1、Book One,Unit 3,Book One,Content,Warming-up,Reading,Writing,Text A,Text B,Book One,Warming-up,Book One,Questions: 1) In what ways does human activity influence the environment? Offer some examples. 2) Have you experienced the pressure of Chinas large population? Tell about your experiences. 3) For h

2、ow long do you think China should insist its Family Planning Activity? Why?,Group discussion,Book One,THE CASE AGAINST MAN (PART I) Isaac Asimov,Book One,ReadingText A,Text Study,Main Idea ,Book One,Text Study,Book One,1 The first mistake is to think of mankind as a thing in itself. It isnt. It is p

3、art of an intricate web of life. And we cant think even of life as a thing in itself. It isnt. It is part of the intricate structure of a planet bathed by energy from the Sun. 2 The Earth, in the nearly 5 billion years since it assumed approximately its present form, has undergone a vast evolution.

4、When it first came into being, it very likely lacked what we would today call an ocean and an atmosphere. These were formed by the gradual outward movement of material as the solid interior settled together. 3 Nor were ocean, atmosphere, and solid crust independent of each other after formation. The

5、re is interaction always: evaporation, condensation, solution, weathering. Far within the solid crust there are slow, continuing changes, too, of which hot springs, volcanoes, and earthquakes are the more noticeable manifestations here on the surface.,Para.1-3,Book One,Para.4-6,4 Between 2 billion a

6、nd 3 billion years ago, portions of the surface water, bathed by the energetic radiation from the Sun, developed complicated compounds in organization sufficiently versatile to qualify as what we call “l(fā)ife”. Life forms have become more complex and more various ever since. 5 But the life forms are a

7、s much part of the structure of the Earth as any inanimate portion is. It is all an inseparable part of a whole. If any animal is isolated totally from other forms of life, then death by starvation will surely follow. If isolated from water, death by dehydration will follow even faster. If isolated

8、from air, whether free or dissolved in water, death by asphyxiation will follow still faster. If isolated from the Sun, animals will survive for a time, but plants would die, and if all plants died, all animals would starve. 6 It works in reverse, too, for the inanimate portion of Earth is shaped an

9、d molded by life. The nature of the atmosphere has been changed by plant activity (which adds to the air the free oxygen it could not otherwise retain). The soil is turned by earthworms, while enormous ocean reefs are formed by coral.,Book One,Para.7-9,7 The entire planet, plus solar energy, is one

10、enormous intricately interrelated system. The entire planet is a life form made up of nonliving portions and a large variety of living portions (as our own body is made up of nonliving crystals in bones and nonliving water in blood, as well as of a large variety of living portions). 8 In fact, we ca

11、n pursue the analogy. A man is composed of 50 trillion cells of a variety of types, all interrelated and interdependent. Loss of some of those cells, such as those making up an entire leg, will seriously handicap all the rest of the organism: serious damage to a relatively few cells in an organ, suc

12、h as the heart or kidneys, may end by killing all 50 trillion. 9 In the same way, on a planetary scale, the chopping down of an entire forest may not threaten Earths life in general, but it will produce serious changes in the life forms of the region and even in the nature of the water runoff and, t

13、herefore, in the details of geological structure. A serious decline in the bee population will affect the numbers of those plants that depend on bees for fertilization, then the numbers of those animals that depend on those particular bee-fertilized plants, and so on.,Book One,Para.9-11,10 Or consid

14、er cell growth. Cells in those organs that suffer constant wear and tearas in the skin or in the intestinal lininggrow and multiply all life long. Other cells, not so exposed, as in nerve and muscle, do not multiply at all in the adult, under any circumstances. Still other organs, ordinarily quiesce

15、nt, as liver and bone, stand ready to grow if that is necessary to replace damage. When the proper repairs are made, growth stops. 11 In a much looser and more flexible way, the same is true of the “planet organism” (which we study in the science called ecology). If cougars grow too numerous, the de

16、er they live on are decimated, and some of the cougars die of starvation, so that their “proper number” is restored. If too many cougars die, then the deer multiply with particular rapidity, and cougars multiply quickly in turn, till the additional predators bring down the number of deer again. Barr

17、ing interference from outside, the eaters and the eaten retain their proper numbers, and both are the better for it. (If the cougars are all killed off, deer would multiply to the point where they destroy the plants they live off, and more would then die of starvation than would have died of cougars

18、.),Book One,Para.12-14,12 The neat economy of growth within an organism such as a human being is sometimesfor what reason, we know notdisrupted, and a group of cells begins growing without limit. This is the dread disease of cancer, and unless that growing group of cells is somehow stopped, the wild

19、 growth will throw all the body structure out of true and end by killing the organism itself. 13 In ecology, the same would happen if, for some reason, one particular type of organism began to multiply without limit, killing its competitors and increasing its own food supply at the expense of that o

20、f others. That, too, could end in the destruction of the larger systemmost or all of life and even of certain aspects of the inanimate environment. 14 And this is exactly what is happening at this moment. For thousands of years, the single species Homo sapiens, to which you and I have the dubious ho

21、nor of belonging, has been increasing in numbers. In the past couple of centuries, the rate of increase has itself increased explosively.,Book One,Para.15-18,15 At the time of Julius Caesar, when Earths human population is estimated to have been 150 million, that population was increasing at such a

22、rate that it would double in 1000 years if that rate remained steady. Today, with Earths population estimated at about 4000 million (26 times what it was in Caesars time), it is increasing at a rate which, if steady, will cause it to double in 35 years. 16 The present rate of increase of Earths swar

23、ming human population qualifies Homo sapiens as an ecological cancer, which will destroy the ecology just as surely as any ordinary cancer would destroy an organism. 17 The cure? Just what it is for any cancer. The cancerous growth must somehow be stopped. 18 Of course, it will be. If we do nothing

24、at all, the growth will stop, as a cancerous growth in a man will stop if nothing is done. The man dies and the cancer dies with him. And analogously, the ecology will die and man will die with it.,Book One,19 How can the human population explosion be stopped? By raising the death rate or by lowerin

25、g the birthrate. There are no other alternatives. The death rate will rise spontaneously and finally catastrophically, if we do nothingand that within a few decades. To make the birthrate fall, somehow (almost any how, in fact), is surely preferable, and that is therefore the first order of mankinds

26、 business today. 20 Failing this, mankind would stand at the bar of abstract justice (for there may be no posterity to judge) as the mass murderer of life generally, his own included, and mass disrupter of the intricate planetary development that made life in its present glory possible in the first

27、place.,Para.19-20,Book One,Sentence Analysis,Book One,1. Between 2 billion and 3 billion years ago, portions of the surface water, bathed by the energetic radiation from the Sun, developed complicated compounds in organization sufficiently versatile to qualify as what we call “l(fā)ife”. (Para.4, Line 1

28、-3) versatile: having great diversity or variety 豐富多變的，多功能的 e.g. a versatile new machine develop: cause to grow 形成 The SVO structure of the above sentence: portions of . developed . compounds The part after “compounds” is its post modifier (后置定語), meaning: these compounds were sufficiently versatile

29、 in organization, so much so that they were qualified to be called “l(fā)ife” by us.,Book One,譯文： 在20億到30億年前期間，一部分地球表面的水在太陽能的作用下，形成了結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的化合物，這些化合物靈活多變，足以形成我們稱之為“生命”的東西。 The wording of “develop” in translation: developed engine trouble 發(fā)生故障 develop a very large lift force 產(chǎn)生升力 developed a practical light

30、ning rod 發(fā)明避雷針 developed a theory of magnetism 提出理論 develop the capabilities 提高能力 developed tuberculosis 患上結(jié)核病 develop the natural substances 開發(fā)資源 develop the deposit 開采礦床,Book One,2. If too many cougars die, then the deer multiply with particular rapidity, and cougars multiply quickly in turn, till

31、 the additional predators bring down the number of deer again. (Para.11, Line 4-5) multiply: increase in number by giving birth to offspring; breed 繁殖 e.g. When animals have more food, they generally multiply faster. in turn: in order of one following another 依次 e.g. We shook hands in turn with each

32、 of the people on the line. bring down: reduce, injure, capture, or kill 減少、打傷、捕獲、殺死 e.g. With one shot he brought down the wolf. 譯文: 如果美洲獅死得過多，那么鹿的數(shù)量就會迅速得到增長，美洲 獅反過來就會迅速繁衍，直到新增加的美洲獅將鹿的數(shù)量再一 次減少。,Book One,3. The neat economy of growth within an organism such as a human being is sometimesfor what reas

33、on, we know notdisrupted, and a group of cells begins growing without limit. (Para.12, Line 1-2) This is a compound sentence with a conj. “and”: The neat economy.is.disrupted, and a group of cells begins growing . the neat economy of growth: the balanced and interrelated development (of an organ). “

34、economy” means “avoidance of waste”; and “neat” means “tidy; in good order, with nothing out of place”. disrupt: interrupt the, bring disorder to 擾亂, 干擾 e.g. The war disrupted economy. 譯文: 某些有機組織(比如人)內(nèi)的凈增長有時候會受到干擾，有機體中的部分細(xì)胞開始無限制地增長這究竟是因為什么原因，我們尚不得而知。,Book One,4. . the wild growth will throw all the

35、body structure out of true and end by killing the organism itself. (Para.12, Line 4-5) out of true: not having the exact position or correct shape or balance; deformed 位置不正； 形態(tài)不正；不均衡 e.g. The axle is out of true, therefore they have to fix it again. He found that the slanting door is out of true. Tw

36、o of the pictures hanging on the wall are out of true. 譯文: 瘋長的癌細(xì)胞將會擾亂整個身體的結(jié)構(gòu)，最終導(dǎo)致有機體本身的死亡。,Book One,5. Failing this, mankind would stand at the bar of abstract justice (for there may be no posterity to judge) as the mass murderer of life generally, his own included, and mass disrupter of the intrica

37、te planetary development that made life in its present glory possible in the first place. (Para.20) fail: lack; be unsuccessful in 缺乏，失敗 e.g. Our youth never failed an invincible courage. the bar: the law court system 法庭 e.g. John was a lawyers son and was destined to spend his career as a member of

38、 the bar. stand at the bar of . justice: be present at a court of law and tried,Book One,in the first place: originally; at first 起初，首先 e.g. Why do strikes occur so frequently in coal mines in the first place? It wasnt my idea to go to that school in the first place. Dad shoved me in. 譯文: 如果人類處理不好這一

39、問題，那就會作為大規(guī)模殺害生靈（包括殺害自身）的兇手，以及大規(guī)模破壞地球錯綜復(fù)雜的進化發(fā)展（是這種進化發(fā)展最初形成了目前生命的繁榮景象）的罪魁禍?zhǔn)锥艿匠橄笳x法庭的審判因為到那時可能已沒有子孫后代來審判他了,Book One,Language Points,Book One,adj. containing many small parts or details that all work or fit together 錯綜復(fù)雜的 近義詞 complex, complicated e.g. I was unable to find out the intricate windings of

40、the labyrinth. 我無法找出迷宮中撲朔迷離的路線。 This is a novel with an intricate plot. 這是一本情節(jié)錯綜復(fù)雜的小說。 intricate patterns 花紋精致的圖案 an intricate problem 錯綜復(fù)雜的問題 an intricate knot 復(fù)雜難解的結(jié) an intricate intrument 復(fù)雜精細(xì)的儀器 intricate directions 難懂的使用說明,intricate,Book One,versatile,adj. good at doing a lot of different thing

41、s and able to learn new skills quickly and easily 多才多藝的 e.g. a very versatile author 多才多藝的作家 a versatile man 多面手 Hes a very versatile performer; he can act, sing, dance, and play the piano. 他是個多才多藝的演員，會演戲，唱歌，跳舞，還會彈鋼琴。 adj. having many different uses 有多種用途的，萬能的 e.g. Nylon is a versatile material 尼龍是一

42、種有多種用途的材料 Sillicon is a highly versatile substance. 硅是一種用途極為廣泛的物質(zhì)。,Book One,例題: He will easily get another job; He is so _. A. productive B. versatile C. professional D. progressive 句意：他這么多才多藝，會很容易找到另外一份工作的。,B. versatile,Book One,decimate,vt. to destroy a large part of something 大量毀滅 近義詞：eliminate,

43、annihilate e.g. The population has been decimated by disease. 疾病導(dǎo)致大量人的死亡。 Student numbers have been decimated by cuts in grants. 助學(xué)金削減后，學(xué)生人數(shù)大大減少。 The wheat crop will be decimated withou strong spring rains. 春天如果不下幾場大雨麥子可就要毀了。,Book One,multiply,v. to increase greatly or make something increase greatl

44、y (使) 大大增加 e.g. Our chances of success had multiplied several times over. 我們成功的機會已大大增加。 We must multiply our efforts to clear up the mystery. 我們必須加倍努力來澄清這一神秘的事件。 v. to de a calculation in which you add a number to itself a particular number of times 乘，使相乘 multiply sth. by sth. e.g. 3 multiplied by 4

45、 is 12. 3乘以4等于12。,Book One,V. to breed 繁殖，增殖 近義詞：reproduce, procreate e.g. The bugs can easily multiply to give a nasty bout of food poisoning. 這些病菌繁殖迅速，容易引發(fā)嚴(yán)重的事物中毒。 Rabbits multiply quickly. 兔子繁殖很快。,Book One,dubious,adj. to not be sure whether something is good or true 不能確定，疑惑 近義詞：doubtful, dubitab

46、le e.g. Im a little bit dubious about the idea of lending Jim my car. 我有點拿不定注意是不是該把車借給吉姆。 I feel dubious about what to do next. 我不知道下一步該怎么辦。 adj. making you doubt whether someone or something is honest, safe etc. 不大可靠的，令人生疑的 e.g. He looks like a dubious character. 他看起來象是個不大可靠的人。 This deal sounds hig

47、hly dubious to me. 這筆交易在我看來十分靠不住。,Book One,swarm,n. a large group of insects, especially bees, or animals, or people moving together (昆蟲或動物中的)一大群，(尤指)蜂群，或人群 e.g. The locust swarm has destroyed all the crops and vegetables. 蝗蟲群毀壞了所有的莊稼和蔬菜。 Swarms of sightseers 蜂擁而來的觀光客 vi. 成群地行進；徘徊 e.g. The children

48、came swarming in. 孩子們蜂擁著進來了。 As he got off the plane, reporters swarmed on him. 他一下飛機，記者們蜂擁著向他擠去。 Insects swarmed round the lamp. 小飛蟲成群地在燈的周圍打轉(zhuǎn)。,Book One,Vt. to be full of a moving crowd of people or animals 擠滿(移動的人群或動物) e.g. Passagers swarmed the deck. 乘客擠在甲板上。 例題: Manpower Inc., with 560,000 worke

49、rs, is the worlds largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people _ into the offices and factories, seeking a days work for a days pay. A. swarm B. stride C. separate D. slip,A. swarm,Book One,spontaneous,adj. happening or done without being planned or organized 自動的，自發(fā)的，一時沖動的 e.g. He

50、is spontaneous to offer help. 他主動提供幫助。 The crowd gave a spontaneous cheer when the result was announced. 宣布結(jié)果時人群立即爆發(fā)出一陣歡呼聲。 a spontaneous movement 無意識的動作 a spontaneous answer 脫口而出的答案 spontaneous behavior 自然的舉止 spontaneous combustion 自燃,Book One,例題: 1. His offer of help was quite _; he hadnt been tol

51、d to make it. A. hesitant B. reluctant C. spontaneous D. individual 句意：他提出幫忙完全是自發(fā)的，沒有人要求他這么做。 2. Nothing Helen says is ever_. She always thinks carefully before she speaks. (2005年1月六級真題50題) A. simultaneous B. homogenous C. spontaneous D. rigorous 句意：海倫的話很少是自發(fā)的，她總是經(jīng)過深思熟慮才開口。,C. spontaneous,C. spontan

52、eous,Book One,catastrophe,n. a terrible event in which there is a lot of destruction or many people are injured or die 毀滅性大災(zāi)難 e.g. the catastrophe of a worldwide conflict 世界性沖突的大災(zāi)難。 The oil spill threatens an unparalleled ecological catastrophe. 漏油事故造成一場前所未有的生態(tài)大災(zāi)難。 n. an event or situation which is

53、extremely bad for the people involved 麻煩，困境，不利的局面 e.g. It is a minor catastrophe, isnt it? 只是個小災(zāi)難，對吧? If the contract is cancelled, it will be a catastrophe for everyone concerned. 合同如果取消，將對各方面都不利。,Book One,Useful Expression,Book One,come into being,be born or come into existence 形成，產(chǎn)生 同義詞：come to l

54、ife, come about e.g. A new rule will soon come into being. 一個新規(guī)則很快就要出臺了。 A car comes into being through a series of complex operations. 汽車經(jīng)過一連串的復(fù)雜作業(yè)程序而制成。 When did the world come into being? 世界是什么時候形成的？,Book One,be composed of,to be formed from a group of substances or parts 由組成 e.g. Water is compos

55、ed of hydrogen and oxygen. 水由氫和氧組成。 The board shall be composed of eight directors. Each director shall be appointed or recalled by his own side. 董事會由八名董事組成，各方的董事將由各方自行任命或罷免。 The HKSARs executive authorities and legislature shall be composed of permanent residents of Hong Kong. 香港特別行政區(qū)的行政機關(guān)和立法機關(guān)由香港永

56、久性居民組成。,Book One,wear and tear,decrease in value of an asset due to obsolescence or use 磨損，消耗 近義詞：depreciation e.g. The stair carpet gets a lot of wear and tear and will soon need replacing. 鋪在樓梯上的地毯磨損得很厲害，因而很快就要更換。 The insurance policy does not cover damage caused by normal wear and tear. 保險單內(nèi)容不包括正

57、常使用所導(dǎo)致的損壞。 This cloth is designed to stand up to a lot of wear and tear. 這種布料十分耐用。,Book One,bring down,1. to fly an aircraft down to the ground and stop 使得飛機降落 e.g. He brought the Cessna down in a hay-meadow by the river. 他把那架塞斯納小型飛機降落在河邊的牧草場。 The pilot brought his crippled plane down in a field. 駕駛

58、員把失靈的飛機降落在田地里。 2. to move your arm or a weapon, tool etc. quickly downwards 放下，使向下 e.g. He brought down the axe with a thud. 他砰的一聲用斧子砍了下去。 3. to shoot at a plane, bird or animal; so that it falls on the ground 射下，打落 e.g. A bomber had been brought down by anti-aircraft fire. 一架轟炸機被高射炮火擊落。,Book One,4. bring down the government/president etc. 推翻政府，總統(tǒng)等 e.g. The scandal may bring down the government. 這一丑聞可能導(dǎo)致政府垮臺。 5. to knock someone over in a game of football, rugby etc. (比賽中)被撞倒 e.g. Klinsmann was brought down on the edge of the area. 克林斯曼在球場邊