . in birds. Not all scientists agree, but the bones of some dinosaurs, like these, are very similar to the bones of modern birds. They are probably related to small, two-legged, meat-eating dinosaurs. Ongoing research and fossil analysis are trying to determine the connection between bir

50、ds and dinosaurs. Maybe dinosaurs arent really extinct. Maybe birds are really living, breathing, and flying dinosaurs.,Engaging,Unit 7 Species Survival,Planning and Presenting a Research Proposal,Torres del Paine National Park in Patagonia, Chile,A | Form a group with two or three other students. R

51、ead the situation and follow the steps on page 109.,Planning and Presenting a Research Proposal,Situation: Your group is going on a scientific research field trip! The good news is that there is a government research grant to pay for travel. However, in order to get the grant money, you must submit

52、your research proposal.,Planning and Presenting a Research Proposal,1. Brainstorm a list of several interesting places you might go to do your research. What could you research in those places? You can choose one of the places and one of the species from this unit or choose one of your own ideas.,De

53、stination: The Galpagos Islands,Research Topic(s): Giant tortoises: How do they use the islands resources in order to survive?,Planning and Presenting a Research Proposal,2. Think about what you will need in order to travel to your destination and do your research. Will you need plane tickets? How m

54、any? Will you need tents, canoes, or binoculars? What other equipment will you need?,Travel Plans: We will need plane tickets to Quito, Ecuador in South America, and from Quito to Baltra Island. There, we will need a large boat to sleep on and to provide us with transportation to the other islands.,

55、Equipment Requests: A boat large enough to sleep four researchers plus the boats crew; food for seven days; four pairs of binoculars; two video cameras.,Planning and Presenting a Research Proposal,3. Because youre getting a government grant, youll be expected to do something with your research after

56、 you return home. How will you use your research? Will you write an article or create a documentary film about it? Will you use it as part of a larger study? How could your knowledge be useful to the world?,Follow-Up Plans: When we return from the islands, we will compile our notes and video footage

57、 to create an educational film. The film can be shown at special events, or it can be rented to schools. The film will serve as a helpful introduction to one of the species that Darwin studied, but the focus will be on its habits and behaviors rather than on natural selection.,B | Planning a Present

58、ation. Decide which topics from your research proposal each member of your group will present. Practice your presentation.,Planning and Presenting a Research Proposal,C | Presentation. Present your research plan to the class. Use your notes to help you remember your ideas.,Planning and Presenting a

59、Research Proposal,Example Answers Our group has decided to travel to the Galpagos Islands! Yes, those are the famous islands where Darwin made observations that led to his theory of natural selection. The focus of our research will be the giant tortoises on the islands. We want to find out exactly how they use the islands resources in order to survive. Traveling to the Galpagos is a bit unusual for two reasons. First, only some of the islands are inhabited, and many parts are protected. That means we can visit, but there arent a