1、Week Two,Types of sentences According to Rhetoric- Loose, Periodic and Balanced sentences,Loose sentence,Loose sentence is the one which the main idea is placed first no suspense is attempted. It goes straight to the point so that the reader gets it before he comes to the end of the sentence. Loose

2、sentences are easier, simpler, more natural and direct.,Periodic sentence,Periodic sentence is the one in which the main assertion or ideas withheld until the end of sentence. Keep the reader in suspense until the end of the sentence. A period sentence is likely to be more emphatic than a sentence w

3、ith a loose construction. It is more complex, emphatic, formal and literary.,It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.,Loose construction2,He was offered a professional contract after winning the Olympic gold medal for figure

4、skating, according to newspaper reports.,Periodic sentence,According to newspaper reports, after winning the Olympic gold medal for figure skating, he was offered a professional contract.,Loose construction3 There have been many great discoveries made by scientists in the twentieth century.,Periodic

5、 sentence Scientists in the twentieth century have made many great discoveries.,Loose construction4 I enjoyed the opera because the music is beautiful, because the performers are excellent. Periodic sentence Because the music is beautiful and the performers are excellent, I enjoyed the opera.,Loose

6、construction5(f) They unconsciously reveal their personal habits when people sit down to eat. Periodic sentence,When people sit down to eat, they unconsciously reveal their personal habits.,Balanced sentences: When a sentence contains two parallel clauses similar in structure but contrasted in meani

7、ng, it is a balanced sentence.,e.g. 1 He likes rock n roll; his girlfriend hates it. 2 The old man is not lack of money but lack of happiness. 3 On hearing the news, he was excited and I was worried.,Generally, well-written compositions are not entirely made up of loose or periodic or balanced sente

8、nces. They should be a mixture of the three for the sake of variety.,Effective Sentences,unity coherence conciseness emphasis variety,Unity（統(tǒng)一性）,A unified sentence means that all the parts should directly relate to single complete thought or impression. That is to say everything in the sentence shou

9、ld contribute to making one clear idea.,.,Bring into a sentence only related thoughts and put unrelated thoughts in another sentence or sentences. e.g. We paid a porter two dollars for taking our luggage to our room, and the hotel lobby was very elegant. (unrelated),Related1: We paid a porter two do

10、llars for taking our luggage to our rooms. We found that the hotel lobby was very elegant.,Unrelated: I was nervous, and I combed my hair a dozen times and I looked in the mirror over and over again to make sure my false eyelashes hadnt come unglued.,Related: I was nervous before my first date. I co

11、mbed my hair a dozen times and I looked in the mirror over and over again to make sure my false eyelashes hadnt come unglued.,Unrelated: Last Friday Tom sprained his ankle, and he could not find his favorite T-shirt anywhere. Related:,It was an awful day last Friday. Tom not only sprained his ankle,

12、 but also he could not find his favorite T-shirt anywhere.,Avoid awkward or obscure sentences. Complete every construction clearly and sensibly.,Obscure: E.g. An example of discrimination is a cafe owner, especially after he has refused to serve foreigners.,( It is the refusal, not the cafe owner, t

13、hat is the an example of discrimination). Clear: An example of discrimination is a cafe owners refusal to serve foreigners.,Obscure: Banishing a man is where he is driven out of his country. Clear :,Clear: Banishing a man is driving him out of his country. (what a thing is, not when and where it is)

14、,Coherence(連貫性）,Coherence means clear and correct arrangement of the parts of a sentence. A sentence is coherent when the words are properly connected and their relationship is clear. To achieve coherence, we can resort to parallelism and subordination and keep consistency in voice , mood and person

15、.,Parallelism (對(duì)稱結(jié)構(gòu)）,Parallel ideas had better be expressed in parallel construction. Faulty: A man is judged not only by what he said but also by his deeds.,Revised: A man is judged not only by what he said but also by what he did.,Faulty: We thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capabl

16、e young woman.,Revised: We thought she was a charming, intelligent, and capable young woman.,Faulty: We have great faith and high hopes for her.,Revised: We have great faith in and high hopes for her.,Dangling modifiers, which is not grammatically related to the noun or pronoun it is intended to mod

17、ify.,Faulty: Looking out of the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eye can see.,Revised: Looking out of the window, I can see the grassland stretching as far as the eye can see. Outside the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eye can see.,Faulty: On entering the classroom, the s

18、tudents stood up and said, “Good morning!”,Revised: When the teacher entered the classroom, the students stood up and said, “Good morning!”,On entering the classroom, the teacher was greeted by the students who stood up and said, “Good morning!”,Faulty: To get ready for the trip, all the things she

19、needed were put into a suitcase.,Revised: To get ready for the trip, she put all the things needed into a suitcase.,Faulty: I read an interesting story in a magazine about sportsmen. .,Revised: I read in a magazine an interesting story about sportsmen.,In a magazine I read an interesting story about

20、 sportsmen,Faulty: She bought several picture books and put them into her bag, which she intended to give to her children.,Revised: She bought several picture books for her children and put them into her bag.,She put them into her bag several picture books that she had bought for her children.,Fault

21、y: The idea he mentioned at first sounded good.,Revised: The idea he first mentioned sounded good.,The idea he mentioned sounded good at first.,Avoid awkward shifts between the Active voice and Passive voice. After I locked the door, my key was left in the room,Faulty: The little boy finally had to

22、go to his uncles, but it was not liked by him.,Revised: The little boy finally had to go to his uncles, but he does not like it.,Faulty: A group of ants is called a colony, but you prefer to a group of bees as a swarm.,. Revised: A group of ants is called a colony, but a group of bees is referred as

23、 a swarm,Avoid awkward shifts among the indicative, imperative and subjunctive moods. e.g. Emphasis the main idea, and you point out the supporting details. He proposed that she read through the catalogue, and she places a trial order at first.,Conciseness: A sentence should not contain unnecessary

24、words. If the idea is fully expressed, the fewer words, the better.,It was blue in color. It was small in size. Mary is a quiet and careful woman. The chairman of the board will give up his job next year because of old age.,Wordy: I saw a girl who is very beautiful. In my opinion, I believe your pla

25、n is feasible. The machine was jointly designed by the old engineer and with the help of some of his younger colleagues.,Emphasis(強(qiáng)調(diào)）,If you need to show one idea is more important than the other, the expression of them should change in emphasis. Lexically and grammatically,Positioning,Gain emphasis

26、 by placing important words at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence.,Weak: There was a policeman who told my new baby sitter the way home. Emphatic:.,The policeman told my new baby sitter the way home,Repetition,Gain emphasis by repeating important words To bed, to bed; theres

27、 a knocking at the gate. Come, come, come, come, give me your hand. Whats done cannot be undone. To bed, to bed, to bed. -Macbeth馬克白斯 , by Shakespeare,Variety,A good writer should avoid monotony in writing. You may use various sentence patterns, lengths and structures to make your writing more pleas

28、ing and effective.,Vary the length of the sentence,Choppy: Mike wrote a quick note. It was to Nora. She is his former secretary.,Effective: Mike wrote a quick note to Nora, his former secretary.,Choppy: Mr. Smith woke up at 7:00. His alarm clock rang. He dressed quickly. He had to drive to the airpo

29、rt to meet an important client at 8:00.,Effective: After Mr. Smith woke up at 7:00 by his alarm clock, he began to dress quickly because he had to drive to the airport to meet an important client at 8:00.,Choppy: My wife and I are candidates. We both plan to immigrate to Canada. We need to pass the

30、IELTS, and then we will go to Canada this autumn. .,Effective: My wife and I are candidates who want to immigrate to Canada, planning to go there this autumn after our passing the IELTS,Variety of sentence patterns,Beginning of sentences with Adjectives Prepositional phrase Adverb Adverbial clause I

31、nfinitive phrase Appositive Noun clause,Begin with an adjectives. He is old and hungry and he can hardly go to sleep.,Cold and hungry, he can hardly go to sleep.,Begin with an adverb or an adverb clause 1.Gently, he mixed the chemicals together. 2.Even though baseball is essentially the same, the st

32、rategy of play then and now is different.,Begin with a prepositional phrase or a participial phrase. 1. In spite of her hard work, she failed the course. 2. From the beginning, I disliked my boss. 3. Tired of studying, I took a short break.4. 4. Troubled by a dream, Tim woke up with a start.,Begin w

33、ith an infinitive or an infinitive phrase,To succeed in that course, you must attend every class. To help me sleep better, I learned to quiet my mind through meditation. To get good seats, we went to the game early.,Begin with an appositive(同位語） or an absolute A city of ancient origins, Xian, used t

34、o be the capital of eleven dynasties. 2. The lady with a bag in hand, walked fast to the policeman.,Lets Have a Quiz! Rewrite the following sentences and state the reasons.,1 With the purpose of giving you a general idea of our product, we decide to enclose a complete set of leaflets. You can see it. 2 Shy people are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others; they have low-esteem of themselves. 3 Mr. Smith usually likes to drink all kinds of wines that are produced in Fr